|
the DON JONES INDEX… |
||
|
GAINS
POSTED in GREEN LOSSES
POSTED in RED 4/3/25... 14,702.64 3/27/25...
14,707.13 6/27/13... 15,000.00 |
||
|
(THE DOW
JONES INDEX: 4/3/25... 42,225.32; 3/27/25... 42,547.17; 6/27/13… 15,000.00) |
||
LESSON for APRIL 3rd, 2025 – “JUST
APRIL FOOLS”
“Why do I do these
things to make money?”
- Daffy Duck
There
are holidays, and then there are other
holidays... and Tuesday was one of those other
holidays.
No
ethnic, patriotic nor religious gathering celebrates April Fools’ Day (although
the partisans and haters quickly term the congregations of rivals or enemies as
such). Although beloved of and practiced
by many young people of wicked disposition, schools are not closed; ministers
do not shout homilies from pulpits, government workers go dutifully to their
labors (unless placed on holiday of a sterner sort by DOGEy Duck).
Fewer
marriages take place thereupon than on birthdays, Christmas – even
Halloween. Children born of the day will
live in lifelong states of
pity and amusement, retails will see no boom in business (except,
perhaps, for a few of the cheaper novelty aisles and shoppes). There is no official meal for the Feast of
Fools – no ham, no turkey. Maybe an empty plate, wisecracked upon, then taken
away – or, from the more perverse or creative cooks, something impertinent,
something surprising (like a fake snake in a tin of peanuts).
Few
retailers hold April Fools’ Day sales, and if they do, shoppers don’t believe
them. If you can believe intellectuals,
or the British (or British intellectuals), there is an exhaustive discourse on
the holiday and more upon some of its related aspects in Encyclopedia
Brittanica, last updated a week ago in anticipation of today, in which the
Day... elsewhere referred to as the Feast of Fools and descending back to
medieval times, by some, or further Feasts among the Romans. “Others have suggested that the timing of the day may be related to the
vernal equinox (March 21), a time when people are fooled by sudden changes in
the weather.” The
article covers famous hoaxes, literary lies from Don Quixote to Jonathan Swift
and Edgar Allen Poe and apps from television to the Internet and can be pursued
as Attachment “A”. Dis- and mis-information, the stocks in trade of those who fool the
foolish are also covered (“A”.2) as are conspiracy
theories (“A”.3), propaganda (“A”.4), defenses against dismissinformation
and propaganda (“Critical Thinking...
“A”.5) and its corollary “Media Literacy”
– “A”.6, its academic discipline “Social
Psychology” (“A”.7) primary objective “Truth”
(“A”.8) with its litany of “ismisms”, and an example of intersectionalism
between dismissinformation, propaganda and conspiracy with April Foolishness
flavorings: (“The Flat Earth Society” – “A”.9)
Although
the day has been observed for centuries, its true origins are unknown and
effectively unknowable. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of ancient
Rome, held on March 25, and the Holi celebration in India, which ends on March
31.
“How
did April Fools' Day start?” the Brittanica asked.
“Although
the day has been observed for centuries, its true origins are unknown and
effectively unknowable. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of ancient
Rome, held on March 25, and the Holi celebration in India, which ends on March
31.”
The Brittanica is among those surmising that
the modern custom originated in France, officially with the Edict of Roussillon
(promulgated in August 1564), in which Charles IX decreed that the new year
would no longer begin on Easter, as had been common throughout Christendom, but
rather on January 1. Because Easter was a lunar and therefore moveable date,
those who clung to the old ways were the “April Fools.”
“Others
have suggested that the timing of the day may be related to the vernal equinox
(March 21), a time when people are fooled by sudden changes in the weather.”
One
might wonder that, for such a holiday fraught with history, gravitas (of a sort) and so many
corollaries, there are so few culture milestones. There is some artwork, tho’ the best of it is
centuries old; Hollywood, of course, produced an “April Fools” movie, differentiated
from the run of the rom-coms and non-coms only by its truth in advertising...
the music of the genre, (as is not whimsical or of an explicitly comedic vein
as practiced by the likes of Allen Sherman or Weird Al Yankovich) tends to heel
on the darker, regretful side of the street, like (Are We) “Just April Fools”,
written by the iconic Bachrach/David team (ATTACHMENT ONE) and voiced, most
notably, by Dionne Warwick, refraining: “Are we just April fools, Who can't see all the
danger around us; If we're just April fools... I don't care, we'll find our way
somehow...”
Unfortunately,
American April (and other fools) tend either to inflict danger upon others, or
support (with their votes and their money and their cheering) those who do.
The
standard April Fools play timeworn childish pranks, some adult fraternal
gatherings of fools, merry cultists and role-playing... “Batman” has his
“Joker”, Superman his Mr. Mxyzptlk. Some
of the animated icons
of our childhoods are disturbing... “Woody Woodpecker”, for
example, is a mean-spirited and cartoonishly criminal distraction; Mister Magoo
makes fun of persons with visual disabilities.
On
the even darker side, the holiday is about mis-information, sometimes shading into
a more toxic dis-information and outright lying... Islam, for example, finds
the holiday to be sinful (ATTACHMENT TWO) for the origins of the day are buried
in heresies dating from back before the birth of Christ and Allah to the Romans
(or even pagan Egyptians) – making its practitioners and participants infidels.
According to
Mission Islam (ATTACHMENT TWO), the first mention of April Fool in the English
language was in a publication known as Dreck Magazine, “reporting” that people
were invited to come and watch “the washing of black people in the Tower of
London” on the morning of the first day of April, 1698 CE.
'Aasim ibn 'Abd-Allaah al-Qurawayti wrote that
many of us celebrate what is known as the April fool or, if it is translated
literally, the "trick of April". But how much do we know of the
bitter secret behind this day? According to his research, Islam was flourishing
in Spain and those seeking the downfall of Islam made a careful study and
concluded that it was because of the taqwa(piety) of the Muslims that Islam was
so successful. So (infidels) “introduced
the younger Muslim generation to wine and other intoxicants and made such evils
freely and cheaply available.”
This evil tactic produced results
and the faith of the Muslims began to weaken, especially among the younger
generation in Spain. “The result of that was that the enemies of Islam subdued
the whole of Spain and put an end to the Muslim rule of that land which had
lasted for more than eight hundred years.”
Allah, The Most Wise, said,
according to Abu Muhammad Yusuf of Mission Islam that the Islamic deity
“guides not
one who transgresses and lies," (Qur’an-40:28) and that the Curse of Allah
falls upon “those who lie." (Qur’an-3:61)
Islam forbids lying even in jest and it
forbids frightening a Muslim whether in seriousness or in jest, in words or in
actions.
“When our Muslim Ummah is being disgraced and
humiliated by the Kuffaar from East to West, how is it possible for a believer
with even a minute degree of Imaan(faith) to engage in this evil custom of
April Fool's Day.”
The Christian media, particularly
Catholic, disagree somewhat on details of theology and theocracy, but also
acknowledge the “religious roots” of the holiday. (National Catholic Reporter, 4/1/24,
ATTACHMENT THREE)
The day
began, Catholic Reporter’s Peggy Fletcher Stack wrote, in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII
decreed the adoption of the "Gregorian calendar" -- named after
himself -- which moved New Year's Day from the end of March to Jan. 1.
“(T)hose who didn't get the message and
continued to celebrate on April 1 were ridiculed” and, “because they were seen
as foolish, called April Fools."
The notion of "holy fools" has a
long and, writes Fletcher, “respected place in Judeo-Christian history.” Hebrew prophets were often scorned as mad or
eccentric for pronouncing unwelcome or uncomfortable truths. The apostle Paul
talked to the Corinthians about becoming "fools for Christ." And
Eastern Orthodoxy still sees the "holy fool" as a type of Christian
martyr.
Historians
and fictionaries (including Victor Hugo) frequently confused April Fools with medieval Christianity's Feast of
Fools, which took place each January.
For centuries, this feast was seen as "a
disorderly, even transgressive Christian festival, in which reveling clergy
elected a burlesque Lord of Misrule, who presided over the divine office
wearing animal masks or women's clothes, sang obscene songs, swung censers that
gave off foul-smelling smoke, played dice at the altar, and otherwise parodied
the liturgy of the church," said historian Max Harris, author of Sacred
Folly: A New History of the Feast of Fools. Afterward, revelers would
"take to the streets, howling, issuing mock indulgences, hurling manure at
bystanders, and staging scurrilous plays."
The Feast of Fools was finally forbidden by
the Council of Basle in 1435.
Even so,
contends U Catholic (ATTACHMENT FOUR) “don’t be
afraid to pull some (good-natured!) pranks on your friends and family: you’d be
in the company of saints! Saint Philip Neri and Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati
were known to be great jokesters.”
Unless,
perhaps, you live in Tehran.
A
refinement of the homily that once April Fools (day) is past, (practioners)
will be “the greatest fools, at last” was described by Yahoo News (ATTACHMENT
FIVE) as further meaning that tricks and pranks were only to be played (and
lies only to be told) before noon on April first – as the team at Slingo explains...
The idea is that you come clean for
any jokes or pranks you did by midday or you’ll be referred to as the April
Fool.
The team at Slingo said: “This
rule has a range of theories, including the idea that the day honours the
spirit of Folly, a force believed to be very powerful and perhaps dating all
the way back to the Hilaria of ancient Rome... festivals celebrated
towards the end of March by followers of the cult of Cybele and entailed
members of the cult dressing up in disguises and mocking and pulling jokes
towards citizens.
“The festival was said to be
inspired by the Egyptian legends of Osiris, Isis, and Seth” and is now said to
have potentially inspired April Fools’ Day as we know it today.
“Because of this, the day needs to
be contained within some sort of limit to avoid outright chaos.”
April Fools
celebrations have migrated from Rome to Christian continental Europe, to the
British Isles and thence, America, where variant celebrations are held in
several municipalities of a rather decadent persuasion.
April Fools' Day
in New York City has been marked by a "satirical spectacle" of
"outrageous floats and unrelenting mockery" for forty years with the
annual April Fools' Day Parade where at noon, today, the parade will March
along 5th Avenue from 59th Street to Washington Square Park.
“April
Fools’ Day has always been a time to express our truest thoughts and feelings,
wrapped in the guise of humor—just like the jesters of old who spoke truth to
power," Joey Skaggs, parade founder and Chair of the New York April Fool’s
Committee told Untapped New York. (March
31st, ATTACHMENT SIX)
Each
year's parade has a theme, and this year's is "A Dozen Eggs." The
"eggs" in question are political figures of both parties, from Donald
Trump and Kamala Harris to Elon Musk and Joe Biden. Participants can pick their
favorite fool and print out a mask of their face to wear during the
festivities.
A
King or Queen of Fools will be crowned at the end of the parade route in
Washington Square Park. The honor recognizes the person "whose audacity,
ignorance, or hypocrisy reigned supreme" this year so the competition is
expected to be especially fierce.
On
the Left Coast, the Saint Stupid's Day Parade is an annual parade in San Francisco on April 1. It was founded by Ed Holmes (a/k/a Bishop
Joey... slightly preceding Skaggs... of the First Church of the Last Laugh) in
the late 1970s with the understanding that one of the unifying bonds in society
is stupidity. (Wikipedia, ATTACHMENT SEVEN) If April 1 falls on a weekday, the parade
starts at the foot of Market Street and follows a route through the financial
district. If April 1 falls on a weekend, the parade starts at
the Transamerica Pyramid, proceeds up Columbus Avenue and also
ends up at a Washington Square – albeit one three thousand miles west of
the park in Gotham.
The
consumer website Funcheap (April 1st, ATTACHMENT EIGHT) describes
Saint Stupid as a “patron saint
of Civilizations and Parking Meters.”
Participants are advised to “dress like a character in Hawaii Five-0 or
maybe PerWee Herman if he was in The Matrix, and bring something stupid that
means something stupid to you.
“Bring pennies to toss at the
Bankers Heart (a notoriously grim and granite sculpture en route) and socks for
the traditional Sock Exchange.”
And
for connoisseurs of the strange and the stupid, midnight on April First
wheeling into Election Tuesday saw the calamitous culminations of three
particularly contentious campaigns... (many, partisans of either party, calling
the candidates, the campaigns and, of course, the money well worthy of a Feast
of Fools).
In
Wisconsin, the swing vote on the State Supreme Court like poo to flies,
attracted heartless bankers, woke and unwoke jokers and verminous virtuecrats
to a race as determined the state of the state upon issue from abortion to
zoology; most notably the antics of cash-slinging, cheesehead donning
DOGE-diner Elon Musk, whose madcap mite was estimated at upwards of twenty
million – including two million checks passed out to a dynamic due of MAGAzoids
who signed some sort of petition elevating Trump over God, Allah, even Seth.
And,
in the Sunshine State’s “festival of foolishness and toxicity” (previewed in
the Florida Phoenix, March 3rd, ATTACHMENT NINE), the haters and the
gators crawled to the polls to elect two stranger things as replacements for
Trumply elevated Rep. Matt Gaetz (who failed confirmation) and Sen. Mike Waltz
(now cocking up all Washington over Signalgate).
“Don’t even
begin to think this year can’t possibly be worse than last year,” threatened
reporter Diane Roberts.
Last year was bad enough for some Floridians. State legislators voted to bring back child
labor, shoot bears, commanded all strippers be over 21 and began laying the
groundwork for making Tyndall Air Force Base the future home of Starfleet
Academy. Both raptured Representatives
voted for the Gulf of America, brought partisan religion back to the schools
and... tho’ trailing Utah in ratification… banned fluoridated water.
State
Sen. Randy Fine, whom Roberts called the “combustible” candidate for Waltz’s
seat, won his primary by sponsoring a “campus-carry” bill to allow students to
bring guns to school to fight Muslim terror.
Wednesday’s sunrise found Fine and
cohort Jimmy Patronis leading in their deep, rose garden red districts but
Muskmoney was failing to push GOP judicial candidate Brad Schimel over the top
in Wisconsin – “liberal Susan Crawford winning a 10-year term and retaining the
4-3 liberal Supreme Court majority” CNN reported early Wednesday morning.
President Trump? Reportedly pissed off... very, very, very pissed off.
Foreign
Follies
There
are variations between countries in the celebration of April Fools’ Day, but
all have in common an excuse to make someone play the fool. Brittanica (Attachment “A” above) advises
that, in France, for example, “the fooled person is called poisson d’avril (“April
fish”), perhaps in reference to a young fish and hence to one that is easily
caught; it is common for French children to pin a paper fish to the backs of
unsuspecting friends. In Scotland the day is Gowkie Day or Hunt the Gowk; the
gowk, or cuckoo, is a symbol of the fool. On the following day (Tailie Day)
signs reading “kick me” are pinned to friends’ backs. In many countries
newspapers and the other media participate—for example, with false headlines or
news stories.
These
are also listed in marca.com (ATTACHMENT TEN) which adds the British Isles and
Oceania – adding that the recent resurgence of the holiday is attributable to the digital age, wherein companies
and brands actively participate in the creation of “fake advertising campaigns,
incredible news stories, and viral videos that generate thousands of reactions
on social media.” (See below) However,”
Marca cautions, “there is also a debate about the limits of these pranks and
the spread of fake news in a time when misinformation is a growing concern” to
which the DJI responds: “tune in next week!”
Back
in the U.S.A., newspapers, television programming, magazines, social media and
whisperers in the wind all shared stories of strange or poignant pranks of the
past – some jokers keeping eyes out for new afflictions to inflict on friends,
family and neighbors.
Affectionately,
one hopes...
Descriptions
and histories of famous and not-so-famous pranks are typically remembered in
the silly season... from Sunday supplement lite tabloids like Parade to international
orifices of news and commerce like CNET to local rags like the Indianapolis
Star – each of which publishes a “best of compilation” of pranks past against
the fugues of follies future.
Parade’s
favorite forty five include a fast food purchase of the Liberty Bell in 1996,
to be duly renamed the Taco Liberty Bell; Coca Cola’s release of a new pop that included
a small shot of helium that would
create a “squeaky high-pitched effect on the drinker’s voice”; and Petco’s
prank poop-scooping “DooDoo Drone”.
Funny feline
fecal jokes being staples of juvenile humour, CNET (March 31, ATTACHMENT
TWELVE) announced a cat poo
scented candle which only pretends to smell
like cat poo, and instead smells of roses; threats to egg people’s houses from
Reese’s and Cadbury with chocolate eggs (which compilators Gael Cooper &
Amanda Kooser called the “tastiest April Fools' prank of the year” and
Bodyarmor “Sports Performance Shampoo.”
And the
Indystar’s list of failed April Fooleries includes incidents wherein
ill-conceived pranks blew up in the makers’ faces, sometimes spectacularly,
such as the Panama City, Florida Hooters’ waitress who won a Toyota at the
company’s 2001 beer-selling contest – only to find the prize a brand new Star
Wars doll - a green toy Yoda complete
with light saber (she sued and won a settlement) , a Google “Minion” mic
drop GIF to infest clients’ e-mails and that funny, funny Elon Musk’s 2018 report to his shareholders that Tesla had
gone "completely and totally bankrupt" –
perhaps a forecasting of Modern Times.
(March 31, ATTACHMENT THIRTEEN)
Sometimes famous (or infamous)
persons share their favorite foolishness as, for example, Monica Lesinsky’s
guide “to pulling off the perfect April Fools’ Day prank” in Vanity Fair.
“Not that anyone asked, but I think
April Fools’ Day 2025 is just what we need. (That and a time machine.) Though I
was a sweet but serious kid, I always loved April Fools’ Day,” sweet Monica
relates, and there’s always the premise - not that anyone asked - but Lewinsky
ventured that April Fools’ Day 2025 “is just what we need.” (That and a time machine.) “Though I was a sweet but serious kid, I
always loved April Fools’ Day” and there’s always something heartwarming about
a global norm, agreed to across cultures, that celebrates playfulness and
laughter. We are so often divided, but laughter can bring us together.” (ATTACHMENT FOURTEEN)
For example, after briefly meeting
Boris Johnson at a holiday party in London in 2015 and swapping selfies,
Monica pranked the friends who’d introduced her “by texting them that I had
slept with Johnson the night before and was freaking out.” One replied
instantly, “This time, Monica Lewinsky, do NOT tell anyone else!!!”
And another local rag, the Park
City, Utah Record, ran, on Sunday, an enumeration by correspondent and attorney
Tom Clyde of April Fools News such as including a “randomly
selected reporter” on a group text with “the secretary of state, the defense
secretary, national security advisor, head of the CIA, White House staffers and
the vice president” discussing war plans in Yemen.
Of
course, you can make stuff like that up and have a good laugh, until you wake
up and realize that all of those things are in the real news,
not April Fool’s stories. (ATTACHMENT FIFTEEN) “We are so screwed,” was Tom’s take.
Another
Vanity Fair vanity confession to friends and family (by text) was filed by one
TED talker Katie Herchenroeder (April 1, ATTACHMENT SIXTEEN) informing them
that she would not be performing on “Dancing With the Stars” which elicited
threats and fears that he “bad ankles” would not hold up to the stress and
strain.
Signalgate
received global, as well as local, publicity including an opinion by Sidney
Blumenthal of the Guardian U.K. (March 29th, ATTACHMENT SEVENTEEN)
that the aforementioned “discussion” revealed “unserious people who don’t know when to keep
quiet, with Stephen Miller as the real boss.”
Two weeks earlier, GUK had
acquired another “confidential” Signal message from NSA adviser Mike Waltz...
as began: “Team – establishing a principles group for coordination on
Houthis, particularly for over the next 72 hours.” “The Houthis PC small group”
would oversee a US air attack on the Houthis in Yemen.
Despite
Waltz’s exalted professional position, the Brits snarked that he’d misspelled
“principals” as “principles” – perhaps an ordinary typo, but symptomatic of the
shambles to come. Although the
secretaries of defense, state and treasury, the director of national
intelligence, the CIA director, the vice-president, and the president’s chief
of staff were among the 18 people included, neither the chair of the joint
chiefs of staff, who is a statutory member of the principals committee of the
National Security Council, nor any military designee was invited into this
group. Instead, the editor of the Atlantic, Jeffrey Goldberg,
was sent a link. Waltz noted: “Joint Staff is sending this am a more specific
sequence of events in the coming days.”
The
transcript exposed the internal pecking order of Team Trump and its actual chain of command, if it could be
called anything that regular. “In the end, the final decision-maker within the
group to whom the others deferred was not any cabinet secretary or the chief of
staff. They turned to “SM” – Stephen Miller – the deputy chief of staff who is
Trump’s zealous enforcer. The chief of staff, Susie Wiles, came across as a
cheerleader. Miller was the one who gave the stamp of approval. He conveyed
Trump’s word. For all intents and purposes, Stephen Miller acted as the de
facto president.”
“About the military plan on the eve of being executed,” GUK reported that JD Vance opined: “I think we are making a mistake.”
“There
is nothing time sensitive driving the time line,” piped up Joe Kent, the head
of the National Counterterrorism Center, whilst lending support to Vance. “Kent
has been an overlooked figure in the scandal,” GUK disclosed; “he has an extensive
history of associations with extremist domestic terrorist
organizations. As a Republican congressional candidate, he paid a consulting
fee to a member of the Proud Boys; he has also been close to the Christian
nationalist Patriot Prayer group involved in violent street brawls in
Portland; defended the white
supremacist Nick Fuentes; and stated: “I don’t think there’s
anything wrong with there being a white people special interest group,” during
an interview with a group called the American Populist Union. In 2022, after
Putin’s invaded Ukraine, Kent called him
“very reasonable”. When Kent ran for the House that year, after his ties to the
far right were exposed, he claimed “he had distanced himself from such groups.”
GUK also contended that Dr. Peter
Marks, formerly the FDA’s top vaccine official – formerly lauded by Donald Trump
during the US president’s first term for his role in Operation Warp Speed (the
initiative that developed, manufactured and helped distribute the Covid-19
vaccines) – pranked health secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr’s prankly
“misinformation and lies” in the letter of resignation he submitted as an
alternative to being fired (along with 10,000 of HHS’s employees laboring at
various tasks ranging from enhancing vaxxes on Bird and Human Flu to
researching cures for cancers).
(ATTACHMENT EIGHTEEN)
In
defense of Trump and RFK, GUK reported that the Wall Street
Journal reported this statement on the resignation by an HHS official: “If
Peter Marks does not want to get behind restoring science to its golden
standard and promoting radical transparency, then he has no place at FDA under
the strong leadership of secretary Kennedy.”
Bobby
himself contended he was fighting pushback from “defiant bureaucrats” who had
stopped his office from gaining access to “closely guarded databases that might
reveal the dangers of certain drugs and medical interventions”... which
implications, GUK and other liberals whispered, might result in the banning of
Covid vaccines, mifepristone (a contraceptive) and remedies for illnesses
ranging (again) from flu to Bird flu to measles.
One
David Levi Strauss (perhaps related to the pants people, perhaps not) solicited
and collected polling data from Trump’s first month in office (2/23; the
Brooklyn Rail, ATTACHMENT NINETEEN) and deduced that Trump was now (or then,
rather) “six points underwater in favorability, which is fifteen points under
any other president in history at the beginning of their terms. Trump is the
least popular president in the history of such polls.”
The
numbers were even worse in such areas as pardons, tariffs, the foreign wars
and, of course, Elon Musk. Further, the
polls that Mean Jeans fingered found that one of Djonald UnMortal’s veneration
by Gen. Z was sliding downhill faster than a wall of mud towards a Malibu
beachside paradise.
He
predicted that he’d probably have to use force at some point to maintain control,
“which will further increase the enmity and unrest among the people. And/or
he’ll need to create a tremendous distraction.”
Month
two saw check... and check!
“Now
that Trump has captured the intelligence services, the Justice Department, and
the FBI,” the Rail roaded, “the military is the last piece he needs to
establish the foundations for authoritarian control of the US government.”
“This may all
be eclipsed soon by what Trump is doing internationally,” the Rail chugged
on. “His mixture of utter incompetence
and stupefying authoritarian arrogance is wreaking havoc with the post-war
liberal world order. Trump has shifted his allegiances from our long-term
allies in NATO and elsewhere to Putin’s Russia. He’s sided with Russia in its
war of aggression against Ukraine and cozied up to other tyrants around the
globe.
Steve Bannon, not to be outdone by
his alter ego Elon, flashed a Nazi salute near the end of his speech at the
Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) on February 21, while shouting “Fight,
Fight, Fight,” in imitation of Trump. The salute came right after Trump’s Vice
President JD Vance supported the neo-Nazi Alternative for Germany (AfD) party
in the German elections, and Elon Musk announced that “only the AfD can save
Germany.”
Formerly
a Republican partisan stalwart, the National Review has had its problems with
Donald UnChainsawed since his first administration and from that time on,
subsequent praise and criticism have continued battling one another as the man
NR’s Jeffrey Blehar called “the undisputed ringmaster at the carnival of
fools.” (ATTACHMENT TWENTY)
The
Old Right Peanut Gallery included contentions that “the pathetic creep is
basically begging for affirmation” (MK) promoting an “incoming fascist dictatorship”
as opposed to supporters who snarled that “MAGA is strong and moving forward,
leaving these Never Trumpers at NR behind,” (BH) and that “(a)fter watching the
disgusting display of a party that can’t clap for a child fighting brain
cancer, I can NOT find a decent democrat let alone one worth voting for...
(GJ)”
And
the righter-than-right New York Post found a Democrat worth quoting... Slick
Willie’s old fixer James “Snake” Carville, elucidating upon a person apparently
despised by Left and Right alike... Jeff Bezos.
During his “Politics War Room” podcast on Thursday, “the Democratic
strategist attacked Tesla CEO Elon Musk for what he believes is ruining his
reputation as an innovator to work with Trump.” This topic led to him calling
out “similarly situated” billionaires like Bezos for willingly working with
Trump.
“You
have this tremendous economic power,” Carville said. “You have tremendous
influence in public opinion. You own one of the legacy, important media
operations, and you’re doing nothing f—ing with it. You’re appeasing
people.”
He
called both Musk and Bezos “f—ing fools” but focused heavily on Bezos,
comparing him to Porsche founder and German engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who
helped construct weapons and tanks for the Nazi Party.
Bezos,
“who also owns Amazon”, the Post apparently discovered, has been criticized by
progressives and members of his newspaper staff over the last few months
for announcing changes
to the Washington Post’s
opinion pages, preventing the editorial page from endorsing Vice President
Kamala Harris in 2024 and donating $1 million to Trump’s inauguration
fund.
Carville
echoed Bezos’ critics by insisting he was pandering to Trump and would be
forever ruined by it.
“This
guy’s not going to be remembered as the greatest retailer who ever lived, of
which he is,” Carville said. “He’s going to be remembered as a collaborator.
And he will never ever wash that stench off of him.”
Fortunately
for Trump, Musk, their colluders, collaborators and Congressthings, Dissent’s
Fred Halliday pointed out the “convergence between the forces of
Islamist militancy, on the one hand, and the “anti-imperialist” left on the
other...” which has enabled Republicans to brush away charges of anti-Semitism
and turn them back upon liberals.
The
latest Arab (largely Iranian-backed) Israeli war is a conflict without
heroes... both sides are committed to an impossible genocide as the only
solution – leaving the field to those who exploit the carnage for their own
agenda... sometimes related, sometimes not.
“This
relationship of the radical left to political Islam has a long history, one
that should give pause to those who now seek to form an alliance, however
“tactical,” with Islamist movements and states,” wrote Halliday, adding that
the alliance: faced with the blocking of the proletarian revolution in Europe
after 1917, they turned to the anti-imperialist and sometimes Islamic forces
then active in Asia. The first state in the world to recognize the Bolshevik
Revolution was the monarchy of Afghanistan, then locked in a conflict with the
British. As a result, Lenin gave instructions that Soviet Russia must always
pay “particular attention” to Islam.
China,
meanwhile, is waiting and watching the dissolution of America, Islam and Russia
and, this week, exploited the Trump tariff trauma by opening economic relations
with ancient enemy Japan as well as South Korea (despite its on-again,
off-again alliance with NoKo),
So
it’s not surprising that April Fools’ Day brings out over a hundred “hilarious
political quotes” from the ChiCom creature Alibaba.com. (March 26, ATTACHMENT TWENTY THREE)
“Emily’s” list purports to bring “light-heartedness to the otherwise heavy realm
of politics. As we explore these quotes, we invite readers to enjoy the lighter
side of political discourse and appreciate the universal humor found within
it.”
Most of the
authorities cited are credited to Unknown, second highest are American and
other practitioners of heretical democracy... even invertebrate ChiCom hater
Ronald Reagan, whose charge that "I have left orders to be awakened at any
time in case of national emergency, even if I'm in a Cabinet meeting," is
included – as are remarks from Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, George
Orwell and Marx (Groucho, not Karl).
“The sphere
of politics, intertwined with power, ambition, and governance, is often
perceived as an uncharted land shrouded in seriousness,” raps (and wraps)
“Emily”. However, as showcased through
this compilation of funny political quotes, “there exists a
realms (sic) of humor within politics.”
Hoaxes.org
also listed a Top 100 April Fools’ hoaxes (some political, more not) via 1440
and, as opposed to the Chinese listings above, most are actually credited (to
someone, or something).
Time
and space being as they are, we included only Number One, below (also included
on several other lists of best and/or oldest pranks), and the Top Ten within
ATTACHMENT TWENTY FOUR...to see the rest, go here.
#1: THE SWISS SPAGHETTI HARVEST April 1, 1957
The
respected BBC show Panorama announced that thanks to a very mild
winter and the virtual elimination of the dreaded spaghetti weevil, Swiss
farmers were enjoying a bumper spaghetti crop. It accompanied this announcement
with footage of Swiss peasants pulling strands of spaghetti down from trees.
Yahoo
News (4/1, ATTACHMENT TWENTY FIVE) reiterated other April Fools’ Day jokes...
perhaps the biggest of which was this, from its Introducton...
Yahoo is using AI to generate takeaways
from this article. This means the info may not always match what's in the
article. Reporting mistakes helps us improve the experience.
This
caveat established, Yahoo selected some of the most prominent foolishnesses of
the week and fearlessly refuted them... Warren Buffet is not buying Tesla; DOGE is not sending stimulus checks to Don Jones.
They
also included a Peanut Gallery, in which HPY seconded 'RFK Jr. knows how to
handle health and human services' and VB declared his favorite to be when a dj
announced that the phone company was cleaning the lines by blowing air through
them, “so you were supposed to bag your receiver from 11 an to noon on April 1
1987.” Didn’t work. “Station got sued and the dj fired,” the
peanut added.
More
April Fool’s Foodie Day pranks from USA focused on brands, food and food brands
and their goofy pranks – remember last year's “Baby Translator” app and 7-Eleven's
hot dog-flavored water? (ATTACHMENT
TWENTY SIX)
Back in 2020, Journelle teased men's lace lingerie on April
Fools' Day. Later in the year, the company began actually offering men's lingerie and it's become a top-selling category, says
co-CEO Guido Campello. Other 2025 pranks
include...
Omaha Steaks' 'meat-cute' April 1 romance novel...
Deep Indian Kitchen has some new Indian Ice Cream
Flavors including Chicken Curry, Chicken Tikka Masala, Spinach Paneer, Butter
Chicken, and Chicken Vindaloo...
Dude Wipes' new manscaping tool for your bum – a grooming tool for
"down-there maintenance", and...
Duolingo's April Fools' Day trip tease: a 5-year Carnival cruise which is a trick, but offers two real deals: a free month of the Super Duolingo language app and special offers on a much shorter Carnival cruise.
Fox (ATTACHMENT TWENTY SEVEN) listed a few of the year’s
political pranks... Gov. Jared Polis (D-Co) issued a press release early
Tuesday morning announcing he had unveiled a new
official gubernatorial portrait to be displayed in the State
Capitol – a play on President Trump’s demand that a portrait of
himself be taken down because he did not like the way it made him
look, calling it "purposefully distorted" while Rep. James Comer
(R-Ky) posted that he had commissioned Hunter Biden to paint his portrait...
including “what appeared to be an AI-generated
image” of Hunter painting the portrait of Comer.
And that jokely joker Djonald UnSerious pranked the White
House press corps through assistant press secretary Taylor Rogers, who
announced an “unexpected
later night of work” and then waited for a beat or two before saying “Happy
April Fools!” and then adding “Happy Liberation Day eve,” pointing
to President Trump’s April 2 tariff deadline. (The Hill, ATTACHMENT TWENTY EIGHT)
Adweek
(ATTACHMENT TWENTY NINE) rounded up the most unusual April Fools’ Day pranks from
brands and presented Garlic Ranch soda, Yahoo’s grass encrusted keyboard, a
Whisker candle that smells like the cat’s litter box and the Mr. T’s Pierogies
face cream and eye patches that reporter Brittaney Kiefer
called “kind of soothing.”
And finally, stark reality intruded courtesy (??) of
Malwarebytes.com which announced that it would no longer celebrate (or endure)
April Fools’ Day – given that social media, AI and corporate cyberfoolery as
has turned America into Scamerica
“It’s hard to know what to believe
any day of the year online,” declared a very tired-sounding Mark Beare and so,
“while we used to participate in April Fools, it just hits different these
days.”
“So go ahead and order your Hot Dog Sparkling Water,” Beare asks the Joneses to bear with him a little longer, “eat your crust only pizza, or have a snooze in your banana sleeping bag. We love that. (ATTACHMENT THIRTY) But as a cybersecurity brand we want you to feel like you can trust us—every single day of the year. If we say something is fake, then it’s fake. If we say it’s real, then it’s real. No exceptions.”
|
Our Lesson:
March 27 through April 2, 2025 |
|
|
|
Thursday, March 27, 2025 Dow:
42,299.70 |
AyGee
says there will be no investigation of Signalgate – SecPress Leavitt says
that would add to the irresponsibility.
Tariff increases are underway, even Teslas are being tariffed for
having foreign-made parts (and the haters are burning them and writing Nazi
graffiti). The memos accidentally sent
to Atlantic editor Bernstein could have resulted in Houthis shooting down
American planes with Iranian missiles.
Even some Republicans call for investigations. Wildfires scorch the Carolinas – feeding
on brush and dead trees killed by Hurricane Helene winds and floods Asheville declared in extreme fire danger
as clouds of toxic smoke require masking – fires in Georgia blamed on woman
angry with husband. Now, heavy rains
are flooding South Texas – a foot of rain and 30 ft. river rising in
rivers. 50 water rescues
conducted. Where floods are not,
drought is... burn bans are being enforced from Atlanta to New York. Major league baseball begins this week,
NCAA March madness to start reducing fields from Sweet Sixteen to Final Four. |
|
|
Friday, March 28, 2025 Dow:
41,583.90 |
7.7
EQ hits Thailand and Myanmar (also in the midst of civil war). Buildings collapse in Bangkok, 600 miles
from epicenter. 149 reported dead so
far, but many more are missing. HHS Sec. RFK Junior announces plans to
merge some of his agencies into a huge AHA! (Administration for a Healthy
America) and cut 10K jobs. The
department’s 10 regional offices will be cut to five and its 28 divisions
consolidated into 15, including a AHA!, which will combine offices that
address addiction, toxic substances and occupational safety into one central
office… ignoring protests from rural areas as believe they will no longer be
covered. He also recommends Vitamin A
for measles, despite doctors saying it causes liver damage in kids. Sec. Waltz and the Vances visit Space
Force base in Greenland, where J. D. tries to soft-pedal talk of military
conquest, even though Trump demands that Denmark hand over the big island
full of minerals and with Chinese and Russian ships sniffing around. In criminological news, a mass stabber in
Amsterdam stabs five, including two Americans and Selena’s killer denied
parole after 30 years in prison.
Record $5M bil required for anesthetic tech who basked his wife in the
head with rocks and pushed her down the side of a mountain. Ghoul breaks open casket, steals baby’s
corpse from a cemetery in West Virginia.
Utah bans fluoride in drinking water.
Dentists plan for better business. |
|
|
Saturday, March 29, 2025 Dow:
Closed |
Recovery
and rescue teams comb ruins in Myanmar and Thailand as death toll launches
upwards to 1,000 and bodies are still being pulled from the rubble. Tremors and aftershocks still being felt as
far away as China. Stocks crash after triple whammy of
inflation, consumer confidence drop and inconsistency in tariffs. Danish PM Matte Fredrischen defiant, says
that Greenland is theirs and will not be surrendered. Locals in Nuuk vow to fight American
troops, if necessary. DHS Kristi Noem
goes to El Salvador to inspect and defends deportations as SCOTUS deliberates
on stopping more deportations – Musk and Trump promise that people who draw
Nazi graffiti will get 20 years in El Salvador prison, or maybe Guantanamo
for domestic terrorism. Vaxxing Czar Peter Marks, told to resign
or be fired, chooses resignation – but does write an angry letter to Bobby –
citing an “unprecedented assault on scientific truth. |
|
|
Sunday, March 30, 2025 Dow:
Closed |
Talkshow
Sunday finds partisans talking about Signalgate: whether it was honest mis-
or evil dis-information (see above) with leakerman Goldberg calling it “a
somewhat farcical situation” on “Meet the Press” while Djonald UnDisturbed,
says the Atlantic is another failing medium – then reiterating that his quest
for a third term is not an April
Fools joke, while supporters say MAGA will either repeal the 12th
and 25th Constitutional amendments or somebody (Vance? Don
Junior? Erik?) will get elected in ‘28
and cede power back to Father either officially, making him Speaker or
Cabineteer so everybody can resign, or unofficially, like Elon. On the talkshows, E-con-mystic Diane Swong
cites panic buying, hoarding and “hunkering down” all at the same time and
that it will be impossible to find American cars without foreign parts;
former Covid Czar Asha Jah accuses RFK Junior of purging Dr. Peter Marks (who
denounced anti-vaxxing in his letter of resignation – accusing the HHS newbie
of supporting “quack” vitamins and cod liver oil to stop measles; Mark and
Mike don’t think alike... Sen. Warner (D-Va) says 250 CIAgents were outed by
Signalgate while Rep. Turner (R-Oh) calls it a “successful operation” and
Atlantic “oversold” lack of lexicological discrimination between “classified”
docs and “war plans”. Talking heads debate whether conquering
Greenland is necessary for blocking Russo-Chinese adventurism in the Far
North, for its mineral wealth or for Trump’s ego. Admiral James Stavrides
advocates diplomacy with Denmark for a “win-win solution” instead of a
military solution. SecState Rubio
hails mass arrests and deportations of protesting Palestinian students, green
cards or no, who are “taking up spots from Americans” and NSA Chief Mike
Waltz gets thrown under the POTUS bus for Signalgate, confesses only to mis-
not dis-information. |
|
|
Monday, March 31, 2025 Dow: 42,001.76 |
After
contending that Wednesday’s “Liberation Day” will free Americans from foreign
goods (presumably by making most too expensive to afford), President Trump
pivots on Putin, and says Russian oil will not be exempt from tariffs because
Bad Vlad refuses to come to the table and honestly work to end the Ukraine
War he needs to gain the support of his
base. Supporters say Trump doesn’t
bluff – “if diplomacy doesn’t work, he’ll move on to Plan B (i.e.
tariffs).” (It’s Plan C that has most
of the world worried.) With key Elections tomorrow in Florida (to
replace Matt Gaetz and Waltz in Congress) and in Wisconsin (a swing State
Supreme Court judge to rule on abortion, economics etc.), Elon Musk is
handing out million dollar checks to supporters, drawing outrage – but no
indictment from friendly AyGee Pam Bondi.
Democrats still fumbling, bumbling and
sniveling, but some lone wolves are taking lessons from climate and burning
down GOP headquarters in Albuquerque, starting Muskfires in America and Rome
and... despite threats of 20 years jail, drawing swastikas on Teslas (which
used to be the liberals’ car of choise).
Others are just panic buying foreign stuff – cars, avocadoes,
electronics, tequila. Foreign people are itchy and scratchy too...
hard-right Marine LePen convicted of embezzlement and banned from running for
President while rescue efforts after Myanmar earthquake blocked by civil war
and DOGE improved after the military government called for a ceasefire. And Trump also signs an E.O. honest
fanboys and girls appreciate, no matter what their party: capping concert
ticket reseller gouging. No more
$10,000 nosebleed seats for Taylor Swift shows and, in the Oval Office, Kid
Rock says “I’m a capitalist, but...” Well done, Donni-O! |
|
|
Tuesday, April 1, 2025 Dow:
41,989.96 |
It’s
April Fool’s Day. Straight-faced,
President Trump says that Thursday’s tariffs will bring down prices – even
though polls show voters disagree 60% to 38% and China, Japan and SoKo put
aside their disagreements to form a common retaliation market. And, for the dour, dismal Democrats, NJ
Sen. Cory Booker performs a 25 hour, 4 minute discourse (as opposed to
“filibuster” since he’s not speaking against or far any particular
legislation. The... uh... talking
breaks the old filibuster record set by Strom Thurmond, opposing civil rights
in 1956. ICE arrests and deportations continue –
officials admit that an “administrative error” swept up an innocent man and
sent him to El Salvador, but that he won’t be brought back because he is now
under the jurisdiction of Trump ally Pres. Bukele. Formerly stranded astronauts Butch and
Suni share their first interviews... Butch says he looks forward to reuniting
with his wife and children; Suni saying that she enjoyed flying through the
green aurora and looks forward to hugging her dog. Space X launches a crypto billionaire into
space. |
|
|
Wednesday, April 2, 2025 Dow:
42,225.32 |
It’s
“Liberation Day” according to Djonald UnChained and also National Walking
Day. Democrats walk to victory in Wisconsin mangling
Musk, his money, Republicans and, of course, President Trump who is so
outraged that he might be firing Elon, despite the prospect of imposing
regressive tariffs that may or may not make the American e-con-me golden
again, but is driving consumers to panic buying of cars and Corona (beer, not
disease) before the miscellaneous “reciprocal” tariffs on assorted countries’
exports (see list of tariffs as Att. B below) take full effect – today,
tomorrow, next week or whenever. The G.O.P. does save its Congressional
majority by winning the two open seats in Florida (districts Trump won by
30%) but the margin of victory is cut in half. Democrats say it’s not liberation, it’s
Recession Day. Millions of Americans are also running,
not walking, from “once in a generation” weather that is hitting Memphis, for
example, with tornadoes, followed by four or more days of flooding
rains. It’s also stormy at the South
Pole – a cruise ship endures Dr. Odyssey tempests and tragedies while
navigating the Drake passage between Argentina and Antarctica as glaciers
melt, creating titanic icebergs. Titanic death tolls mount in Thai/Myanmar
quake... 3,000 and rising... and in the forever wars in Ukraine and Gaza,
where Netanyahu and Putin sextuple-down on civilian slaughter with no “Top
Gun” or “Batman” to the rescue... Hollywood mourns death of Val Kilmer. |
|
|
It’s
a bouncy but indeterminate week for the Dow and Country as producers,
consumers and e-con-mystics await the dawn of Liberation Day... but overnight
into Thursday, foreign markets crash, strongly hinting that it will not be
the sort of pleasant week that Republicans had hoped for, even tho’ Trump did
say there would be temporary pain. Soon, however, the world and America will
be wondering “how temporary” and “how painful”? |
|
|
|
THE DON JONES
INDEX CHART of CATEGORIES
w/VALUE ADDED to EQUAL BASELINE of 15,000 (REFLECTING…
approximately… DOW JONES INDEX of June 27, 2013) Gains in indices as improved are noted in GREEN. Negative/harmful indices in RED as are their designation. (Note – some of the indices where the total
went up created a realm where their value went down... and vice versa.) See a
further explanation of categories HERE |
|
ECONOMIC
INDICES |
(60%) |
|
||||||||
|
CATEGORY |
VALUE |
BASE |
RESULTS by PERCENTAGE |
SCORE |
OUR SOURCES and
COMMENTS |
|
||||
|
INCOME |
(24%) |
6/17/13 revised 1/1/22 |
LAST |
CHANGE |
NEXT |
LAST WEEK |
THIS WEEK |
THE WEEK’S CLOSING STATS... |
|
|
|
Wages (hrly. Per cap) |
9% |
1350 points |
3/27/25 |
+0.18% |
4/25 |
1,561.18 |
1,561.18 |
https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/wages 30.89 nc |
|
|
|
Median Inc. (yearly) |
4% |
600 |
3/27/25 |
+0.057% |
4/10/25 |
741.21 |
741.64 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/ 43,530 555 |
|
|
|
Unempl. (BLS – in mi) |
4% |
600 |
3/27/25 |
+2.44% |
4/25 |
556.38 |
556.38 |
|
||
|
Official (DC – in mi) |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
-0.18% |
4/10/25 |
221.14 |
220.75 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/
7,291 304 |
|
|
|
Unofficl. (DC – in mi) |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
-0.26% |
4/10/25 |
212.07 |
211.51 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/ 15,154
194 |
|
|
|
Workforce Participation Number Percent |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
+0.027%
-0.006% |
4/10/25 |
298.51 |
298.49 |
In 163,469
3,513 Out 102,646 689 Total: 266,202 61.428 424 |
|
|
|
WP %
(ycharts)* |
1% |
150 |
3/27/25 |
-0.32% |
4/25 |
150.71 |
150.71 |
https://ycharts.com/indicators/labor_force_participation_rate 62.40 |
|
|
|
OUTGO |
(15%) |
|
||||||||
|
Total Inflation |
7% |
1050 |
3/27/25 |
+0.2% |
4/25 |
942.43 |
942.43 |
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm +0.2 |
|
|
|
Food |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
+0.2% |
4/25 |
268.10 |
268.10 |
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm +0.2 |
|
|
|
Gasoline |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
- 1.0% |
4/25 |
238.51 |
238.51 |
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm -1.0 |
|
|
|
Medical Costs |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
-0.3% |
4/25 |
283.68 |
283.68 |
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm
+0.3 |
|
|
|
Shelter |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
+0.3% |
4/25 |
255.61 |
255.61 |
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm
+0.3 |
|
|
|
WEALTH |
|
|||||||||
|
Dow Jones Index |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
-0.76% |
4/10/25 |
330.29 |
327.79 |
https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/index/ 42,547.18 225.32 |
|
|
|
Home (Sales) (Valuation) |
1% 1% |
150 150 |
3/27/25 |
+4.41% +0.68% |
3/25 |
128.69 282.27 |
128.69 282.27 |
https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics Sales (M): 4.26 Valuations
(K): 398.4 |
|
|
|
Debt (Personal) CANCELLED 3/27 |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
+0.043% |
4/10/25 |
265.30 |
265.30 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/ 75,162 CANCELLED crypto, credit card debt border
encounters gold &silver |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
GOVERNMENT |
(10%) |
|
||||||||
|
Revenue (trilns.) |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
+0.16% |
4/10/25 |
432.13 |
432.81 |
debtclock.org/
5,070 078 |
|
|
|
Expenditures (tr.) |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
+0.11% |
4/10/25 |
291.91 |
291.58 |
debtclock.org/ 7,076
084 |
|
|
|
National Debt tr.) |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
+0.08% |
4/10/25 |
366.86 |
366.57 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/ 36,646
675 |
|
|
|
Aggregate Debt (tr.) |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
+0.14% |
4/10/25 |
385.61 |
385.06 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/ 102,747
893 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
TRADE |
(5%) |
|
||||||||
|
Foreign Debt (tr.) |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
-0.13% |
4/10/25 |
279.70 |
279.34 |
http://www.usdebtclock.org/ 8,649
660 |
|
|
|
Exports (in billions) |
1% |
150 |
3/27/25 |
-1.22% |
4/25 |
167.51 |
167.51 |
https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html 269.8 nc |
|
|
|
Imports (in billions)) |
1% |
150 |
3/27/25 |
+9.05% |
“ |
135.93 |
135.93 |
https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html 401.2 |
|
|
|
Trade Surplus/Deficit (blns.) |
1% |
150 |
3/27/25 |
-25.11% |
“ |
160.62 |
160.62 |
https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html 131.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
SOCIAL
INDICES |
(40%) |
|
|
|||||||
|
ACTS of MAN |
(12%) |
|
|
-389 |
|
|||||
|
World Affairs |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.1% |
4/10/25 |
474.98 |
475.45 |
Trump
breaks with Bad Vlad over Ukraine, will tariff Russian oil. Four American soldiers drowned in
Lithuania, presumably accidentally, NFL ponders playing games in Dubai, and the
sole exceptions to immigration crackdown is white South Africans – like Elon. |
|
|
|
War and
terrorism |
2% |
300 |
3/27/25 |
-0.2% |
4/10/25 |
287.59 |
288.42 |
Tesla
vandals called domestic terrorists. Amsterdam
stabber stabs five, including two Americans and the Red Cross is outraged
after Israel kills more relief workers in Gaza. Civil wars rage in Syria, Congo, Sudan. |
|
|
|
Politics |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.2% |
4/10/25 |
472.80 |
471.85 |
White
House Correspondents’ Dinner bans comedians and... no joke!... Djonald
UnConstitutional says he’ll 1) seek third term (even if he has to face Barack
Obama), 2) invade Greenland following reconnaisance visits by Veep Vance,
wife and Waltz and shrug as tariffs mash potatoes in Maine, angering GOP Sen.
Collins. Kristi Noem visits El
Salvador maxi-prison, promises more deportations. Stefanik appointment
recalled to save GOP congressional majority. Senate allows banks to raise
overdraft fees. |
|
|
|
Economics |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.1% |
4/10/25 |
439.21 |
438.77 |
Tariff
flip-flops cause Wall Street volatility before Liberation Day. Tesla stock sinks, Elon gives up on “X” –
sells it to his own AI company for $33B.
More Trump/Musk/DOGE cutdowns and shutbackes: $55M from Ron Reagan’s
“Institute for Peace”, threats to shut public libraries whether DEI or not;
10K workers from HHS (which Bobby plans to merge with other agencies into an
Administration for a Healthy America
(AHAIn the private sector, Dollar Tree will sell Dollar General (for
dollars), |
|
|
|
Crime |
1% |
150 |
3/27/25 |
-0.2% |
4/10/25 |
217.50 |
217.06 |
Two
April Fools fleeing police arrested when they stop to put more air in their
tires. Angry Miami bus driver shoots two
annoying passengers. Police kill
rapper Young Scooter. Vegas babysitter
stabs 3 year old to death. Home
invaders hold family of Seahawks’ Richie Sherman hostage at gunpoint, gunman
“angry with pharmacists” kills Walgreens pharmacy clerk, man angry with
religion kills priest in Kansas. |
|
|
|
ACTS of GOD |
(6%) |
|
||||||||
|
Environment/Weather |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.2% |
4/10/25 |
369.73 |
369.36 |
At
least the cherry blossoms are out early in D.C. Heat, drought and wildfires batter the
southwest, cold rain and floods in the North Pacific Coast, Midwest and N.E.
ice and snow, heat and fires in south and in the cracks between –
tornadoes. Storms kill three kids in
Kalamazoo, wildfires extend overseas to SoKo, |
|
|
|
Disasters |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.2% |
4/10/25 |
414.47 |
414.88 |
Recovery
from hurricanes Helene and Milton continue, despite more rain and flooding...
despite wildfires and toxic smoke, iconic Ashville brewery reopens to give relief
workers some relief. No relief for
3,000 dead, many more missing; millions homeless in Bangkok and Myanmar as
USAID cancellation provides opening for China to pitch in. More airport near-disasters in NY, Dallas
and Reagan DC as planes crash into kites, air traffic controllers brawl in
command center and American Airlines’ cockpit toxic smoke. Antarctic cruise ship battered, tourist sub
crashes, sinks, kills six rich Russians off the coast of Egypt. |
|
|
|
LIFESTYLE/JUSTICE
INDEX |
(15%) |
|
|
|||||||
|
Science, Tech,
Education |
4% |
600 |
3/27/25 |
-0.1% |
4/10/25 |
616.46 |
615.23 |
Colleges
and universities start announcing Commencement speakers... the University of
Maryland selects Kermit the Frog. Schools
protest cuts to student lunches and library; Navy purges 400 DEIstic books
from its libraries. |
|
|
|
Equality
(econ/social) |
4% |
600 |
3/27/25 |
+0.3% |
4/10/25 |
657.84 |
658.50 |
With
Butch and Suni back, Space X sends crypto billionaire into the void while
celebrity all-female space flight (including Gayle King and Katy Perry) will
blast off on April 14th (escaping tax day!) |
|
|
|
Health |
4% |
600 |
3/27/25 |
-0.3% |
4/10/25 |
435.51 |
433.77 |
Fluoride
wars back again after Utah ban.
Measles back, bird flu migrates to cows and people. No relief for breakfast. Bob Evans
“Egg-beaters” recalled for... bleach?
Toxic Woolite and botulistic pumpkin joice also recalled and a very toxic fungus
penetrates hospitals in Miami and elsewhere. |
|
|
|
Freedom and Justice |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.2% |
4/10/25 |
483.08 |
482.60 |
Prosecutors
say Sergio Mangione’s backpack contained a gun, zip ties and a toothbrush
DOJ’s Pam Bondi calls for death penalty.
Dastardly doctor who bashed wife on the head with rocks gets record
$5M bail. Selena’s killer denied
parole after 30 years. |
|
|
|
CULTURAL and
MISCELLANEOUS INCIDENTS |
(6%) |
|
||||||||
|
Cultural incidents |
3% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
-0.1% |
4/10/25 |
554.14 |
555.80 |
Men’s
and women’s March Madness down to final four – seven #1 seeds and defending
WNBA champ UConn. MLB season opens, controversial “torpedo bats” explode as
Yankees kick off season with three straight homeruns, nine in all, 15 in
first 3 games. Weak White Sox beat
Cubs to lead league as many teams hold tributes to first responders in fire and
hurricane disasters. Weaker B.O. finds
“The Working Man” slaying sleepy Snow White - leaving Hollywood hoping for
more substantial summer sequels and curiosities like binge-ly Beatles movies
by Sam Mendes, a Karate Kid remake, and auctioning of original ET
puppet. Sundance Film Festival moves
to Boulder, CO while the Fyre Festival, advertising “live like Jack Sparrow”
moves to the briny deep. RIP: actors Richard Chamberlain (Dr.
Kildare, Shogun), Val Kilmer (“Top Gun”) and Sian Barbara Allen (“Waltons”),
singer Bobby Rydell
(“Wild One”). Son of MLB’s Brett
Gardner dies of suspected carbon monoxide poisoning in a Costa Rican hotel. |
|
|
|
Misc. incidents |
4% |
450 |
3/27/25 |
+0.1% |
4/10/25 |
535.58 |
536.12 |
Satanic
Grotto cultists arrested for holding Black Mass in Kansas! Ghoul breaks open
casket, tries to steal baby’s
corpse from cemetery in West Virginia.
Big lotto winner disqualified for using outside cash app to buy
ticket. Cerrone’s Pizza in DJI
hometown Columbus, GA wins the National Pizza Expo in Vegas. 97 year old tortoise births four little
turtles; Rhode Island mom births four identical quadruplets while Florida
company debuts breast milk ice cream. |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
The Don Jones Index for the week of March 27th
through April 2nd, 2025 was DOWN 4.49 points
The Don Jones Index is sponsored by the Coalition for a New
Consensus: retired Congressman and Independent Presidential candidate Jack
“Catfish” Parnell, Chairman; Brian Doohan, Administrator. The CNC denies, emphatically, allegations
that the organization, as well as any of its officers (including former
Congressman Parnell, environmentalist/America-Firster Austin Tillerman and
cosmetics CEO Rayna Finch) and references to Parnell’s works, “Entropy and
Renaissance” and “The Coming Kill-Off” are fictitious or, at best, mere pawns
in the web-serial “Black Helicopters” – and promise swift, effective legal
action against parties promulgating this and/or other such slanders.
Comments, complaints, donations (especially SUPERPAC
donations) always welcome at feedme@generisis.com or:
speak@donjonesindex.com.
ATTACHMENT ONE – FROM MUSICMATCH
“JUST APRIL FOOLS” (lyrics)
In an April dream
Once you came to me
When you smiled I looked into your eyes
And I knew I'd be loving you
And then you touched my hand
And I learned April dreams can come true
Are we just April fools
Who can't see all the danger around us
If we're just April fools
I don't care, true love has found us now
Little did we know
Where the road would lead
Here we are a million miles away from the past
Travelin' so fast now
There's no turning back
If our sweet April dream doesn't last
Are we just April fools
Who can't see all the danger around us
If we're just April fools
I don't care, we'll find our way somehow
No need to be afraid
True love has found us now
Source: Musixmatch
Songwriters: Joel Hirschhorn / Taj
Mahal
The April Fools lyrics © New
Hidden Valley Music Company, Emi Music Publishing, Casa David Music, Casa
David, Aspenfair Music Inc., Songs Of Fujimusic, Bmg Rights Management (uk) Ltd
(hal David), Burt Bacharach
ATTACHMENT TWO – FROM MISSION ISLAM
WHO’S FOOLING WHO???...APRIL FOOL’S DAY
By Abu Muhammad Yusuf
It may be "cool"…but it’s a foolish
and unislamic practise of another fool!
Allah, The Most Wise, says:
"Truly Allah guides not one who
transgresses and lies." (Qur’an-40:28)
"Curse of Allah upon those who
lie." (Qur’an-3:61)
Origins and History of April Fool Day
There are differing opinions concerning how
this day originated:
·
Some said it
developed from the celebrations of spring at the equinox on March 21
·
.Some said
that this innovation appeared in France in 1564 CE, after the introduction of a
new calendar, when a person who had refused to accept the new calendar became
the victim of some people who had subjected him to embarrassment and made fun
of him, so he became a laughing-stock for others.
·
Others said
that this innovation goes back to ancient times and the pagan celebrations
connected to a specific date at the beginning of spring, so this is the remnant
of pagan rituals. It was said that hunting in some countries was unsuccessful
during the first days of the hunt in some countries. This was the origin of
these lies which are made up on the first day of April.
·
The Europeans
call "April Fool" le poisson d'avril (lit.
"April fish"). The reason for this is that the sun moves from the
zodiacal house of Pisces to the next house, or because the word poisson,
which means fish, is a distortion of the word passion, which means
suffering, so it is a symbol of the suffering endured by Jesus (peace be upon
him), according to the claims of the Christians, and they claim that this
happened in the first week of April.
Presently people call this day April
Fools' Day, as it is known to the English. That is because of the lies that
they tell so that those who hear them might believe them and thus become a
victim for those who are making fun of him.
The first mention of April Fool in the English
language was in a magazine known as Dreck Magazine. On the second day of April
in 1698 CE, this magazine mentioned that a number of people were invited to
come and watch the washing of black people in the Tower of London on the
morning of the first day of April.
'Aasim ibn 'Abd-Allaah al-Qurawayti wrote that
many of us celebrate what is known as April fool or, if it is translated
literally, the "trick of April". But how much do we know of the
bitter secret behind this day? According to his research Islam was flourishing
in Spain and those seeking the downfall of Islam made a careful study and
concluded that it was because of the taqwa(piety) of the Muslims that Islam was
so successful. So they introduced the younger Muslim generation to wine and
other intoxicants and made such evils freely and cheaply available.
This tactic evil tactic produced results and
the faith of the Muslims began to weaken, especially among the young generation
in Spain. The result of that was that the enemies of Islam subdued the whole of
Spain and put an end to the Muslim rule of that land which had lasted for more
than eight hundred years. The last stronghold of the Muslims, in Grenada, fell
on April 1st, hence they considered this to be the "trick of April."
From that year until the present, they
celebrate this day and consider the Muslims to be fools. They do not regard
only the army at Granada to be fools who were easily deceived; rather they
apply that to the entire Muslim Ummah. It is ignorant of us to join in these
celebrations, and when we imitate them blindly in implementing this evil idea,
this is a kind of blind imitation which confirms the foolishness of some of us
in following them. Once we know the reason for this celebration, how can we
celebrate our defeat?
Let us make a promise to ourselves never to
celebrate this day. We have to learn from the Spanish experience and adhere to
the reality of Islam and never allow our faith to be weakened again.
It does not matter what the origins of April
fool are. What matters more is knowing the ruling on lying on this day, which
custom we are sure did not exist during the first and best generations of
Islam. It did not come from the Muslims, but rather from their enemies.
The evils perpetrated on April Fools' Day are
many. Some people have been told that their child or spouse or someone who is
dear to them has died and unable to bear this shock, they have suffered great
trauma. Some have been told that they are being laid off, or that there has
been a fire or an accident in which their family has been killed, so they
suffer paralysis or heart attacks, or similar diseases. There are the endless
stories and incidents that we hear of, all of which are lies which are
forbidden in Islam and unacceptable to common sense or honest chivalry.
Islam forbids lying even in jest and it
forbids frightening a Muslim whether in seriousness or in jest, in words or in
actions.
Abu Umamah Al-Bahili (May Allah be pleased
with him) reported: Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, " I
guarantee a home in the middle of Jannah for one who abandons lying even if its
just for the sake of fun'' (Hadith-Abu Dawud).
It was narrated from Abu Hurayrah(RA)
that the Messenger of Allah(peace be upon) said:"The signs of the
hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a promise, he
breaks it; and when he is entrusted with something, he betrays that
trust." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 33; Muslim, 59)
Hazrat Wasilah reported that the Messenger of Allah(peace be upon) said: "Do
not display pleasure at your brothers misfortune."(Hadith-Tirmizi)
It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah(RA)
said: "They said, 'O Messenger of Allaah, you joke with us.' He said, 'But
I only speak the truth. " (Hadith narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 1990)
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) said: "Whoever imitates a people is one of them." (Hadith
narrated by Ahmad)
It was narrated by Mu'aawiyah ibn Haydah that
he heard the Prophet (pbuh) say: 'Woe to the one who
talks to make the people laugh and tells lies, woe to him, woe to him." (narrated
by al-Tirmidhi, 235. He said: this is a hasan hadeeth. Also narrated by Abu
Dawood, 4990).
It was narrated by Asmaa´ bint Yazeed that the
Messenger of Allaah (pbuh) said: "It is not permissible to tell lies
except in three (cases): when a man speaks to his wife in a way to please her;
lying in war; and lying in order to reconcile between
people." (Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 1939)
When our Muslim Ummah is being disgraced and
humiliated by the Kuffaar from East to West, how is it possible for a believer
with even a minute degree of Imaan(faith) to engage in this evil custom of
April Fool's Day!
ATTACHMENT THREE – FROM THE
NATIONAL CATHOLIC REPORTER
APRIL FOOLS' DAY ISN'T
A RELIGIOUS HOLIDAY, BUT THERE ARE SOME RELIGIOUS ROOTS
By Peggy Fletcher Stack April 1, 2014
Let's be clear: April Fools' Day is not a
religious holiday.
It does, however, trace its origins to a pope.
The day began, most believe, in 1582, when Pope
Gregory XIII decreed the adoption of the "Gregorian calendar" --
named after himself -- which moved New Year's Day from the end of March to Jan.
1.
The change was published widely, said Ginger
Smoak, an expert in medieval history at the University of Utah, but those who
didn't get the message and continued to celebrate on April 1 "were
ridiculed and, because they were seen as foolish, called April Fools."
Even though the annual panoply of pranks meant
to mock the gullible or to send a friend on a "fool's errand" may not
be grounded in any ancient religious merrymaking, the notion of "holy
fools" does have a long and respected place in Judeo-Christian history.
Hebrew prophets were often scorned as mad or
eccentric for pronouncing unwelcome or uncomfortable truths. The apostle Paul
talked to the Corinthians about becoming "fools for Christ." And
Eastern Orthodoxy still sees the "holy fool" as a type of Christian
martyr.
Such views are wrapped up in paradox.
"If the wisdom of the world is folly to
God, and God's own foolishness is the only true wisdom," argues British
clergyman John Saward in Perfect Fools: Folly for Christ's Sake in
Catholic and Orthodox Spirituality, "it follows that the worldly wise,
to become truly wise, must become foolish and renounce their worldly
wisdom."
Such role reversals were common during
medieval Christian festivals.
Some argue that April Fools' Day is a remnant
of early "renewal festivals," which typically marked the end of
winter and the start of spring.
These festivals, according to the Museum of
Hoaxes, typically involved "ritualized forms of mayhem and misrule."
Participants donned disguises, played tricks
on friends as well as strangers, and inverted the social order.
"Servants might get to order around
masters, or children challenge the authority of parents and teachers," the
museum's website notes. "However, the disorder is always bounded within a
strict time frame, and tensions are defused with laughter and comedy. The
social order is symbolically challenged, but then restored, reaffirming the
stability of the society, just as the cold months of winter temporarily
challenge biological life, and yet the cycle of life continues, returning with
the spring."
Some have mistaken these celebrations for
medieval Christianity's Feast of Fools, which took place each January.
For centuries, this feast was seen as "a
disorderly, even transgressive Christian festival, in which reveling clergy
elected a burlesque Lord of Misrule, who presided over the divine office
wearing animal masks or women's clothes, sang obscene songs, swung censers that
gave off foul-smelling smoke, played dice at the altar, and otherwise parodied
the liturgy of the church," said historian Max Harris, author of Sacred
Folly: A New History of the Feast of Fools. Afterward, revelers would
"take to the streets, howling, issuing mock indulgences, hurling manure at
bystanders, and staging scurrilous plays."
But that's not what happened, he said.
Even Victor Hugo's famous novel The
Hunchback of Notre-Dame -- and the Disney animated film loosely based
on it -- got it wrong. In Hugo's opening passages, Harris said, the novelist
describes "rowdy theatricals and underworld parades of lay Parisians ...
'on the sixth of January 1482' as a combined celebration ... of the day of the
kings and the Feast of Fools."
Those two celebrations were "nothing of
the sort," Harris wrote in an email from his home in Wisconsin.
"Indeed, they were not even an accurate portrayal of lay
festivities."
Such revelry, Harris said, "was almost
wholly a figment of Hugo's imagination."
So what was it really like?
The actual feast was developed in the late
12th and early 13th centuries as "an elaborate and orderly liturgy for the
day of the Circumcision (Jan. 1)," Harris said, "serving as a
dignified alternative to rowdy secular New Year festivities."
The goal, he said, was "not mockery but
thanksgiving for the incarnation of Christ."
Role reversals did occur, but their point,
Harris said, was to underscore Mary's joyous affirmation that God "has put
down the mighty from their seat and exalted the humble."
The "fools" represented those chosen
by God for their lowly status.
This liturgical feast was largely confined to
cathedrals and collegiate churches in northern France.
Centuries later, high-ranking clergy "who
relied on rumor rather than firsthand knowledge, attacked and eventually
suppressed the feast," Harris said. "Eighteenth- and 19th-century
historians repeatedly misread records of the feast; their erroneous accounts
formed a shaky foundation for subsequent understanding of the medieval
ritual."
The Feast of Fools was finally forbidden by
the Council of Basle in 1435.
That misunderstanding of history, though,
eventually found its way into Hugo's novel and even the Catholic Encyclopedia,
which linked the "feast of fools" to the pagan celebration of
Saturnalia, whose "parody must always have trembled on the brink of
burlesque, if not of the profane."
That is unfortunate, said Harris, who has read
and studied the original documents from the time. In his mind, the feast was
more sanctified than sacrilegious.
[Peggy Fletcher Stack writes for The
Salt Lake Tribune.]
ATTACHMENT FOUR – FROM U
CATHOLIC
APRIL FOOLS’ DAY STARTED BY A CATHOLIC POPE
April Fools
Day: the annual day popular around the world full of practical jokes, pranks,
and hoaxes culminating in the jokester shouting “April Fools!” at the victim.
Did you know that April Fools Day, also known as All Fool’s Day, started over
400 years ago because of Pope Gregory XIII?
In October of 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian
calendar that an overwhelming majority of the world uses today. His calendar
moved the start of the new year from March 25th to January 1st, but not
everyone was so quick to adopt the changed calendar.
Throughout towns in Europe and especially in France, the new year
used to be celebrated for a whole week beginning on March 25th and lasting
until April 1st. Those who didn’t get the news or continued to celebrate the
new year under the old calendar became the butt of jokes and were labeled
fools.
In France, this mockery included putting a paper fish on the
fool’s back, a poisson d’avril, or April’s
fish, said to symbolize a young, easily ‘hooked’ fish and a gullible person.
“In
one of the oldest forms that this trick took, several persons would conspire to
send the victim on a fool’s errand from conspirator to another – so the person
with the fish on his back would be sent out on a fool’s errand.”
Why a fish? April 1st is a day traditionally held as the beginning
of Christ’s public ministry, and the fish is traditionally associated with
Christ (read why here) –
hence, the April’s fish. The poisson d’avril gag evolved into what you might
recognize today as the “kick me” sign gag pinned on people’s backs.
On April Fools Day, don’t be afraid to pull some (good-natured!)
pranks on your friends and family: you’d be in the company of saints! Saint
Philip Neri and Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati were known to be great jokesters.
ATTACHMENT FIVE – FROM YAHOO NEWS
WHY DO APRIL FOOLS' DAY JOKES STOP AT 12PM? HOW THE TRADITION STARTED
By Katie
Collier
April Fool's Day is a day of
pranks but you'll need to make sure you've played your trick before 12pm -
here's why (Image: Getty)
Every year April Fools’ Day comes
around and you’ll probably know it as a day for pranking the people closest to
you.
Little jokes are played on people
and you’re likely familiar with the main rule of the day which is that the
pranks have to end at 12pm noon but why is that?
To help you better understand
April Fools’ Day and its origins, the team at Slingo has answered some of the
key questions you might have about the annual event.
What is April
Fools’ Day?
April Fools' is essentially a free
pass to prank friends, families and colleagues on April 1 every year.
Watch out for pranks on April
Fools' Day (Image: Getty)
When should
pranks stop on April Fools’ Day and what happens if you carry on?
Jokes told or carried out on April
Fools’ Day should come to a stop once midday is here, the team at Slingo explains.
The idea is that you come clean
for any jokes or pranks you did by midday or you’ll be referred to as the April
Fool.
The team at Slingo said: “This
rule has a range of theories, including the idea that the day honours the
spirit of Folly, a force believed to be very powerful.
“Because of this, the day needs to
be contained within some sort of limit to avoid outright chaos.
“Another potential explanation is
that people ‘wise up throughout the day’, whereas in the morning people are
more susceptible and gullible.”
This rule can be traced back as
early as 1851 in a passage written in a British Journal which said those who
played pranks in the afternoon would be told: “April fool's gone past, you're
the biggest fool at last.”
How did April
Fools’ Day originate?
Slingo explains that there isn’t
just one theory as to how the annual day came about, saying: “There’s not one confirmed
theory for the origin of the day, however, one popular theory originates from
the theory that April Fools’ Day is linked to the vernal equinox.
“The unpredictable and changeable
weather around this time led to the idea that Mother Nature was fooling people. With the end of winter,
some April Fools’ Day history could be linked to the idea that creative
energies return as spring starts.
“However, the spring equinox
does not occur on April 1st, leading to the question of how we have come to
celebrate on this particular day.
Recommended reading:
·
Will the UK get an extra bank holiday for VE Day's 80th anniversary?
·
When is Easter 2025? Key dates for the bank holiday weekend
·
When is the start of Spring in the UK? All to know about the Spring
Equinox
“This leads to another popular theory
which stems from France. In 1582, France switched from the Julian calendar to
the Gregorian calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year begins with the
spring equinox around April 1st, whereas the new year in the Julian calendar
starts on January 1st.
“People who continued to celebrate
the New Year around April 1st were called “April fools” for failing to
recognise the change of the calendars.
“Another popular theory among
historians comes from ancient Rome. Hilaria, which is Latin for joyful, were
festivals celebrated towards the end of March by followers of the cult of
Cybele and entailed members of the cult dressing up in disguises and mocking
and pulling jokes towards citizens.
“The festival was said to be
inspired by the Egyptian legends of Osiris, Isis, and Seth and is now said to
have potentially inspired April Fools’ Day as we know it today.”
ATTACHMENT SIX – FROM UNTAPPED NEW
YORK
NYC'S
OUTRAGEOUS APRIL FOOLS' DAY PARADE TURNS 40
This
zany NYC tradition celebrates a major milestone!
By
NICOLE SARANIERO
March 31 2025
April
Fools' Day in New York City has been marked by a "satirical
spectacle" of "outrageous floats and unrelenting mockery" for
forty years with the annual April Fools' Day Parade. Created in 1986 by artist Joey
Skaggs, the parade will March along 5th Avenue from 59th Street to Washington
Square Park starting at noon ET on Tuesday, April 1st.
“April
Fools’ Day has always been a time to express our truest thoughts and feelings,
wrapped in the guise of humor—just like the jesters of old who spoke truth to
power," Skaggs, Chair of the New York April Fool’s Committee told Untapped
New York, "I founded the New York City Annual April Fools’ Day Parade in
1986 when I realized that New York had parades for nearly every holiday, except
the one that celebrates the freedom to say whatever we want, however we want,
without fear of retribution."
Each
year's parade has a theme, and this year's is "A Dozen Eggs." The
"eggs" in question are political figures of both parties, from Donald
Trump and Kamala Harris to Elon Musk and Joe Biden. Participants can pick their
favorite fool and print out a mask of their face to wear during the
festivities.
2024 Parade, Courtesy of The Joey Skaggs
Archive
A
King or Queen of Fools will be crowned at the end of the parade route in
Washington Square Park. The honor recognizes the person "whose audacity,
ignorance, or hypocrisy reigned supreme" this year.
"What
makes this parade special is that it’s entirely unsponsored, beholden to no
one," says Skaggs. "It’s a pure, unfiltered expression of the
people—New Yorkers who always have something to say. The April Fools’ Day
Parade Committee welcomes everyone’s creativity, and as always, the public will
bring surprises. We can’t wait to see what unfolds.”
All
are welcome to participate in the parade or watch and laugh from the sidelines,
with costumes and masks or without. Those wishing to bring a float should note
that it must be no wider than 10 feet and no longer than 30 feet and can be
self-propelled, towed, pushed, or pulled. The Committee welcomes customized
bicycles, tricycles, baby carriages, and helium balloons as well.
Courtesy of The Joey Skaggs Archive
"This
year marks the parade’s 40th anniversary—an incredible milestone," Skaggs
reflected. "It also coincides with the second coming of Donald J. Trump,
and let’s face it, the world is only getting crazier. No matter where you stand
politically, there’s plenty to laugh—or cry—about."
Next,
check out Untapped New York's April Fools Newspaper!
ATTACHMENT SEVEN – FROM WIKI
The Saint Stupid's Day Parade is an
annual parade in San Francisco on April 1.[1] It
was founded by Ed Holmes (Bishop Joey of the First Church of the Last Laugh[2])
in the late 1970s with the understanding that one of the unifying bonds in
society is stupidity. If April 1 falls on a weekday, the parade starts
at the foot of Market Street and follows a route through the financial
district. If April 1 falls on a weekend, the parade starts at the Transamerica Pyramid, proceeds up Columbus Avenue and ends
at Washington Square.[3] The
parade begins at noon.[4] The
parade includes free lunch, confetti, flags and costumes.[2]
References
1.
"39th Annual "St.
Stupid's Day" Parade | SF". FunCheapSF.com.
Retrieved 2017-11-08.
2.
Jump up to:a b Medina,
Sarah (2012-04-02). "St. Stupid's Day Parade
Marches Through April Fool's Day In San Francisco
(PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
3.
good2create. "Saint Stupid's Day
Parade (St. Stupid Day) | April 1". KeepIn Calendar.
Retrieved 2017-11-08.
4.
"San Francisco Celebrates
St. Stupid's Day". NBC Bay Area.
Retrieved 2017-11-08.
External
links
·
Saint Stupid’s Day Parade:
First Church of the Last Laugh (archived)
·
2023 St. Stupid's Parade in
the SF Standard
·
Photos: 30th Annual Saint
Stupid’s Day Parade
·
Several year's photos of the
Saint Stupid's Day Parade
ATTACHMENT EIGHT – FROM FUNCHEAP
SF’S 47ST ANNUAL “ST. STUPID’S DAY” PARADE? (2025)
Tuesday,
April 1, 2025 - 12:00 pm to
2:00 pm | Cost: FREE*
Embarcadero Plaza (Formerly Justin Herman Plaza) | 1 Market Street, San
Francisco, CA
Please note, we’re not sure
if this event is happening as
of March 27, 2025. The website is down,
the Facebook page and
the Facebook group don’t
have any new information. Seeing as we’re a few days away now, we’re skeptical
that it’s happening for 2025. We’ve reached out to the organizer, and if we can
confirm it’s happening for 2025, we’ll update this post.
The Annual St. Stupid’s Day
Parade is a celebration of stupidity.
On April 1, it’s time for yet
another parade in honor of Saint Stupid, patron saint of Civilizations and
Parking Meters.
47st
Annual St. Stupid’s Day Parade?
Tuesday, April 1, 2025 | Noon
Downtown San Francisco
FREE
– Midweek parades – typically
start at Embarcadero Plaza and go through the Financial District
– Weekend parades – From Transamerica Building (Washington St.), up Columbus
Street to Washington Square Park, SF
*Please note that the 2025 parade
details have not yet been announced (as of 4/10/25), but since we’re so close
to the event date now, we’re skeptical if it’s happening. Read about the 2024 event below
to discover the typical shenanigans.
2024 Details
This Monday, April 1st, High Noon.
St Stupid and The First Church of the Last Laugh will be sponsoring the 197th
annual Saint Stupid’s Day Parade. Please assemble at Embarcadero Plaza,
formerly Justin Herman (who was REALLY stupid) Plaza. at the foot of Market
Street across from the Ferry Building. Dress like a character in Hawaii Five-0
or maybe PerWee Herman if he was in The Matrix and bring something stupid that
means something stupid to you. Rain or shine, earthquake not-with-standing, AI
multi-verse confusion or not. Be there or rutabaga.
Normally the details are listed on
this Facebook group or
you can sometimes find details from Bishop Joey
San Fransisco’s annual rite of
spring parades thru the Financial District in a light-hearted mock of business.
Free and open the public this sidewalk parade hops, skips and giggles with
drums, noise makers and goofy signage.
Bring pennies to toss at the
Bankers Heart and socks for the traditional Sock Exchange. Fun for the whole
family. Rain and/or shine.
Brought to you by the First
Church of the Last Laugh, the world’s
fastest growing ‘snack’ religion, one holy day a year, and April First is
it.
Disclaimer: Please double check event
information with the event organizer as events can be canceled, details can
change after they are added to our calendar, and errors do occur.
Cost: FREE*
*This is DIY. We still don't have
2025 details, so this event may not be happening
Categories: **Annual Event**, *Top Pick*, April Fools Day, Fairs &
Festivals, Geek Event, In Person, San Francisco
Venue: Embarcadero Plaza (Formerly Justin Herman Plaza)
Address: 1 Market Street, San Francisco,
CA
ATTACHMENT NINE – FROM THE FLORIDA
PHOENIX
A FESTIVAL OF FOOLISHNESS AND TOXICITY
Don’t even
begin to think this year can’t possibly be worse than last year.
bY Diane Roberts Mar 3,
2025
OCCUPIED TALLAHASSEE — The circus is
coming to town.
Y’all might know it as the regular
session of the Florida Legislature.
Don’t even begin to think this
year can’t possibly be worse than last year, when lawmakers passed a dumpster full of bills to make Florida worse.
They include:
·
Allowing
underage kids to work 30-hour weeks when school is in session, teaching them
the value of low-paid labor.
·
Making
sure businesses don’t have to give roofers, construction workers, etc., water
breaks or shelter from the blazing sun and 100-degree temperatures. This is
Florida: Suck it up, Buttercup!
·
A
law letting people shoot bears whenever they feel like it.
·
Scrubbing
references to climate change, but ensuring students learn communism is the
worst thing in the universe, worse than having to eat your vegetables, worse
than “Winnie
the Pooh: Blood and Honey,” worse than syphilis.
·
Cracking
down on degenerate nekkidness by decreeing that all strippers must be over 21.
·
Declared
a part of Tyndall Airforce Base “Spaceport Territory,” perhaps to become the
future home of Starfleet Academy.
Accomplishments to be proud of,
indeed.
But 2025 promises even more
landmark legislation.
The combustible Randy Fine is
almost certainly on his way out of the Florida Senate, headed to Congress after
a special election on April Fool's Day.
Always focused on the critical
issues, your elected representatives will make it a law that you call the Gulf
of Mexico the “Gulf of America.”
Of course, it’s not the “Gulf of
America,” any more than Greenland is actually green or Bombay Duck is a
waterfowl.
The Associated Press and the rest
of the planet will continue to call it the Gulf of Mexico (as will rational
Floridians), but since when does reality deter Trump-drunk legislators?
‘Chemtrails’
Case in point: SB56, sponsored by Sen. Ileana Garcia, R-Coral Gables,
would forbid messing with the weather.
Seems she agrees with U.S.
Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, who hinted the sinister Biden
administration was responsible for Hurricane Helene.
Well, we’re not putting up with
people fooling around with storms and heatwaves and space lasers here in
Florida, and while we’re outlawing cloud seeding to make it rain — which hasn’t
been done for half a century — we need this bill to deal with those terrifying
“chemtrails,” too.
You know: The white lines you see
when an aircraft flies overhead?
They’re actually nothing but
condensation, but Garcia reposted (and did not refute) loony conspiracy
theories suggesting they’re chemicals that could facilitate mind control.
The nation’s new HHS Secretary,
RFK Jr. agrees, often muttering dark conspiracy theories about some unknown
cabal spraying “microscopic particulates from airplanes.”
You can’t be too careful with your
precious bodily fluids.
To that end, Sen. Kevin Truenow and
Rep. Kaylee Tuck have filed a bill to outlaw fluoride in public water systems, parroting the
state surgeon general’s claim that studies show fluoride causes brain damage in
children.
Indeed, there are a few studies
that do suggest an extremely high level can affect kids’ IQs — in Ethiopia,
China, Turkey, and Pakistan, where the water is loaded with fluoride at many
times what’s allowed here.
Dentists and the CDC say community
fluoridation reduces cavities and other painful mouth maladies by 25%, but what
do a bunch of scientists know?
Clearly not as much as RFK Jr.
(him again!), who supports banning fluoride, calling it cancer-causing “industrial waste.”
When your kids howl about all
those coming encounters with the dentist and his great big drill, tell them to
turn to the Almighty.
Compulsory
piety
If Kimberly Daniels,
D-Jacksonville, has her way, they won’t have much choice.
Rep. Daniels has filed a bill that
would require Florida schools to plaster large signs declaring “In God We Trust” on everything that stands still long
enough: offices, gyms, libraries, cafeterias, classrooms — who knows, maybe on
the back of the school mascot.
And to remind the young ‘uns this
is a free country, the measure mandates a “moment of silence” (AKA prayer) and
demands students sing the national anthem and say the Pledge of Allegiance
every blessed day.
Remember that bill passed last
year allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to work 30 hours a week during the school
year? Apparently, it’s too soft for Sen. Jay Collins of Hillsborough County.
Collins, a former Green Beret with
a chest full of medals and a head full of sawdust, wants those whiny brats to
toughen up.
Ditch the mandatory
breaks for teen wage slaves; lose the waivers parents must sign; and
allow the little punks to work earlier than 6 a.m. and after 11.30 p.m.
On school nights.
The ones who survive the toxic mix
of mindless labor and chronic fatigue, managing to stay awake long enough to
pass the SAT, and make it to college, might soon be able to pack heat on campus,
just as God intended.
Sen. Randy Fine, R-Islamophobia
Lakes, has authored a campus-carry bill because students need to protect
themselves from “Muslim
terror.”
Instances of “Muslim terror”
apparently include college students occupying patches of university-maintained
grass, sometimes with illicit tents, demonstrating against genocide in Gaza, and occasionally shouting stupid
antisemitic slogans.
If those are acts of “terror” so
are the rising instances of anti-Muslim “terror” on campus.
Toxicity
Fine seems to imagine Jewish
students will get themselves guns.
So will Muslim students.
So will depressed students,
alienated students, and anyone who might, at some time, get drunk, stoned, or
angry.
What could possibly go wrong?
The combustible Fine is almost
certainly on his way out of the Florida Senate, headed to Congress after a
special election on April Fool’s Day.
Nevertheless, he’s determined to
pass as many hate-fueled bills as possible before he moves up to apply his
singular talent for destruction to the entire country.
He was an enthusiastic sponsor of
the new law taking in-state tuition away from DACA recipients and other
undocumented students. Now he wants to deny them admission to most Florida colleges.
Why? Why not?
Don’t pass up any opportunity to
be gratuitously cruel.
In case you have been worried
about our not-remotely-beleagured $12 billion+ phosphate industry, the
Legislature is on the case, determined to ensure their ability to poison our
environment.
The state has 450,000 acres of
land where phosphate was, or is still being, mined.
You may have seen these places in
west central Florida: huge tracts stripped of plants, animals, water, and soil,
and those picturesque gypsum stacks, hundred of feet high and hundreds of acres
wide.
Over the past 30 years, the gyp
stacks have leaked arsenic, heavy metals, and other carcinogens into
Tampa Bay, the Alafia River, and the aquifer.
A couple of citizens who lived on
former phosphate land and say they were exposed to dangerous amounts of
radiation are suing fertilizer behemoth Mosaic.
Phosphate is radioactive.
But the state may make these
tiresome little people go away with bills to shield mining companies, most of
which can be counted on to write fat checks come campaign time.
Power and profits trump drinking
water.
So much for
schools, roads, parks, and police
And while our elected representatives
are about the business of wrecking Florida, the governor has decided he wants
to abolish
property taxes.
Voilà! A bill to “study” what that
would mean has magically appeared in the Senate.
To save everybody time, here’s
what that would mean: less money for police and firefighters, less money for
critical local services (city parks? fixing potholes? running community
clinics?), far less money for schools. To begin to make up for that deep
revenue hole, Florida would need to generate $43 billion.
Where are we going to get that
money? Sky high sales taxes.
Sales taxes are regressive,
hitting those least able to pay.
Maybe that’s the idea: Demolish
public education, wreck social programs, and create a permanent underclass
dependent on low-wage, high-risk jobs.
Ron “Who are you calling
irrelevant?” DeSantis is all-in. He’s now concocted a scheme he calls the “DOGE-ing” of Florida, set up to fire hundreds of state
workers, root out what he imagines are secret practitioners of DEI, and “audit”
(using AI) state universities lest some professor assigns a book on Jim Crow.
You think things at the DMV, the
Department of Children and Families, DEP, DOT, etc., are bad now, just wait.
You think institutions of higher ed
are sinking in the ratings and getting ridiculed across the country now, just
wait.
You think these bills are
outrageous and stupid, stay tuned.
These clowns are just getting
started.
ATTACHMENT TEN – FROM MARCA.COM
WHEN IS APRIL FOOLS' DAY AND IN WHICH COUNTRIES IS IT CELEBRATED?
By CALIOPE SMITH 01/04/2025 - 02:13 CDT
·
World News. Elon Musk is fed
up with attacks on Tesla: "It's time to arrest those who encourage
them"
·
World News. Goodbye to
amputations: the bionic implants that could change people's lives
Every year, millions of people around the world
participate in harmless pranks and hoaxes to celebrate April Fools' Day, also
known as the Day of the Innocents in some English-speaking countries. This
date, similar to the December 28th celebration of the Day of the Holy Innocents
in Spanish-speaking countries, has a long tradition and is especially popular
in nations such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and
Australia.
Origin and
Tradition
Although the exact origin of April
Fools' Day is uncertain, some historians link it to the transition from the
Julian to the Gregorian calendar in the 16th century when France adopted
January 1st as the start of the year instead of April 1st. Those who continued
to celebrate the New Year in April were mocked and pranked, giving rise to the
tradition.
Brutal chase of man who steals
truck, crashes into 13 cars
Over the centuries, the custom
spread to different countries, becoming a highly anticipated date for media
outlets, companies, and individuals looking to make others laugh with fake news
and amusing tricks.
When is April
Fools' Day?
April Fool's
Day is mark on April 1 every year.
Countries
Where It Is Celebrated
April Fools' Day is widely
celebrated in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
Ireland, and New Zealand. In these countries, both the press and social media
actively participate in the holiday by spreading misleading information that is
later revealed as a joke.
In France and Belgium, the
tradition is known as "Poisson d'Avril" (April Fish) and involves
sticking paper cutouts of fish on people's backs as a prank. In Scotland, the
celebration lasts two days and is called "Hunt-the-Gowk Day," where
pranks play a fundamental role.
Impact on
Modern Culture
Brittany Mahomes is back
in the gym just weeks after baby no. 3
Tiger Woods shouts his
love for Vanessa Trump fearlessly but she 'half-heartedly' supports him |
Today, April Fools' Day has gained
great relevance in the digital age, with companies and brands actively
participating in the creation of fake advertising campaigns, incredible news stories,
and viral videos that generate thousands of reactions on social media. However,
there is also a debate about the limits of these pranks and the spread of fake
news in a time when misinformation is a growing concern.
Despite this, the spirit of April
Fools' Day remains the same: a day to laugh, surprise, and remember that humor
is an essential part of everyday life.
ATTACHMENT ELEVEN – FROM PARADE
45 BEST APRIL FOOLS' DAY TRIVIA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR KIDS AND
ADULTS
Nope, this isn't a prank.
By Morgan McMurrin
April may be full of fluffy
bunnies, colorful Easter eggs and sweet chocolate, but don’t
forget—it’s also the prime time for pranks!
As the flowers bloom and the weather warms, the spirit of mischief is in full
swing, with April Fools’ Day bringing
a whirlwind of surprises with it. But how much do you really know about the
playful holiday? To test your knowledge, we put together 45 April
Fools’ Day trivia questions that you can answer by
yourself or while you’re hanging out with your family and
friends.
Whether you’re a seasoned prankster or just someone who enjoys a good laugh,
these trivia questions are the perfect way to learn more about the history
of April Fools’
Day. From fun facts (like other
names it goes by around the world), to some of the most legendary hoaxes and
hilarious moments that have defined the holiday over the years, you’ll uncover
all sorts of info that will leave you amazed while playing. You may even be
shocked to discover how outrageous some of the pranks have been that big brands
have pulled off on people throughout history on April 1.
So, what are you waiting on? Gather everyone you know together and get ready to
test your skills! You might even be inspired to come up with a few epic pranks of
your own afterward or use what you learned to impress others with later on.
Check out this trivia about April Fools' Day,
below.
Related: Gotcha—The
Ultimate List of 30 April Fools' Pranks for Parents
45 April
Fools' Day Trivia Questions and Answers
1. What did Wayfair name
their fake smart sofa they
marketed on April Fools’ Day?
Answer: Sofia
2. What was the name of the pet-friendly version of Amazon’s home assistant
device, Amazon Echo, which was an April Fools’ Day joke?
Answer: Petlexa
3. As a prank,
what flavor of toothpaste did Burger King claim they launched?
Answer: Whopper
4. While performing in North Carolina, which artist did Usher tell the crowd
would be joining him on stage, which was actually an April Fools’
prank?
Answer: Beyoncé
5. In the U.K., what grocery store chain known for selling frozen foods tricked
people into believing they were selling frozen flowers?
Answer: Iceland Foods
6. As a prank, what was the name of the feature the home design website Houzz
said they added to their app that would let users hold up their phone to a
piece of furniture and it would then magically disappear?
Answer: Hide From My
Room
7. In 2017, what brand tricked people by saying they were releasing a coffee-flavored creamer?
Answer: Coffee-mate
8. What country calls April Fools’ Day Poisson d’Avril?
Answer: France
9. In a 1980s April Fools’ Day prank, BBC World Service announced that the Big
Ben clock tower was going to be changed to what?
Answer: A digital clock
10. In 2017, what movie did director Paul Feig say he was rebooting with
an all-female cast, which ended up being a funny April Fools’ Day prank?
Answer: Back to the
Future
Related: 28 April Fools' Day
Memes To Crack You Up and Make You Side-Eye Your Pals
11. Back in 1962, Sveriges
Television’s leading technical expert Kjell Stensson pulled an April Fools’ prank telling
people their TVs would appear in color if they covered it with what clothing
item?
Answer: A woman’s nylon stocking
12. In Ibi, Alicante, Spain, while celebrating their version of April Fools’
(which takes place in December and
is called “El Dia de los Inocentes,”) what messy tradition occurs?
Answer: A massive town-wide food fight.
13. As an April Fools’ prank in 1996, Taco Bell announced it had purchased the
Liberty Bell and was planning to name it what?
Answer: The Taco Liberty Bell
14. April Fools’ Day is also known as what?
Answer: All Fools’ Day
15. In which year did the BBC broadcast the famous “spaghetti tree”
hoax?
Answer: 1957
16. What sandwich did Burger King
advertise they created, which turned out to be an April Fools’ prank?
Answer: Left-Handed Whopper
17. What is the traditional
prank-playing time period in the U.K. on April Fools’ Day?
Answer: Until noon
18. As a prank in 2017, which
brand announced it was going to be selling signature MH40 Over-Ear Headphones
made of solid concrete?
Answer: Master & Dynamic
19. What kind of fish is associated with April Fools’ Day pranks in France?
Answer: A paper fish
20. Which app pranked people by
claiming to help dogs learn
how to code?
Answer: WonderPaw
21. What was the name of the spoof
service Redbox announced where they said they would use drones to fly entire
kiosks to customer’s houses?
Answer: Redbox Drops
22. As an April Fools’ prank, what
type of plane did Virgin Atlantic announce they would be introducing?
Answer: A glass-bottomed plane
23. What verification did Tinder
claim it was adding to its dating app in what turned out to be an April Fools’
hoax?
Answer: Height verification
24. April Fools’ Day is also
linked to what ancient Roman festival?
Answer: Festival of Hilaria
25. What was the name of the fake
service Hulu announced which would condense your favorite show down to just
eight seconds?
Answer: Hu
26. Which American writer said,
“The first of April is the day we remember what we are the other 364 days”?
Answer: Mark Twain
27. What is the name for April
Fools’ Day in Scotland?
Answer: Hunt the Gowk Day
28. If you successfully prank
someone on April 1st in Greece,
is it considered to bring you good luck or bad luck?
Answer: Good luck
29. As an April Fools’ Day prank,
which soda announced it was releasing a new pop that included a small shot of
helium that would create a “squeaky high-pitched effect on the drinker’s
voice”?
Answer: Coca-Cola
30. On April 1st of what year did
the Berliner Tageblatt break the “news” that all the gold and
silver in the U.S. The Federal Treasury had been stolen by
thieves who dug tunnels?
Answer: 1905
31. What sweet new product
did Bush’s Beans introduce, which turned out to be a prank
for April Fools’ Day?
Answer: Jelly Beans
32. What animal did the BBC trick
viewers into thinking could suddenly fly in a 2008 April Fools’ prank?
Answer: Penguins
33. What was the name of the
fictional ice skating Duolingo show that the app later revealed was an April
Fools’ prank?
Answer: Duolingo on Ice
34. What store conned people into
thinking they were selling a poop scooping “DooDoo Drone” as an April Fools’ Day prank?
Answer: Petco
35. What year did Google prank the
world with a fake product called “Google Nose”?
Answer: 2013
36. What famous structure did the
Seattle-based comedy show Almost Live tell
viewers had collapsed during a broadcast they aired in 1989?
Answer: The Seattle Space Needle
37. What does Poisson d’Avril mean?
Answer: "April fish"
38. Where did the Milwaukee County
Transit System decide to offer customers an option to go on a
roundtrip bus service as an early April Fools’ Day prank in 2017?
Answer: Milwaukee to Japan
Facts About
April Fools’ Day
39. Every year, April Fools’ Day
is celebrated on April 1st in America.
40. April
Fools’ Day isn’t just celebrated in the United States, it’s
celebrated in countries all over the world.
41. April Fools’ Day and Easter occasionally
occur on the same day.
42. Some historians speculate that
April Fools’ Day dates back to 1582, but the exact date is unknown.
43. April Fools’ Day is considered
a national holiday, but it’s not a federal one.
44. In Scotland,
it’s not just for one day, it’s celebrated for two days.
45. The earliest April Fools’ Day prank on record took place in
1698.
ATTACHMENT TWELVE – FROM CNET
APRIL FOOLS' DAY 2025 PRANKS: WEARABLE MATTRESS, CAT POO SCENTED
CANDLE, SPORTS DRINK SHAMPOO
If you see a weird product this
week, don't be so sure it's real.
By Gael Cooper & Amanda Kooser March 31, 2025 1:38 p.m. PT
April Fools' Day
might have less of an impact these days, since every text message feels like a scam; magazine editors are being added to government war-plans chats; and even our DNA is at risk. Is there anything left to joke about when real life
already feels like fiction?
According to corporate America,
the answer is: Yes, definitely. This year's list of weirdness includes at cat
poo scented candles, a Gen Z slang translator, wearable mattresses, sports
drink flavored shampoo, Flat Earth travel insurance and the practice of
"egging" houses with chocolate eggs. There's surely more to come.
April Fool's Day is Tuesday.
Last year's April Fools' Day pranks
from companies included:
·
Duolingo on
Ice
·
Scotch
whisky from the makers of Scotch tape
·
Hot-sauce
flavored Tic Tacs
·
Flying
J truck stop–scented cologne
·
Sour
cream and onion Olipop soda
·
A
"Rainforest Cafe" atop the Empire State Building, and perhaps the
funniest (and grossest):
·
7-Eleven's
hot dog water–flavored sparkling water (they really made some cans of it, too)
Don't be an
April Fool
Check URLs
You're probably always carrying a
little healthy skepticism these days, but turn up the disbelief until April 1
has passed. There's a famous journalism cliche: If your mother says she loves
you, check it out. If you see a news report that looks... well, weirder than usual,
verify that it's from a legit site. Check the URL. The New York Times doesn't
misspell its own name in its URL, but joke sites may pick a very similarly
named web address to try to trick you.
Consider the
calendar
And as for those loopy prank
products, be aware that companies sometimes throw a lot of time into their
jokes. There may even be videos or order sites that tie in to the gags. If a
company picks April Fools' Day, or the days leading up to it, to release or
announce a product that sounds too odd to be true, don't be quick to believe in
the offering.
Do some
searching
Fact-check anything that looks
suspicious -- especially before spending any money. Make sure you're on the company's
own site, for one thing. Google the name of the product, or information about
the item, to see if anyone has called out the product as a prank. Usually, fake
products will offer a page to click to, and that page may simply say APRIL
FOOL.
Don't believe
Facebook friends, either
Don't fall for an April Fools'
prank from a random trickster, even if your Facebook friend Lisa swears it's
true. It's easy to spread falsehoods and misinformation on Reddit, Facebook, X,
TikTok or Instagram, where everyone is a publisher and not everyone can be
trusted.
Flat Earth
Travel Insurance
Insurance comparison service
Insuranceopedia unveiled Flat
Earth Travel Insurance, describing it as a "policy created
exclusively for travelers who believe the Earth is flat -- and who plan to
explore every glorious, uncurved inch of it." The joke coverage addresses
potential travel issues like falling off the edge of the Earth, loss of
gravity, UFO detainment and rescue from the rogue sea turtles supporting the
Earth's underside. Better safe than sorry.
7-Eleven
mystery doughnut
What flavor is 7-Eleven's 2025
mystery doughnut? No one is sure.
For 7-Eleven, the whole month is
worthy of a sweet April Fool's celebration. The convenience store chain
unveiled its 2025
mystery doughnut, a Bismark-style confection. But 7-Eleven won't
tell you what flavor it is. Good luck figuring it out. Some doughnut fans on
social media have already taken a bite and the best they can come up with is
that it's vaguely lemony.
Cat poo
scented candle
The candle is real, but it only
pretends to smell like cat poo, and instead smells of roses.
Cat owners love their feline
friends, but not this much. Whisker, the maker of Litter-Robot automatic litter
boxes, pretends to be offering a very, uh, special candle with the purchase of
one of its boxes. Called Cat Pu/No. 2, it's described as "a
composition of all-natural notes," with the company saying that "each
and every CAT PÙ / NO. 2 is organically cat-crafted in-houses daily (sometimes
multiple times a day) in very small batches." The relevance? Because
Litter Robot supposedly keeps your house smelling so good, "this scent may
be lost forever." The funny thing is, it's kind of real -- anyone who buys
a Litter-Robot on April 1 will get the candle -- but it actually has a rose
scent.
Egg someone's
house with... chocolate eggs
Reese's and Cadbury want to give
"egging your house" a whole new meaning.
Maybe you've had your house egged
in the past and had to deal with the mess of cleaning it up. An April Fools'
prank from candy companies Reese's and Cadbury is
that people should instead start a new tradition by "egging" friends
and family with the confectioners' tasty eggs. Thankfully, you don't hurl them
at your friend's house, you just give your pal a surprise of candy eggs, and
leave a sign or note saying, "You've been egged." This might be the
tastiest April Fools' prank of the year, and anyone who wants to egg my house
in this way is more than welcome.
Snooze on the bus with The Odd
Company's City Napper, a comfy April Fools' joke.
UK mattress and bedding retailer
The Odd Company wants you to get cozy on your morning commute with the City Napper.
The wearable mattress comes with a wraparound headrest and quilted poncho for
crashing out during your next trip on public transit. Actually, it looks really
comfortable. Too bad it's not a real product.
Razer Skibidi
headset
When you need to understand a Gen
Z video-game player, get the Razer Skibidi headset to translate their slang.
Razer
"Skibidi toilet" is one
of those bizarre expressions associated with Gen Z and Gen Alpha, and those
generations play a lot of video games. So Razer's April Fool's
Day prank is something called a Razer Skibidi
headset, which it calls the world's first AI-powered
"brainrot translator" headset. It translates phrases thrown out by
young gamers such as, "What the sigma? We're getting mobbed," which
means, "Your team needs support." And it translates, "I think
you're cute" to become "ni hao fine shyt."
Bodyarmor
Sports Performance Shampoo
Give your hockey hair a wash with
Bodyarmor Sports Performance Shampoo.
Sports drink company Bodyarmor
decided to get into the hair business with a Sports Performance Shampoo packed
with electrolytes and vitamins.
The shampoo is a tie-in with the
NHL and the legendary locks (often mullets) sported by hockey players. It's not
all a joke. The prank leads to a real sweepstakes where
a fan can win tickets to the Stanley Cup finals. Just don't drink the faux
shampoo.
ATTACHMENT THIRTEEN – FROM YAHOO NEWS
VIA THE INDIANOPOLIS STAR
APRIL FOOL'S PRANKS FROM COMPANIES THAT BACKFIRED IN SPECTACULAR WAYS
By John Tufts, Indianapolis Star Mon, March 31,
2025 at 1:58 PM EDT
April Fool's Day jokes are fun up until the person
telling them becomes the punchline. Some companies have discovered their
innocent shenanigans failed to delight audiences and instead tarnished their
brands.
That's
because for every well-executed hoax advertising a fake product —
see "Game of Thrones" actor Thor Bjornsson's commercial for HeavyBubbles — there's an overeager company whose
ill-conceived pranks blew up in their faces, sometimes spectacularly.
Elon
Musk joked Tesla was 'totally bankrupt' in 2018 days after stock plunge —
investors didn't laugh
March of 2018
was not a good month for Tesla. Shares of the
electric-car company nosedived to its then-worst levels amid a storm of
unflattering headlines, which included factory production issues, an auto
recall, an embarrassing downgrade of its credit status, costly legal setbacks
and a public row with a federal safety agency investigating a fatal crash that killed a Model X driver in
California.
Most company
owners buried under the weight of such bad press might steer clear of any
potential controversy. Elon Musk, however, announced on April 1, 2018, that
Tesla had gone "completely and totally bankrupt."
Musk tweeted
that despite a last-ditch effort of selling Easter eggs, Tesla had filed for
every chapter of bankruptcy — "including Chapter 14 and a half (the worst
one)."
Musk's social
media antics were part of an April Fool's prank, but investors weren't
laughing. Tesla shares dropped another 5 percent, according to The Washington
Post, with business experts openly questioning Musk's ability to lead the
multi-billion dollar company.
Fake
prize lands California radio station in real legal trouble
In 2005,
KBDS-FM radio in Bakersfield announced the station would award a new Hummer to
the lucky winner who could guess the correct mileage of the company's own
Hummer H2's as they drove around town. Shannon Castillo, according to CBS news, was one of two people who
guessed correctly (103.9 miles, matching the radio station's carrier
frequency).
Castillo
hired a sitter to watch her two children and arrived at KBDS bright and early
at 6 a.m. on April 1 to claim her prize, only to discover she was being awarded
a toy truck and not a $60,000 vehicle, according to the East Bay Times.
After being
handed a fake car from a dubious contest, Castillo filed a real lawsuit against
the station for $60,000.
Angry,
she was, after Hooters gave a Florida waitress a 'toy Yoda'
A Florida
waitress at a Hooters restaurant in Panama City was thrilled
after learning she'd won the grand prize following a competition the company
held to reward whoever could sell the most beer on April 1, 2001. The winner,
according to the Associated Press, was supposed to receive a new Toyota.
Blindfolded,
Jodee Berry was led out to the restaurant's parking lot where it was revealed
her grand prize was actually a brand new Star Wars doll, a green toy Yoda (complete with light saber), meant as an
April Fool's Day prank.
Perhaps the
managers at Hooters forgot what Yoda's character had said about anger leading to
suffering, because Berry was furious. Devastated, she quit her job and sued
Hooters' parent company, Gulf Coast Wings Inc., for fraudulent
misrepresentation and breach of contract.
The lawsuit
was settled in 2002 for an undisclosed sum of money, according to the Orlando Sentinel, in which an attorney for Berry said
she received enough compensation to "pick out whatever type of Toyota she
wants."
Google
issued an apology after its 'Mic Drop' prank went awry
Google caused
more headaches for itself than laughs after an April Fool's Day joke in 2016
backfired, leading the company to issue an apology to dissatisfied users.
The search
engine company announced as part of a prank that its newest Gmail feature,
called the Mic Drop, was supposed to make "it easier to
have the last word on any email" by adding a GIF of a yellow animated
minion character (from the animated "Despicable Me" and
"Minion" movies) dropping a microphone.
But a coding
error from Google's programmers caused the Mic Drop to appear on emails
unintentionally and had to be turned off manually. "We love April Fools
jokes at Google, and we regret that this joke missed the mark and disappointed
you," the company said at the time.
ATTACHMENT FOURTEEN – FROM Vanity Fair
Monica Lewinsky’s Guide to Pulling Off the Perfect April Fools’ Day
Prank
Laughter may not be the best medicine
for what ails us, but for now it’ll have to do. A veteran practical joker
shares some tricks of the trade.
By Monica Lewinsky March 31, 2025
Laughter. Oh, how we need laughter these
days. The weight of the world is almost too much to bear. The news. The stock market. The price of (fucking) eggs. The fact that
the third season of The White Lotus is almost over.
Not that anyone asked, but I think
April Fools’ Day 2025 is just what we need. (That and a time machine.) Though I
was a sweet but serious kid, I always loved April Fools’ Day. Like Pajama Day
at school, or my dad’s green pancakes on St. Patrick’s Day, any departure from
the quotidian routine gave me a thrill. And that’s never changed.
The origins of April Fools’ Day
are murky. Some think it arose in the Middle Ages, when the switch from the
Julian to the Gregorian calendar shifted New Year’s Day from spring to January
1. Not everyone observes the holiday on April 1, but countries from France and
Brazil to Iran and India dedicate at least one calendar day to jokes and
pranks. (In Spain, they have an annual food fight.)
There’s something heartwarming
about a global norm, agreed to across cultures, that celebrates playfulness and
laughter. We are so often divided, but laughter can bring us together.
But why do I love this day so much?
To find out, I did what every good (faux) investigative journalist does: I
asked my therapist.
Dr. H’s first impulse was to go
dark. She said it could reflect unconscious rage or the desire for power in a
relationship, since the goal of a prank is to put one over on someone—and laugh
at them. I didn’t want to think that could be true of me. Do I have hidden rage
lurking in my subconscious? Probably? (Shrug.) But also, what woman doesn’t?
The rage theory didn’t land as a puzzle piece sliding into place.
Fortunately, as I gave her some of
my examples, she laughed and revised her opinion. For me, she said, it might be
about connection. I love to laugh, and thinking deeply about how to laugh at
somebody and with them is a way of showing I care.
The Clinton impeachment sent the
little prankster in me into hibernation (a global scandal will do that to ya).
But a few years later, I reclaimed my playful side with the help of a friend
and neighbor in NYC, Ann. Now Ann pranked people all year long…and she
was good. But April Fools’ Day was her Super Bowl. From her I
learned the two keys to success: Always start with a kernel of truth, and
always go all in on the joke.
My inability to keep a straight
face was an obstacle, but technology eventually fixed that. Pranking over text
became my specialty.
So in a feeble attempt to bring
some joy to you today, here are Monica Lewinsky’s Greatest April Fools’ Day
Hits:
·
This one’s
going to sound pretty basic and boring at first: I taped a bunch of essentials
to my boss’s desk. But here’s what makes it a little edgy: We worked inside the
Pentagon, a wholly appropriate place to play an April Fools’ prank (she said
sarcastically), and my boss, Mr. Bacon, was the spokesperson for the Department
of Defense.
·
In the days
of yore, when you could have a little fun on Twitter, Alan
Cumming and I
said we were coming out with an album together of Scottish Jewish folk songs.
(He later went on to do a fantastic show called Och & Oy! A
Considered Cabaret with a better singer than me, Ari
Shapiro.)
·
One April 1,
I sent a bouquet of “Happy Birthday” balloons to a friend in a busy office. It
was not his birthday—a fact he was required to explain all day
to the parade of well-wishers who stopped by his desk. Another year, I went a
little more personal, sending a bouquet of “It’s a Girl!” balloons to someone I
was dating. (That went over less well.)
·
When
Farmville was at its peak, with more than 80 million users, I had a dear friend
who was something of a star on the game’s platform. I made plans to visit her
on April Fools’ Day (preparation is key). I arrived at her door with a package
I said the doorman had asked me to carry up from the lobby: a barnful of
farm-animal helium balloons and a letter, emblazoned with the Farmville logo,
announcing that she had been elected the mayor of Farmville. After all the work
I put into this one, I lasted about five seconds before breaking and admitting
to the joke.
·
Remember how
I said that a kernel of truth—something believable to anchor the story in—is
key? Well, on March 31, 2019, I did in fact leave my phone in an Uber. And the
driver did very kindly return it to me at the restaurant where he’d dropped me
off. The following day—April Fools’—I told my publicist, Dini von
Mueffling, that
the driver then proceeded to try sexting me and sending inappropriate photos of
himself. I said I didn’t know what to do. Surprisingly, before I could even get
to round two of the joke, she told me to hold tight—she’d already contacted the
head of security at Uber. (Don’t worry: She never even knew his name, so no
Uber drivers were harmed in the making of this prank!)
·
Sometimes I
really play the long game. I briefly met Boris Johnson at a holiday party in London
in 2015. I was with friends who knew him, and somehow we ended up taking a
photo together. (I’m less allergic to British politicians.) Come April Fools’,
I pranked those same friends by texting them that I had slept with Johnson the
night before and was freaking out. One replied instantly, “This time, Monica
Lewinsky, do NOT tell anyone else!!!” Nearly 10 years later, they have reminded
me of this joke every April 1.
Maybe my best prank came about two
weeks after I delivered my TED Talk, The Price of Shame. I
hadn’t flopped or even flop-sweat (which, yes, I was worried about). The talk
was landing positively in ways I couldn’t have imagined, and I couldn’t have
been more grateful. And my family was still buzzing with congratulations and
pride
ATTACHMENT FIFTEEN – FROM
PARK CITY RECORD
MORE DOGS ON MAIN: APRIL FOOL’S NEWS
by Tom
Clyde March 29, 2025
Long ago, in a
Park City far, far away, this issue of the paper would be the April Fool’s
issue. It would be full of the regular news, which was often so shockingly
similar to current news that I think we could probably pass off a paper from
1990 as breaking news, and many of you might not notice the difference:
“Planners discuss future of Bonanza Park District.”
Staff members would save up ideas all year long, and no idea was
too absurd to make a good April Fool’s story because even the outer reaches of
imagination were little match for what was actually happening around
town. It was a favorite of staff and readers alike. It wasn’t such a
favorite among the publishers.
Through the years, and different ownership, our world
changed. Park City was discovered, and an article that was silly and
obviously parody would somehow get picked up by national press that didn’t
understand it. The Securities and Exchange Commission became interested in
piece I did reporting that United Park City Mines was resuming active mining activity,
and that people in Deer Valley should get used to the china rattling in the
cupboards when they were blasting.
By the time The Park Record was owned by the owners of Backyard
Poultry magazine, that fine old tradition had come to an end. In the
internet age, where stories are around the world before the coffee is warm, it
just doesn’t work.
But I still keep a clipping file for that kind of
story. Things that could never happen in a million years, like:
New
cities incorporating despite the fact that almost no one lives there. They
are popping up like dog turds in the melting snow — West Hills above Kamas; a
plan to despoil the North Fields in Wasatch County as River View on the theory
that no riparian habitat is too important to be left unsubdivided; and of course,
Dakota-Pacific’s proposed town at Kimball Junction.
It doesn’t matter under state law that there are few, if any,
people living there. A new incorporation gets to write its own zoning
laws, put together by the developer, and then turn the bulldozers loose.
The state has decided to build another liquor store in the Park
City area because traffic is so heavy in the existing stores. Finding an
affordable location for a liquor store is as tough as finding an affordable
location for housing. So they cut a deal with UDOT, and will be building
Utah’s first liquor store on a freeway ramp.
It will be a full-service location with easy freeway
access. Roadie cups and ice will be available at the new Maverik across
the street, with guns and ammo just down the block at the gun club. All
with quick freeway access. It’s really a complete package. You don’t
need to drive to Evanston any more.
And it’s not just here. All over Utah now, you can order
groceries for pickup, and the store can deliver them to your car, including
orders that contain beer. It’s not clear if you can send your teenager to
pick up the groceries or not. You’d hope somebody thought of that.
Another
great story would be a completely imaginary scenario in which the Pentagon had
decided to blow the Houthi rebels in Yemen to smithereens once and for
all. Enough with the selective pinprick strikes, let’s go big. And
they decided to do the planning for the attack in a group text using a somewhat
secure commercial service called Signal.
So we have the secretary of state, the defense secretary, national
security advisor, head of the CIA, White House staffers and the vice president
all on this group text.
And nobody thinks to ask who the new guy is, or whether this is
the right platform. Instead, they just kept sending texts to each other’s
personal cell phones, wherever they are.
So people are planning this top secret bombing attack at their
kid’s soccer games, on the golf course, and then just for comedic effect, they
include a randomly selected reporter. It’s not clear why the vice president was
on the call, because technically, when you look at the proper chain of command,
his position is “not in it, anywhere.”
The reporter, Jeff Goldberg, watched the text chain for several
days, including the blow-by-blow account of the bombing while he was grocery
shopping. They announced the success of the mission with
emojis. Hilarious stuff.
Burning a Tesla is now terrorism rather than just stupid,
garden-variety arson. The full anti-terrorism unit of what’s left of the
FBI is on the case, tracking down the Tesla torcher conspiracy. This is
coming from the same people who said that the Jan. 6 assault on the Capitol was
“an ordinary tourist visit.”
Attempts to dismiss the stupid criminality of the Tesla burners as
an “ordinary showroom visit” have fallen on deaf ears. Burning an F-150,
however, isn’t terrorism. Burning a cybertruck is a gray area, and most
likely is insurance fraud prompted by buyer’s remorse.
Of course, you can make stuff like that up and have a good laugh,
until you wake up and realize that all of those things are in the real news,
not April Fool’s stories. We are so screwed.
Tom
Clyde practiced law in Park City for many years. He lives on a working ranch in
Woodland and has been writing this column since 1986.
ATTACHMENT SIXTEEN – (ANOTHER!) FROM VANITY FAIR
“WE’LL GET GREENLAND. YEAH, 100%,”
TRUMP TELLS NBC NEWS
By Katie Herchenroeder
The morning of April 1, I sent a
group text to my mom, dad, stepmom, brother, and sister-in-law, saying:
Morning.
There will be an announcement that
comes out today.
I have my reasons which I’ll
explain later, but so you’re not shocked, I decided to do ‘Dancing With the Stars’
Love you.
Silence.
Then more silence.
A few minutes later, I got a call
from my mom. My brother had called her worried and apoplectic.
“What is she DOING?! She just gave
a TED Talk!” (There might have been some expletives in there.)
An hour after that, I got a text
from my stepmom: “Please call your dad. He has not figured out this is a joke
and is worried because with your bad ankles you’re not a great dancer. He’s
called me three times.”
To be clear, there’s nothing wrong
with doing DWTS. It’s just not the obvious next step in taking
back your narrative after giving a TED Talk!
However you choose to celebrate
this April Fools’ Day, I hope you make it a good one and laugh your ass off.
Oh, and by the way, since I have this platform here, I was given permission to announce
in the pages of Vanity Fair that I’m joining season four
of The White Lotus. Location: the White House. Happy
April Fools’!
ATTACHMENT SEVENTEEN – FROM GUK
THE SIGNAL CHAT
EXPOSES THE ADMINISTRATION’S INCOMPETENCE – AND ITS
PECKING ORDER
The
discussion revealed unserious people who don’t know when to keep quiet, with
Stephen Miller as the real boss
By Sidney Blumenthal Sat 29 Mar 2025 06.00 EDT
On 13 March,
Donald Trump’s national security adviser, Michael Waltz, who was the policy
director for two secretaries of defense and was a member of the House
intelligence committee, sent a message on the commercial Signal app: “Team – establishing a
principles group for coordination on Houthis, particularly for over the next 72
hours.” “The Houthis PC small group” would oversee a US air attack on the
Houthis in Yemen.
Despite
Waltz’s extensive professional background, he misspelled “principals” as
“principles” – perhaps an ordinary typo, but symptomatic of the shambles to
come. Although the secretaries of defense, state and treasury, the director of
national intelligence, the CIA director, the vice-president, and the
president’s chief of staff were among the 18 people included, neither the chair
of the joint chiefs of staff, who is a statutory member of the principals
committee of the National Security Council, nor any military designee was
invited into this group. Instead, the editor of the Atlantic, Jeffrey Goldberg, was sent a link. Waltz noted: “Joint
Staff is sending this am a more specific sequence of events in the coming
days.”
The
Atlantic’s publication of Goldberg’s article about the Signal group’s exchanges
was followed by a spray of attempts to cover it up. Trump and the rest of his
administration simply denied that anything classified had been released; there
were no “war plans”, it was a “hoax”, Goldberg was “scum”, “a loser” and
“discredited”, and what about Joe Biden and Hillary Clinton? Which prompted
Goldberg to publish the detailed war plans he had withheld in his first article.
He was the only responsible person involved in the incident.
Quite apart
from the glaring incompetence and illegality of the whole affair – Goldberg’s
careless inclusion, the fact that a provision of the Espionage Act (18 USC §
793) criminalizes “gross negligence” for mishandling classified national
security material, and that operating on Signal with timed deletion of messages
violates the preservation of records for the National Archives – the
conversation pulled back the curtain on the White House.
For all
intents and purposes, Stephen Miller acted as the de facto president
The
transcript exposed the internal pecking order of the Trump administration and its actual chain of
command, if it could be called anything that regular. In the end, the final
decision-maker within the group to whom the others deferred was not any cabinet
secretary or the chief of staff. They turned to “SM” – Stephen Miller – the
deputy chief of staff who is Trump’s zealous enforcer. The chief of staff,
Susie Wiles, came across as a cheerleader. Miller was the one who gave the
stamp of approval. He conveyed Trump’s word. For all intents and purposes,
Stephen Miller acted as the de facto president.
The desultory
discussion on Signal also highlighted the juvenile towel-snapping bro culture
at the top of the administration. The Fox News personalities in the cabinet and
the others who have habituated themselves to blathering forceful opinions
appeared in the leaked transcript to have seamlessly carried over their habits
of loud and thoughtless talk. Above all, they don’t know when not to speak; nor
do they know what they reveal about themselves when they do. They don’t know
how to conduct themselves as serious people in the room. Their incompetence
comes naturally.
About the
military plan on the eve of being executed, JD Vance opined:
“I think we are making a mistake.” By venturing his view at this advanced point
in the operation, he showed that he had been out of the loop. Vice-presidents
since Walter Mondale, under President Jimmy Carter, have been made
indispensable figures in important decisions, especially involving national
security. But Vance sounded like an outsider, a guest on a podcast.
The Signal fiasco is obscuring
an essential question: why are we bombing Yemen?
He went on
about how the Houthis menacing the trade in the Hormuz Strait affected Europe
more than the United States. “I am not sure the president is aware how
inconsistent this is with his message on Europe right now,” he said. Vance felt
that it was Trump who was out of the loop or assumed Trump’s ignorance. If only
Trump understood his own contradictions.
But Vance
conceded: “I am willing to support the consensus of the team and keep these concerns
to myself.” Where did he think he would voice his dissent, Joe Rogan’s show? He
did not know Goldberg was already listening in. Then Vance suggested: “But
there is a strong argument for delaying this a month, doing the messaging work
on why this matters, seeing where the economy is, etc.”
“There is
nothing time sensitive driving the time line,” piped up Joe Kent, the head of
the National Counterterrorism Center, lending support to Vance. Kent has been
an overlooked figure in the scandal. He has an extensive history of associations with extremist
domestic terrorist organizations. As a Republican congressional candidate, he
paid a consulting fee to a member of the Proud Boys; he has also been close to
the Christian nationalist Patriot Prayer group involved in violent street
brawls in Portland; defended the white supremacist Nick Fuentes; and stated: “I don’t
think there’s anything wrong with there being a white people special interest
group,” during an interview with a group called the American Populist Union. In
2022, after Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, Kent called him “very reasonable”. When Kent ran for
the House that year, after his ties to the far right were exposed, he claimed
he had distanced himself from such groups. Kent was the deputy of the director
of national intelligence, Tulsi Gabbard, on the Signal group.
Waltz joined
in the Europe-bashing with talking points to buttress Trump’s zero-sum
mercantilist view of the world, explaining: “Per the president’s request we are
working with DOD and State to determine how to compile the cost associated and
levy them on the Europeans.”
Vance broke
in to say that if Hegseth wanted “to do it let’s go. I just hate bailing Europe
out again.”
Hegseth
agreed: “I fully share your loathing of European free-loading. It’s PATHETIC.”
He added: “Question is timing.”
Enter Stephen
Miller. “As I heard it,” he said, “the president was clear: green light, but we
soon make clear to Egypt and Europe what we expect in return. We also need to
figure out how to enforce such a requirement. EG, if Europe doesn’t remunerate,
then what? If the US successfully restores freedom of navigation at great cost
there needs to be some further economic gain extracted in return.”
The allies
are not really allies; they are renters, and the rent should be raised
“As I heard it …” Miller spoke as if he were the only
one to hear Trump. No one else said they had. Miller was definitive. He was
more than the Trump whisperer. He was the voice of Trump.
Miller also
chimed in on the chorus of contempt for Europe. It was as though Europe was the
enemy. The allies are not really allies; they are renters, and the rent should
be raised.
On 15 March,
Hegseth returned with an “update” of precise details of the attack. “I will say
a prayer for victory,” he wrote. It was a go. As it proceeded, Waltz chronicled
the targets hit on Signal.
Susie Wiles
weighed in: “Kudos to all – most particularly those in theater and CENTCOM!
Really great. God bless.”
Waltz posted
three emojis – a fist, a flag and a fire.
“Great work
all. Powerful start,” said Miller. He was the one to give the praise. He
apparently had the authority.
In Russia,
Steve Witkoff, Trump’s envoy, responded with two prayer emojis, a flexed muscle
emoji and two American flag emojis.
Afterward, Witkoff,
a former New York real estate operator and Trump golfing partner, gave an interview to Tucker Carlson, the far-right
podcaster who is highly influential with JD Vance and Hegseth, in which Witkoff
said he “liked” Vladimir Putin, who was not “a bad guy”, “straight up”, and had
presented him with a portrait of Trump to take home – “such a gracious moment”.
What the accidentally leaked
war group chat reveals about the Trump administration
Proclaimed a
“success”, the operation itself will do little to quell the Iran-backed Houthis,
who resumed their missile attacks on shipping in the Hormuz Strait after
Benjamin Netanyahu, seeking to maintain his fragile grasp on power, abandoned
the ceasefire in Gaza, which Trump declared he “fully supports” after doing
nothing to sustain it. Instead, Trump proposed turning the ravaged Palestinian
territory into a beachfront property, a “riviera of the Middle East”. Trump
shared an AI-generated video of himself and Netanyahu lolling on the beach with
dollars raining down and half-naked dancing women. Trump’s policy, of which the
Houthi strike supposedly demonstrates “success”, has further entangled the US
in cycles of violence without any clear path forward.
As soon as
Goldberg’s article appeared, the cover-up effort began. “I don’t know anything
about it. I’m not a big fan of the Atlantic; to me it’s a magazine that is
going out of business,” Trump said. “I know nothing about it. You’re saying
that they had what?”
Republicans
in the Congress stammered or were silent. At last, the senator Roger Wicker, of
Mississippi, chair of the Senate intelligence committee, called for an
expedited report from the Pentagon’s inspector general. Unfortunately, there is
no such inspector general – at least not a permanent one. Trump fired him on 27
January along with 16 others across federal agencies and departments, without
reason, contrary to the Inspector General Act of 1978, tightened in 2022. “I
don’t know [the fired inspectors general],” Trump said, “but some people thought that some were unfair or
were not doing the job.” For now, there is an acting inspector general.
The scandal
might have been avoided if Hegseth could have consulted with the Pentagon’s legal
authorities, the judge advocate generals. But he fired the top Jag officers of the army, navy and
air force three weeks before the Signal group was formed.
Nor did
Hegseth, or anyone else, apparently think to include the joint chiefs of staff,
who just might have objected to the obvious sloppiness and illegality of the
Signal setup. But on 21 February, Trump fired the chair of the joint chiefs, the
four-star general CQ Brown Jr, the chief of naval operations and the air force
vice-chief of staff. He had already removed the chief of the US Coast Guard.
Brown, the
former air force chief, was the first Black person to head a branch of the
armed forces. “Was it because of his skin color? Or his skill? We’ll never
know, but always doubt,” said Hegseth in dismissing Brown. Adm Christopher
Grady, serving as the acting chair of the joint chiefs, was not sent the
invitation for the Signal group that Goldberg received.
To replace
Brown, Trump has nominated a retired three-star general, Dan Caine, whom Trump
insists on calling “Razin’ Caine”. But no one raised Caine to participate in
the chat.
He might be grateful
to have been ignored. Instead of the three-star general, Waltz mobilized three
emojis.
·
Sidney
Blumenthal, former senior adviser to President Bill Clinton and Hillary
Clinton, has published three books of a projected five-volume political life of
Abraham Lincoln: A Self-Made Man, Wrestling With His Angel and All the Powers of Earth
ATTACHMENT EIGHTEEN – FROM GUK
TOP US VACCINE OFFICIAL
RESIGNS OVER RFK JR’S ‘MISINFORMATION AND LIES’
Dr Peter
Marks was seen as a guardrail against any future politicisation of the FDA’s
approval of life-saving vaccines
Stephanie
Kirchgaessner in Washington Sat 29 Mar 2025 07.09 EDT
A senior
health official in the US, who was seen as a guardrail against any future
politicisation of the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of life-saving
vaccines, has resigned abruptly, citing the health secretary Robert F Kennedy
Jr’s “misinformation and lies”.
Dr Peter
Marks served as the FDA’s top vaccine official. He had been lauded by Donald
Trump during the US president’s first term for his role in
Operation Warp Speed, the initiative that developed, manufactured and helped
distribute the Covid-19 vaccines.
Multiple
media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal and New York Times, citing
people familiar with the matter, reported late on Friday that Marks had been
given the choice to resign or be fired by a Health and Human Services (HHS) department official. He
chose to resign. The FDA is a key federal agency within HHS.
In a
resignation letter, referring to Kennedy, Marks wrote: “It has become clear
that truth and transparency are not desired by the secretary, but rather he
wishes subservient confirmation of his misinformation and lies.”
Marks also
issued a stark warning, according to media outlets who obtained the letter,
saying: “Undermining confidence in well-established vaccines that have met the
high standards for quality, safety and effectiveness that have been in place
for decades at FDA is irresponsible, detrimental to public health and a clear
danger to our nation’s health, safety and security.”
The departure
follows reports that Kennedy has turned to a noted vaccine sceptic, David
Geier, to lead the HHS in a study of potential links between vaccines and
autism. Any links between autism and vaccines have long been debunked.
Kennedy has
claimed he is not anti-vaccine, but for years he has led a movement to sow
doubts about their safety and effectiveness. In 2021, a group then led by
Kennedy called for the emergency approval of Covid-19 vaccines to be revoked,
saying: “The current risks of serious adverse events or deaths outweigh the
benefits.”
Studies later
showed that claim was inaccurate. A study by the Commonwealth
Fund found that Covid-19 vaccines saved 3.2 million American
lives and prevented more than 18m hospitalisations through November 2022.
During his
confirmation process, Kennedy ultimately secured the votes of almost all
Republican senators, including Dr Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, by promising that
he would not change the FDA’s system for approving vaccines.
But that system
was overseen by Marks, who has been with the FDA since 2012 and oversaw the
division’s approval process for vaccines, biotech and blood products.
The Wall
Street Journal reported a statement on the resignation by an HHS official: “If Peter
Marks does not want to get behind restoring science to its golden standard and
promoting radical transparency, then he has no place at FDA under the strong
leadership of secretary Kennedy.”
Marks’s
departure comes a day after the Trump administration said
it was laying off 10,000 employees at HHS. In comments about the move posted on
YouTube, Kennedy suggested his office was facing opposition inside the
department from “defiant bureaucrats” who had stopped his office from gaining
access to “closely guarded databases that might reveal the dangers of certain
drugs and medical interventions”.
The Guardian
has sought more information about Kennedy’s remarks but has not yet received a comment
from HHS. Some experts have warned that Kennedy and other senior
Trump-appointed health officials may seek to challenge the authorisation behind
the Covid-19 vaccines. Kennedy also said in his confirmation hearings that he
had been asked by Trump to study the safety of mifepristone, which is used for
medication abortion and has already been extensively investigated for
safety.
It is not
clear what precise databases Kennedy was referring to in his YouTube statement.
When pharmaceutical companies seek FDA approval for drugs they have developed,
they disclose proprietary information, which the FDA keeps confidential. That
includes information about manufacturing methods and clinical study reports.
ATTACHMENT NINETEEN – FROM THE BROOKLYN
RAIL
THE PARADISE OF FOOLS
By David Levi
Strauss February 23, 2025
It turns out
that Trump’s blitzkrieg of extreme actions in the first month of his second
term is not at all popular with the American people. A number of polls that
have come out in the past week all agree on this. In most of these polls, Trump
is now six points underwater in favorability, which is fifteen points under any
other president in history at the beginning of their terms. Trump is the least
popular president in the history of such polls.
In specific
areas, the unfavorability ratings are even worse. Handling of Gaza: -40.
Tariffs: -11. Cozying up to Putin: -72. Fan-boy Musk being given carte blanche:
-12. People opposed to Trump’s blanket pardons of Jan. 6 perpetrators: 83%. In
the Washington Post/Ipsos poll, 63% of Americans said they were concerned about
their personal data being accessed by Musk and his unvetted minions.
And the
favorability ratings in certain age groups are even more precipitous. Gen Z’s
approval rating of Trump dropped more than thirty points in the first month of
his term.
Trump does
not have the support of the American people one month in, which means he’s
probably going to have to use force at some point to maintain control, which
will further increase the enmity and unrest among the people. And/or he’ll need
to create a tremendous distraction. In these early days, the Trump
administration has to move as far as they can as fast as they can, and then try
to clean up the mess later.
What the
Trump regime is trying to do domestically, as codified in the Project 2025
blueprint, is incredibly ambitious. In his State of the State address on
February 19, Illinois Governor JB Pritzker pointed out that “It took the Nazis
one month, three weeks, two days, eight hours and 40 minutes to dismantle a
constitutional republic. All I’m saying is when the five-alarm fire starts to
burn, every good person better be ready to man a post with a bucket of water if
you want to stop it from raging out of control.”
On Friday,
February 21, Trump purged the entire US military leadership, firing the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the
Air Force Vice Chief of Staff. In response, military specialist Tom Nichols
wrote in the Atlantic, “Now that Trump has
captured the intelligence services, the Justice Department, and the FBI, the
military is the last piece he needs to establish the foundations for
authoritarian control of the US government.”1
These forces
will be used against the American people when they rise up.
In these
early stages, the response to Trump’s shock and awe campaign has been
lackluster. Elected Democrats, for the most part, seem frozen in place, mesmerized
by the flash. The courts, representing the rule of law, have moved too slowly
to have much immediate effect. Checks and balances take some time to work, and
in the meantime, a lot of damage can be done, especially by a reckless
billionaire tech entrepreneur driving a team of young coders and hackers with a
rage to break things and no idea what they’re destroying.
Big
corporations, including tech corporations, hate and fear the federal government
because it wants to regulate and tax them and limit their power. A billionaire
taking a chain saw to the federal programs built to limit the power of giant
corporations is of course popular with those corporations. But why would it be
popular with citizens?
Since a lot
of what Musk’s imagineers are destroying involves disproportionate aid to
people in red states, the effects of these cuts are beginning to register with
MAGA voters, and they don’t like it. Also, it turns out that about a third of
all federal workers are veterans, so the jobs being cut by the DOGE interns are
disproportionately affecting people who have served in the military.
This may all
be eclipsed soon by what Trump is doing internationally. His mixture of utter
incompetence and stupefying authoritarian arrogance is wreaking havoc with the
post-war liberal world order. Trump has shifted his allegiances from our
long-term allies in NATO and elsewhere to Putin’s Russia. He’s sided with
Russia in its war of aggression against Ukraine and cozied up to other tyrants
around the globe.
Steve Bannon,
not to be outdone by his alter ego Elon, flashed a Nazi salute near the end of
his speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) on February
21, while shouting “Fight, Fight, Fight,” in imitation of Trump. The salute
came right after Trump’s Vice President JD Vance supported the neo-Nazi
Alternative for Germany (AfD) party in the German elections, and Elon Musk
announced that “only the AfD can save Germany.”
But the new
centrist conservative chancellor of Germany condemned the support of AfD by
Vance and Musk and vowed never to bring the AfD into a coalition government,
and he has wondered aloud whether the US will remain a democracy under Trump.
Bannon and
Musk flashing the Nazi salute is a signal to the fascist wing of MAGA in the
US, making sure that they remain on alert and ready to fight if called upon.
David Levi Strauss is
the author of Co-illusion: Dispatches from the End of
Communication (The MIT Press, 2020), Photography & Belief (David Zwirner Books,
2020), Words Not Spent Today Buy Smaller Images Tomorrow (Aperture,
2014), From Head to Hand: Art and the Manual (Oxford
University Press, 2010), Between the Eyes: Essays on
Photography and Politics, with an introduction by John Berger
(Aperture 2003, and in a new edition, 2012), and Between Dog & Wolf: Essays on Art and Politics (Autonomedia
1999, and a new edition, 2010). In Case Something Different
Happens in the Future: Joseph Beuys and 9/11 was published by
Documenta 13, and To Dare Imagining: Rojava Revolution, edited
by Strauss, Michael Taussig, Peter Lamborn Wilson, and Dilar Dirik, was
published by Autonomedia in 2016, and in an Italian edition in 2017. The Critique of the Image Is the Defense of the Imagination, edited
by Strauss, Taussig, and Wilson, was published by Autonomedia in 2020. He is
Chair Emeritus of the graduate program in Art Writing at the School of Visual
Arts in New York, which he directed from 2007-2021.
ATTACHMENT TWENTY – FROM the
NATIONAL REVIEW
TRUMP REMAINS THE UNDISPUTED RINGMASTER AT THE CARNIVAL OF FOOLS
By Jeffrey Blehar March 5, 2025 9:17 AM
I know that we don’t call the first speech the president
traditionally makes to both houses of Congress at the start of their administration
a “State of the Union” -- technically it’s just an address to a Joint Session
of Congress. The reasoning behind this tradition is that most presidents don’t
have much of note to discuss a mere month into their term in office, only a
vision to set forth. But it’s fair to argue this doesn’t apply to Donald Trump
-- not only because he is returning to office, but because it’s the first month
of Trump’s second administration ...
PEANUT GALLERY
KMotamed
Hall of Famer
I don't disagree with Jeff often, but giving Trump style points
for his narcissistic buffoonery doesn't make sense. The pathetic creep is
basically begging for affirmation.
woke_is_smoked
Hall of Famer
I'd say more like "histrionic" than
"narcissistic." You can look it up.
Jengenny
Hall
of Famer
I
have never voted straight ticket , I have always felt
there are good and bad people on both sides . I was not thrilled when Trump was
made the Republican candidate, I preferred others .
After watching the disgusting display of a party that can’t clap for a child
fighting brain cancer I can NOT find a decent democrat let alone one worth
voting for so going forward I have vowed not to .
HobNobBob
Hall
of Famer
The
TDS is strong with this one. Trump is moving fast implementing what he
promised, and the public is behind him. The idea that he didn't outline his
goals and intentions in his speech is ludicrous. And the Democrats made fools
of themselves. MAGA is strong and moving forward, leaving these Never Trumpers
at NR behind.
JOELLENHOVIS
Rising
Star
Oops!
I stumbled onto joy Bahar’s page I guess.
LeagueMarshal
VIP
I
guess the incoming fascist dictatorship can't be too big a deal, if all you
need to resist it is a small signpost that says "no u".
ATTACHMENT TWENTY ONE – FROM THE
NEW YORK POST
JAMES
CARVILLE BLASTS JEFF BEZOS AS ‘F—ING FOOL’ FOR WORKING WITH TRUMP: ‘HE WILL
NEVER EVER WASH THAT STENCH OFF OF HIM’
By Lindsay Kornick, Fox News Published March 28, 2025, 10:36 a.m. ET
James Carville
attacked Washington Post owner Jeff Bezos as one of the “f—ing fools”
who will be remembered in history only for collaborating with President Donald
Trump.
During his “Politics War Room” podcast on Thursday, the
Democratic strategist attacked Tesla CEO Elon Musk for what he believes is
ruining his reputation as an innovator to work with Trump. This topic led to
him calling out “similarly situated” billionaires like Bezos for willingly
working with Trump.
“You have this tremendous economic
power,” Carville said. “You have tremendous influence in public opinion. You
own one of the legacy, important media operations, and you’re doing nothing
f—ing with it. You’re appeasing people.”
He called both Musk and Bezos
“f—ing fools” but focused heavily on Bezos, comparing him to Porsche founder
and German engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who helped construct weapons and tanks
for the Nazi Party.
“You had a chance to really be
studied as a model by children in history books…I think you made a tragic
reputational error,” Carville said.
James Carville
attacked Washington Post owner Jeff Bezos as one of the “f—ing fools”
who will be remembered in history only for collaborating with President Donald
Trump.FOX News
“You have this tremendous economic
power,” Carville said of Bezos (pictured). “You have tremendous influence in
public opinion. You own one of the legacy, important media operations, and
you’re doing nothing f—ing with it. You’re appeasing people.” WWD via Getty Images
Bezos, who also owns Amazon, has
been criticized by progressives and members of his newspaper staff over the
last few months for announcing changes to the Washington Post’s opinion pages.
Most notably, he prevented the
editorial page from endorsing Vice President Kamala Harris in 2024.
He also supported the Trump
administration financially by donating $1 million to his inauguration
fund and has even said he was optimistic about Trump’s second term.
Carville also criticized Tesla
owner, Elon Musk, during his podcast episode, saying that his ruining his
reputation by working with President Trump.
While focusing heavily on Bezos,
Carville comparing him to Porsche founder and German engineer Ferdinand
Porsche, who helped construct weapons and tanks for the Nazi Party.WireImage for Vanity Fair
Carville echoed Bezos’ critics by
insisting he was pandering to Trump and would be forever ruined by it.
“This guy’s not going to be
remembered as the greatest retailer who ever lived, of which he is,” Carville
said. “He’s going to be remembered as a collaborator. And he will never ever
wash that stench off of him. I don’t care how much money he has. I don’t care
how much power he has. I don’t care how many people he can terrify. It’s not
going to happen. Dude, you’ve locked your place in history down.”
He added, “He’s going to look in
the f—ing mirror. It’s coming. It’s around the corner. He’s going to live with
his own legacy.”
Bezos (far right) supported the
Trump administration financially by donating $1 million to his
inauguration fund and has even said he was optimistic about Trump’s second
term.
Trump praised Bezos’s work at
the Post and revealed last week that he has been speaking with Bezos about
having a working relationship.Chris Kleponis – Pool via CNP /
MEGA
Carville made
similar comments against Bezos in October for his decision not to
endorse a presidential candidate.
“Basically, the argument is,
‘People don’t trust the press anymore, but I’m a billionaire, and people really
trust billionaires.’ So – It was dumb on steroids and I think they were acting
on the behest of Donald Trump,” Carville said at the time.
ATTACHMENT TWENTY TWO – FROM DISSENT
THE
JIHADISM OF FOOLS
Fred
Halliday ▪ Winter 2025
Over
the last few years, and especially since the American invasion of Iraq in March
2003, there have been indications across the world of a growing convergence between
the forces of Islamist militancy, on the one hand, and the “anti-imperialist”
left on the other. Leaving aside widespread, if usually unarticulated, sympathy
for the attacks of September 11, 2001, justified on the grounds that “the
Americans deserved it,” we have seen since 2003 an overt coincidence of
policies, with considerable support for the Iraqi “resistance,” which includes
strong Islamist elements, and, more recently and even more explicitly, support
for Hezbollah in Lebanon. In the Middle East itself, and on parts of the
European far left, an overt alliance with Islamists has been established, going
back at least to the mass demonstrations in early 2003 that preceded the Iraq
War, but also including a convergence of slogans on Palestine—supporting
suicide bombings and denying the legitimacy of the Israeli state. Last year,
for example, radical Basque demonstrators were preceded by a militant waving a
Hezbollah flag. Moreover, since most of those who oppose the U.S. action in
Iraq of 2003 also opposed the war in Afghanistan in 2001, this leads, whether
clearly recognized or not, to support for the anti-Western Taliban, armed
groups now active across that country.
At
the same time, some far left-wing politicians in Europe have sought, on issues of
“anti-imperialism” and of social exclusion within the West, to find common
cause with representatives of Islamist parties. An example of this is the
welcome given by the British left, including the mayor of London, Ken
Livingstone, to the Muslim Brotherhood leader Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi. More
important, of course, and separate from support for Islamist guerrilla groups,
has been alignment at the state level: Iran, for example, has received
increasing support from Venezuela. Hugo Chávez has been to Tehran no less than
five times. This partnership has been made all the easier by the shift
noticeable over the past two decades whereby solidarity based, at least
formally, on class or socialist grounds has been replaced by identity politics
as the basis for political activism. Inchoately perhaps, a new international
united front is being created.
This
relationship of the radical left to political Islam has a long history, one
that should give pause to those who now seek to form an alliance, however
“tactical,” with Islamist movements and states. The early Bolsheviks tried to
establish just such an alliance: faced with the blocking of the proletarian
revolution in Europe after 1917, they turned to the anti-imperialist and
sometimes Islamic forces then active in Asia. The first state in the world to
recognize the Bolshevik Revolution was the monarchy of Afghanistan, then locked
in a conflict with the British. As a result, Lenin gave instructions that
Soviet Russia must always pay “particular attention” to Islam.
ATTACHMENT TWENTY THREE – FROM ALIBABA.COM
(CHINA)
100+ HILARIOUS
POLITICAL QUOTES THAT WILL MAKE YOU LAUGH
By Emily / 26
March 2025 /
This article
is dedicated to the amusing world of funny political quotes. Politics, often
seen as a dry and serious subject, has a surprisingly humorous side that is
often overlooked. Through these quotes, we not only witness wit and satire but
also the often unintended comedic expressions from politicians around the
world. Covering topics from elections to political rivals, this compilation
brings light-heartedness to the otherwise heavy realm of politics. As we
explore these quotes, we invite readers to enjoy the lighter side of political
discourse and appreciate the universal humor found within it.
Election Season Quotes
·
"Politicians
are like diapers. They both need to be changed regularly and for the same
reason." - Unknown
·
"I have
left orders to be awakened at any time in case of national emergency, even if
I'm in a Cabinet meeting." - Ronald Reagan
·
"A
political promise is one you keep or break to win votes." - Unknown
·
"If
voting made any difference they wouldn't let us do it." - Mark Twain
·
"The
best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average
voter." - Winston Churchill
·
"We've
all heard of that politician who is a real zombie...every time they sink their
teeth into an issue, they forget to chew." - Unknown
·
"During
a campaign, the air is full of speeches and vice versa." - Anonymous
·
"Why do they
call it a political race? Because the only place they’re running is away from
their promises!" - Unknown
·
"Politicians
spend half their time making laws, and the other half helping their friends get
around them." - Unknown
·
"The
problem with political jokes is that they get elected." - Henry Cate
·
"In
politics, the truth is strictly optional and often discouraged." - Unknown
·
"An
honest political speech can only be short because it doesn’t exist." -
Unknown
Rivalry Quotes
·
"I have
noticed that politicians who can no longer face their peers in office often
turn to writing books. Little do they know that fewer people read books than
vote." - Unknown
·
"Politics
is the art of looking for trouble, finding it everywhere, diagnosing it
incorrectly and applying the wrong remedies." - Groucho Marx
·
"The
opposition isn't expecting us, they're just hoping for a plot twist in the
political season finale." - Unknown
·
"A
politician is a person with whose politics you don't agree; if you agree with
him he is a statesman." - David Lloyd George
·
"One has
to belong to the intelligentsia to believe things like that: no ordinary man
could be such a fool." - George Orwell
·
"Politicians
are the same all over. They promise to build a bridge even where there is no
river." - Nikita Khrushchev
·
"The
only political fight worth having is the one that doesn't involve a public
brawl." - Unknown
·
"Comparing
politicians to diapers: both should be changed often, and for the same
reason." - Unknown
·
"I don’t
mind my rival saying bad things about me, as long as he doesn’t say them
truthfully." - Unknown
·
"In
politics, your enemies can’t be reflected in what you find in the water cooler
- only in the dictionary." - Unknown
·
"Never
argue with a politician. 'Victory' could be your downfall." - Unknown
·
"Our political
conversations would be much shorter if politicians understood each other half
as well as they understand their voters." - Unknown
Leaders’ Gaffes Quotes
·
"Being
powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you
aren’t." - Margaret Thatcher
·
"I'm
devoutly against wanting other people to forget my blunders, particularly when
I am running for office." - Unknown
·
"A
statesman is a politician who has been dead ten or fifteen years." - Harry
S. Truman
·
"I am
extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end." - Margaret
Thatcher
·
"We hang
the petty thieves and appoint the great ones to public office." - Aesop
·
"When
I’m good, I’m very, very good, but when I’m bad and in office, I get
reelected." —W. C. Fields
·
"In
politics, stupidity is not a handicap." - Napoleon Bonaparte
·
"I'd
rather be honest than impressive, and I can be neither." - Unknown
·
"He
knows nothing; and he thinks he knows everything. That points clearly to a
political career." - George Bernard Shaw
·
"Politicians
are like ships: noisiest when lost in fog." - Unknown
·
"I'm
unconcerned if my slip-ups happen. What concerns me is if they work." -
Unknown
·
"My
political career was unintentional, but what a laugh it's been all the
same." - Unknown
Foreign Relations Quotes
·
"Diplomacy
is the art of saying 'Nice doggie' until you can find a rock." - Will
Rogers
·
"In
foreign relations, the worst thing about the not so subtle jokes is that they
are often accompanied by demonstrations." - Unknown
·
"Countries
try to maintain peaceful relations by deploying diplomats who utter polite
nonsense." - Unknown
·
"Dealing
with foreign diplomats is like trying to pet a porcupine without getting
pricked." - Unknown
·
"If
countries were on social media, foreign diplomacy would be hitting that 'like'
button and smiling while eating their last cookie." - Unknown
·
"In
politics, madness is the norm. Diplomatic success is just the cherry on top of
the cray-cray cake." - Unknown
·
"Diplomats
lie for their country, but sometimes they just lie for a good laugh." -
Unknown
·
"It
takes tact to smooth over foreign relations, but I bet even toddlers have more
focus in a candy shop than diplomats in negotiations." - Unknown
·
"Foreign
ministers can't afford to be openly funny - it might break the fragile peace
they’ve built on their jokes." - Unknown
·
"For
most foreign diplomats, their country's net gain from a negotiation is in
inverse proportion to their cumulative travels." - Unknown
·
"To err
is human, to resolve diplomatically is divine comedy." - Unknown
·
"In
diplomacy, the greatest insult of all is to be taken seriously." - Oscar
Wilde
Bureaucratic Quotes
·
"A
bureaucrat is a Democrat who holds some office that a Republican wants." -
Harry S. Truman
·
"The
only thing more permanent than death and taxes is a new government
department." - Unknown
·
"I know
that some bureaucrats exist solely to make our lives confusing; more compete
with gardening shows on Sunday afternoons." - Unknown
·
"Bureaucracy
defends the status quo long past the time when the quo has lost its
status." - Laurence J. Peter
·
"The
less sense a bureaucrat's statement makes, the more impressive it sounds."
- Unknown
·
"The
dreadlocks of bureaucracy: once it starts tangling, even Rapunzel can’t comb it
out." - Unknown
·
"In a bureaucratic
world, you’ll never drive anywhere if you wait for all the lights to turn
green." - Unknown
·
"The
worse a bureaucrat's handwriting, the more important their job is." -
Unknown
·
"I
thought my file was lost, but then I realized it just joined a witness
protection program." - Unknown
·
"Bureaucrats
are taught less about emergency exits and more about revolving doors." -
Unknown
·
"The
greatest invention in bureaucracy is red tape. It's like stoplights for
decision-making." - Unknown
·
"You
know you’re deep in bureaucracy when even your calls for help ask you to press
one or stay on the line." - Unknown
Legislation Laughter Quotes
·
"Laws
should be like clothes; made to measure, so they fit perfectly for as long as
possible." - Unknown
·
"Good
legislation is frequently nipped in the bud by the logic that being sensible is
insensible to the opposition." - Unknown
·
"Reading
a piece of legislation is like chewing on leather - you grind on, hoping for
flavor but left with only a dry taste." - Unknown
·
"If you
think nobody cares about you, try skipping a political committee meeting."
- Unknown
·
"Why do
bills make bad investments? Because there are never any profits left after
passage." - Unknown
·
"Remember,
a lawmaker is someone who starts a problem that wasn't there until the law was
created." - Unknown
·
"For
every piece of legislation, expect an equal and opposite uproar." - Parody
of Isaac Newton
·
"Legislation
is the art of saying 'I wrote this for your own good' without first checking if
anyone agrees." - Unknown
·
"In the
land of laws, anyone who writes one can claim to be a king - but one must be
wise enough to challenge it." - Unknown
·
"Pass a
bill today, and worry about its unintended consequences tomorrow!" -
Unknown
·
"Legislators
are the world's supreme performers. See how they approve legislation with their
eyes wide shut." - Unknown
·
"Sometimes
I think lawmakers are the original cast for a never-ending sitcom." -
Unknown
Economic Policy Quotes
·
"Ask five
economists and you'll get five different explanations - six if one went to
Harvard." - Edgar R. Fiedler
·
"Economics
is extremely useful as a form of employment for economists." - John
Kenneth Galbraith
·
"Economic
policy is simple: take everything complicated and make it sound
impossible." - Unknown
·
"The
first rule of politics is to forget any math class past algebra." -
Unknown
·
"To err
is human, to blame it on someone else shows management potential." -
Unknown
·
"Blessed
are the crafters of economic policies, for they will be misunderstood
forever." - Unknown
·
"‘Trickle-down
theory’: like suggesting a leaky roof is a design feature!" - Unknown
·
"An
economist is an expert who will know tomorrow why the things he predicted
yesterday didn’t happen today." - Laurence J. Peter
·
"Inflation
is when you pay fifteen dollars for a ten-dollar haircut you used to get for
five dollars when you had hair." - Sam Ewing
·
"There’s
nothing sinister in so simple a thing as a tax refund—the trouble is that most
already spent it." - Unknown
·
"The
ultimate wisdom of economics: the only thing growing in a recession is
worry." - Unknown
·
"Governments
have traditionally responded to economic crises like the ostrich: by burying
their heads in an economics textbook." - Unknown
Speech Snafus Quotes
·
"A
politician's speech is like a baby’s diaper. The more full it is, the more they
need to change it." - Unknown
·
"George
Washington was the only president who didn’t blame the previous administration
for his troubles." - Unknown
·
"When politicians
speak, truth quietly exits the auditorium." - Unknown
·
"Humanity
will survive as long as they never need politicians' assistance to tie their
shoelaces." - Unknown
·
"In
politics, effective sound bites do more than tablespoons of wisdom." -
Unknown
·
"Giving
a politician advice is like teaching a hen to fly - they’ll ignore you, flap
around, and miss the point." - Unknown
·
"The
real issue isn't whether politicians can keep a speech short, it's whether they
can keep it honest." - Unknown
·
"How do
you a rationalize a politician's speech? Lower your expectations and buy
earplugs." - Unknown
·
"Most
political speeches should get Oscars for Best Special Effects." - Unknown
·
"A good
political speech is something like a bear hug: warm, strong, and you can’t get
out." - Unknown
·
"The
ideal speech has a great intro, a riveting ending, and not much in
between." - Anonymous
·
"A
speech without applause offers a perfect opportunity to spot when an audience
nodded off." - Unknown
Media Spin Quotes
·
"Some
journalists ask hard questions. Most prefer to practice an art form, called
spinography." - Unknown
·
"You
can't believe everything you hear - that's what political advertisements are
for." - Unknown
·
"In
politics, one should learn how to tell the truth strategically, like when only
a small part is enough." - Unknown
·
"The
media will spin a sideshow thrill ride out of a stationary event." -
Unknown
·
"There's
no rest for the wicked, nor the understudy news anchor post-election." -
Unknown
·
"Journalism
is a subtle difference between reporting and speculating loudly with a
microphone." - Unknown
·
"The pen
is mightier than the sword, but TV anchors work out more." - Unknown
·
"Political
coverage is mostly clever nonsense, like gossip at a celebrity party." -
Unknown
·
"Media and
politicians share a secret tryst known only as 'tax breaks'." - Unknown
·
"In the
world of spin, what matters isn't what you say - it’s what you still have when
the music ends." - Unknown
·
"Political
journalism is like gourmet cooking – but sometimes it's just overwrought
spaghetti." - Unknown
·
"A spin
doctor sees clouds where there are puddles, and a mid-summer rain dance becomes
a hurricane warning." - Unknown
Political Promises Quotes
·
"Almost
any politician is happy to promise you the moon, even while they debate the
cost of a return ticket." - Unknown
·
"A
campaign promise is like a unicorn; majestic, admired, but ultimately a stick
with a fancy sticker." - Unknown
·
"A
political promise often feels like hearing your favorite tune backwards:
intriguing but ultimately just noise." - Unknown
·
"There’s
nothing more fleeting than the promise candidates use right after 'I’m in it
for you'." - Unknown
·
"Candidates
offer change but spend the rest of their term counting bills." - Unknown
·
"Breaking
promises turns tobacco crops into pinocchio noses - the true cost of
politics." - Unknown
·
"A
candidate’s promises followed me everywhere — even when I moved and left no
forwarding address." - Unknown
·
"Political
promises are like selling beachfront property in Atlantis; all a pipe
dream." - Unknown
·
"A
promise in politics isn't worth even half of the loopholes discovered before
ink even dries." - Unknown
·
"They
say the road to political alignment is paved with good intentions - frequently
it’s just bricks of empty proclamations." - Unknown
·
"Candidates
spend most of their time giving, but it seems to be only lip service they pass
around." - Unknown
·
"Politicians
should list 'Olympic gold in promise juggling' in their resumes." -
Unknown
Final words
The sphere of
politics, intertwined with power, ambition, and governance, is often perceived
as an uncharted land shrouded in seriousness. However, as showcased through
this compilation of funny political quotes, there exists a
realms of humor within politics. These quotes highlight the paradoxes,
eccentricities, and absurdities embedded in political language, discourse, and
actions. From candidate gaffes to media spins and the intricate dance of
diplomacy, the humorous lens offers a refreshing perspective, revealing truth
through satire. By dissecting these quotes, it becomes evident that humor has
an uncanny ability to present deep insights into the political arena. Humor
breaks down walls, draws attention to issues, lightens intense situations, and
allows society to critique and understand politics in a more relatable manner.
As we reflect upon these humor-clad truths, we are reminded that politics—like
life—must balance weighty issues with lighter moments of laughter. Appreciating
the lighter side might very well encourage a healthier political dialogue,
where we recognize the shared human experience amidst the political theater.
ATTACHMENT TWENTY FOUR – FROM HOAXES.ORG
VIA 1440
THE TOP 100 APRIL
FOOL'S DAY HOAXES OF ALL TIME
We've researched the entire history of April
Fool's Day and selected its top 100 hoaxes ever, as judged by creativity,
historical significance, the number of people duped, and notoriety. The first
version of this list was created in the late 1990s. Over the years it's been
revised a number of times, based upon reader feedback and ongoing research. The
most recent major revision occurred in March 2015.
Other April Fool resources at the Museum include: the April Fool
Archive (a year-by-year
archive of the entire history of the celebration), the Origin of April
Fool's Day, the April Fool FAQ, and the Top 10 Worst April Fools Ever. Also, you can find more info about most of the hoaxes
in the Top 100 list by clicking their title or thumbnail.
(The DJI has included only the Top Ten in this Lesson, to check out the
other ninety, go here.)
#1: The Swiss Spaghetti Harvest
April 1, 1957: The
respected BBC news show Panorama announced that thanks to a
very mild winter and the virtual elimination of the dreaded spaghetti weevil,
Swiss farmers were enjoying a bumper spaghetti crop. It accompanied this
announcement with footage of Swiss peasants pulling strands of spaghetti down
from trees. Huge numbers of viewers were taken in. Many called the BBC wanting
to know how they could grow their own spaghetti tree. To this the BBC
diplomatically replied, "place a sprig of spaghetti in a tin of tomato
sauce and hope for the best." Even the director-general of the BBC later
admitted that after seeing the show he checked in an encyclopedia to find out
if that was how spaghetti actually grew (but the encyclopedia had no
information on the topic). The broadcast remains, by far, the most popular and
widely acclaimed April Fool's Day hoax ever, making it an easy pick for number
one. See More...
April 1, 1962: Sweden's SVT (Sveriges
Television) brought their technical expert, Kjell Stensson, onto the news to
inform the public that, thanks to a new technology, viewers could convert their
existing sets to display color reception. At the time, there was only the one
TV channel in Sweden, and it broadcast in black and white, so this was big
news. Stensson explained that all viewers had to do was pull a nylon stocking
over their tv screen, and the mesh would cause the light to bend in such a way
that it would appear as if the image was in color. He proceeded to demonstrate
the process. Thousands of people were taken in. Many Swedes today still report
remembering their fathers rushing through the house trying to find stockings to
place over the TV set. Regular color broadcasts only commenced in Sweden on
April 1, 1970. More...
#3: The Eruption of Mount Edgecumbe
April 1, 1974: The residents of Sitka, Alaska woke to a disturbing sight.
Clouds of black smoke were rising from the crater of Mount Edgecumbe, the
long-dormant volcano neighboring them. People spilled out of their homes onto
the streets to gaze up at the volcano, terrified that it was active again and
might soon erupt. Luckily it turned out that man, not nature, was responsible
for the smoke. A local practical joker named Porky Bickar had flown hundreds of
old tires into the volcano's crater and then lit them on fire, all in a
(successful) attempt to fool the city dwellers into believing that the volcano
was stirring to life. According to local legend, when Mount St. Helens erupted
six years later, a Sitka resident wrote to Bickar to tell him, "This time
you've gone too far!" See More HERE...
April 1, 1978: A barge towing a giant
iceberg appeared in Sydney Harbor. Sydneysiders were expecting it. Dick Smith,
a local adventurer and millionaire businessman, had been loudly promoting his
scheme to tow an iceberg from Antarctica for quite some time. Now he had apparently
succeeded. He said that he was going to carve the berg into small ice cubes,
which he would sell to the public for ten cents each. These well-traveled
cubes, fresh from the pure waters of Antarctica, were promised to improve the
flavor of any drink they cooled. Slowly the iceberg made its way into the
harbor. Local radio stations provided blow-by-blow coverage of the scene. Only
when the berg was well into the harbor was its secret revealed. It started to
rain, and the firefighting foam and shaving cream that the berg was really made
of washed away, uncovering the white plastic sheets beneath. See More here...
April 1, 1977: The Guardian published
a special seven-page supplement devoted to San Serriffe, a small republic said
to consist of several semi-colon-shaped islands located in the Indian Ocean. A
series of articles affectionately described the geography and culture of this
obscure nation. Its two main islands were named Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse.
Its capital was Bodoni, and its leader was General Pica. The Guardian's
phones rang all day as readers sought more information about the idyllic
holiday spot. Only a few noticed that everything about the island was named
after printer's terminology. The success of this hoax is widely credited with
launching the enthusiasm for April Foolery that gripped the British tabloids in
subsequent decades. More...
#6: Planetary Alignment Decreases Gravity
April 1, 1976: During an early-morning
interview on BBC Radio 2, the British astronomer Patrick Moore announced that
at 9:47 AM that day a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical
event was going to occur. Pluto would pass behind Jupiter, and this planetary
alignment would temporarily counteract and lessen the Earth's own gravity.
Moore told his listeners that if they jumped in the air at the exact moment the
alignment occurred, they would experience a strange floating sensation. When 9:47
AM arrived, the station began receiving hundreds of phone calls from listeners
claiming to have felt the sensation. One woman reported that she and her
friends had risen from their chairs and floated around the room. Moore had
intended his annoucement to be a spoof of a pseudoscientific theory that had
recently been promoted in a book called The Jupiter Effect,
alleging that a rare alignment of the planets was going to cause massive
earthquakes and the destruction of Los Angeles in 1982. More...
April 1, 1996: The Taco Bell Corporation
took out a full-page ad that appeared in six major newspapers announcing it had
bought the Liberty Bell and was renaming it the Taco Liberty Bell. Hundreds of
outraged citizens called the National Historic Park in Philadelphia where the
bell was housed to express their anger. Their nerves were only calmed when Taco
Bell revealed, a few hours later, that it was all a practical joke. The best
line of the day came when White House press secretary Mike McCurry was asked
about the sale. Thinking on his feet, he responded that the Lincoln Memorial
had also been sold. It would now be known, he said, as the Ford Lincoln Mercury
Memorial. More...
March 31, 1989: Thousands of motorists
driving on the highway outside London looked up in the air to see a glowing
flying saucer descending on their city. Many of them pulled to the side of the
road to watch the bizarre craft float through the air. The saucer finally
landed in a field on the outskirts of London where local residents immediately
called the police to warn them of an alien invasion. Soon the police arrived on
the scene, and one brave officer approached the craft with his truncheon
extended before him. When a door in the craft popped open, and a small,
silver-suited figure emerged, the policeman ran in the opposite direction. The
saucer turned out to be a hot-air balloon that had been specially built to look
like a UFO by Richard Branson, the 36-year-old chairman of Virgin Records. The
stunt combined his passion for ballooning with his love of pranks. His plan was
to land the craft in London's Hyde Park on April 1. Unfortunately, the wind
blew him off course, and he was forced to land a day early in the wrong
location. More...
The April 1985 issue of Sports
Illustrated revealed that the New York Mets had recruited a rookie
pitcher named Sidd Finch who could throw a baseball at 168 mph — 65 mph faster
than the previous record. Surprisingly, Sidd Finch had never played baseball
before, but he had mastered the "art of the pitch" in a Tibetan
monastery. Mets fans couldn't believe their good luck and, accepting at face
value the peculiarities of Sidd Finch's past, flooded Sports
Illustrated with requests for more information. But in reality this
amazing player only existed in the imagination of author George Plimpton, who
had left a clue in the sub-heading of the article: "He's a pitcher, part
yogi and part recluse. Impressively liberated from our opulent life-style,
Sidd's deciding about yoga —and his future in baseball." The first letter
of each of these words, taken together, spelled "H-a-p-p-y A-p-r-i-l
F-o-o-l-s D-a-y — A-h F-i-b". More...
April 1, 1992: National Public
Radio's Talk of the Nation revealed that Richard Nixon, in a
surprise move, was running for President again. His new campaign slogan was,
"I didn't do anything wrong, and I won't do it again." Accompanying
this announcement were audio clips of Nixon delivering his candidacy speech.
Listeners responded viscerally to the announcement, flooding the show with
calls expressing shock and outrage. Only during the second half of the show did
the host John Hockenberry reveal that the announcement was a practical joke.
Nixon's voice was impersonated by comedian Rich Little. More...
ATTACHMENT TWENTY FIVE – FROM
YAHOO NEWS
NO, WARREN BUFFETT DIDN'T BUY TESLA, AND ALL THE OTHER APRIL FOOLS’ DAY
JOKES WE’VE CAUGHT TODAY
Happy April
Fools’ Day! Here’s what’s actually not happening.
By
Katie Mather Tue, April 1, 2025 at 3:41 PM EDT
Yahoo is using AI to generate
takeaways from this article. This means the info may not always match what's in
the article. Reporting mistakes helps us improve the experience.
It’s April
Fools’ Day, and while many people love to pull a prank on their loved ones, in recent
years, the celebration has escalated to involve brands joining in on the hoaxes
— and even some news outlets.
To keep you
in the loop on what’s real and what isn’t, Yahoo News breaks down some of the
new, viral pranks that publications, government social accounts and celebrities
have put out there.
Warren
Buffett did not acquire Tesla for $1 trillion in cash
Warren
Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway did not buy Elon Musk’s Tesla for $1 trillion in
cash, as GoBankingRates reported in a self-described “satirical” article published for
April Fools’ Day.
The outlet
joked that Buffett told investors, “While I’ve publicly maintained that I don’t
understand tech companies, I’ve secretly been driving a Cybertruck around my
Nebraska neighborhood at night.”
In reality,
while Musk has publicly recommended that Buffett invest in Tesla,
Buffett does not seem interested in the company. At the 2023 Berkshire Hathaway
annual meeting, Buffett called Musk a “brilliant, brilliant guy”
but added, “We don’t want to compete with Elon in a lot of things.”
The late
Charlie Munger, Buffett’s former right-hand man and the vice chairman of
Berkshire Hathaway, added at the time, “We don’t want that much failure.”
Tiger
Woods is not playing in the Masters next week
Fifteen-time
major golf champion Tiger Woods shared in a post on X this morning, “A few weeks after
rupturing my left Achilles, the sleeping in a hyperbaric chamber plus the
explosive lifts my doctors and trainers have me ready to play the Masters next
week! Can’t wait! See y’all on the course.”
Woods cannot
physically play professional golf again until 2026 at the earliest. Golfweek clarified that the only event Woods has
planned for next week is the Champions Dinner at Augusta National.
Later, Woods
wrote, “P.S. April Fools my Achilles is still a mess.”
DOGE
is not sending $1 million stimulus checks to Republicans
The
Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) is not distributing $1 million
stimulus checks to every Republican in the U.S., as GoBankingRates joked
in another April Fools’ article.
DOGE is not
sending stimulus checks to anyone, regardless of their political affiliation.
However, both Musk and President Trump have claimed that DOGE has saved a lot
of government spending since the group was established in January. DOGE’s website currently
claims to have saved $140 billion, but a Yahoo News analysis found that only $35 billion in
savings has been itemized on the site.
In February,
Trump suggested that the administration was considering giving 20% of DOGE’s savings to Americans as
stimulus checks. The proposal originally came from businessman James Fishback,
who posted a four-page suggestion about a $5,000 “DOGE
dividend.” Musk replied, “Will check with the President.”
It's unclear
whether Americans will receive a stimulus check or dividend from DOGE's
"savings" any time soon. According to the Associated Press, budget experts say such checks
are highly unlikely.
New
Jersey is probably joking about ‘Mount Jonas’
New Jersey’s
official Instagram account shared a post this morning claiming that state officials
had finalized plans to begin building Mount Jonas — a replica of Mount Rushmore
but with the faces of the three Jonas brothers, Kevin, Joe and Nick, who grew
up in the state.
"I
approve this message," Kevin Jones joked.
Elon
Musk is not giving free Teslas to members of Congress
No, Musk is
not donating $43,000 Tesla cars to all 535 members of
Congress today, as GoBankingRates jokingly reported in another article.
In reality,
there is a growing number of public figures who are ditching
their Teslas over Musk’s recent actions and involvement in the government,
including Arizona Sen. Mark Kelly, a Democrat.
Trump, on the
other hand, has promoted Tesla and, during a photo op outside the White House
on March 11, announced he would be buying a Tesla himself to support
Musk.
New
York City is not instituting 1 mph walking speed limits
The official
New York City government Instagram account posted a fake announcement that it
would be implementing a 1 mph walking speed limit across the entire city.
“It’ll
decrease pedestrian-on-tourist collisions and improve New Yorkers’ mental
wellbeing,” the city joked in a caption on one of a series of photos in the
post.
Duolingo
is not cohosting a 5-year cruise
While the
video advertisement for Duolingo's fake five-year Carnival cruise looks incredibly fun, it
is not real at all.
But imagine
visiting 195 countries with the app's famous green owl mascot, Duo, as the
captain. What could go wrong?
Yahoo
launches a Touch Grass Keyboard — and it’s a real gag gift
Yahoo is
advertising an “over-innovated” product to poke fun at the ever-growing tech
world. The Touch Grass Keyboard is advertised as a keyboard covered in real
grass, an allusion to the internet joke about how chronically online people
need to go outside and “touch grass.”
While a gag
gift, it will legitimately be available on Yahoo’s TikTok Shop today!
PEANUT
GALLERY
·
rockinandrollinthe21stcentury
3 hours ago
San Francisco is implementing a
new "Speed Safety System Pilot Program" designed to charge people
different prices for speed tickets based on income in the name of
"equity." Some people will get up to 80% discount on speeding
tickets.
Actually, this is real.
Reply
2
Share
·
pointing out your hypocrisy
4 hours ago
my favorite so far is 'RFK Jr.
knows how to handle health and human services'
Reply
21
5
Share
2 replies
·
Cordoch
1 hour ago
My favorite was that Yahoo announced
that their users overwhelmingly like the new design of My yahoo!
Reply
4
Share
·
bobovino
3 hours ago
My fav was when a dj announced
that the phone company was cleaning the lines by blowing air through them, so
you were supposed to bag your receiver from 11 an to noon on April 1 1987.
Station got sued and the dj fired.
Reply
2
Share
2 replies
·
There'sOnlyOneFlag
4 hours ago
The April fools joke has been
going on since January 20th. Remember when he said he’d lower grocery prices on
day one? Jokes on you America!
Reply
34
8
Share
3 replies
·
rosemary
1 hour ago
Trump is brillont
, never lies , never insults people, never threatens people , always
follows the law and loves this country yes even more than he loves himself .
Reply
4
Share
·
Torrian
2 hours ago
I remember when this used to be a
huge deal online. Almost all of the big tech companies went all out with
elaborate April Fools' gags. It's been a more muted affair lately. I get it. No
time for jokes these days. NYC one was funny and well done though...
Reply
2
Share
ATTACHMENT TWENTY SIX – FROM USA TODAY
APRIL FOOLS' DAY
PRANKS: FROM POPEYES NEW PICKLE MENU TO YAHOO'S GRASSY KEYBOARD
Remember April Fools' Day as a kid and your biggest
worry was having a 'Kick Me' sign taped on your back? These days you're more
likely to fall for a fake product.
The early days of spring brings April Fools'
Day, a day when brands and companies try to spring some goofy pranks on you –
remember last year's “Baby Translator” app and 7-Eleven's hot dog-flavored water? There's a long history to April Fools' Day, a tradition that may date back to the 15th century. But these days it's mainly about getting
attention for your product or brand – despite companies' gags occasionally backfiring; Volkswagen and
Google, we are looking at you.
Why would a brand put itself out there on
April Fools' Day? Well, it can pay off, says Guido Campello, co-CEO of lingerie
and pajama brand Journelle.
The holiday "presents a unique
opportunity for brands like Journelle to engage customers with a playful
twist," he told USA TODAY. "By incorporating humor and cheekiness
into our marketing, we can create memorable campaigns that stand out in a
crowded marketplace."
Back in 2020, Journelle teased men's lace
lingerie on April Fools' Day. Later in the year, the company began actually
offering men's lingerie and it's become a top-selling category, said Campello,
who heads Journelle with his wife and co-CEO, Dr. Sapna Palep.
This year, Journelle's foolish frippery is a
new Mood-Matching Lingerie collection, intimate attire that changes color based
on your mood just like a mood ring (yes, you can still get those). Not sure which colors tell if you are in the mood or
not, however.
Journelle will promote the Mood-Matching
collection on its website and app, social media channels, and in email. When
customers click to explore, they'll get an April Fools' message and a discount
off a purchase.
"This strategy not only attracts new
consumers but also fosters a sense of community among existing customers who appreciate
a brand that doesn’t take itself too seriously," Campello said. "It
allows us to showcase our personality, turning the shopping experience into a
delightful adventure."
Here's some more of the pranks looking to give
you a laugh today.
Omaha Steaks' 'meat-cute' April 1
romance novel
The direct-to-consumer food
purveyor last month said it was getting into the literary business, with the
first of three planned romance novels, "Certified Tender," arriving
in April. "Omaha Steaks is bringing its signature passion for quality and
tradition into storytelling, crafting a narrative as rich and satisfying as its
world-class steaks," according to the announcement.
Turns out it was a bit of a tease;
there's not three books on the burner, but you can download the entire first
book, "Certified Tender," for free on OmahaSteaks.com.
You can also take advantage of the
$99 Meat Cute Collection, with a deal on a combo of Filet Mignons, Gourmet
Steakhouse Fries, and a bottle of Drawbridge Cabernet Sauvignon.
From "South Patch Kids"
to "Just PATCH Kids"
The infamous candy "Sour
Patch Kids" announced on March 27 that they were now "JUST Patch
Kids," changed their name on X, then had the
ultimate identity crisis before announcing on April 1st that, actually, they
truly are Sour Patch Kids.
"day
1 no sour. i am not losing it im doing great," the candy brand wrote on
its official X account, before posting a poll for its followers to help find
itself.
After facing the existential dread
of understanding just who it truly is, South Patch Kids realized that would be
"sour forever" on April 1st, and changed its name back to "Sour
Patch Kids."
The perfect couch for wine lovers
from Josh Cellars and Josh & Main
Oenophiles know it's inevitable –
wine stains on the furniture. This April Fools' Day you can embrace the
spillage with a new collaboration from Josh Cellars and
furniture brand Joss & Main.
The collection of "stylish,
modern couches and chairs with built-in wine stains" is perfect, the
companies say, "because wine spills happen, so why not turn ‘oops’ into
‘ooh la la’ by making them part of the design?"
Spritz Society's new foolish
flavor
Spritz Society, which
makes wine-based flavored sparkling cocktails has a new concoction for April
Fools' Day, the Grape By Manischewitz, a kosher spritz "sure to knock your
yamaka off," the drink maker says.
This trick could turn into a real
thing. Back in 2022, Spritz Society teased a Sour Pickle-flavored spritz for
April Fools' Day and just more than a year later, actually partnered with
Claussen on the real
thing.
Reese’s new April Fools' Day bread
for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches
A "new" product coming
from the makers of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups: Reese's Chocolatey Bread. The
chocolate-infused bread would be another way to experience two flavors – peanut
butter and chocolate – together and, when paired with peanut butter and jelly
gives you "the ultimate PB&J experience," the candy maker says.
Crunch bar's quieter candy caper
This new Crunch bar is quieter, so
you can sneak a snack anytime. Supposedly, some consumers said the traditional
Crunch bar, made with milk chocolate and crunchy rice, was too loud. So, the
chocolatier is making a Crunch Lite bar, made with cooked rice instead.
"Now, fans can enjoy their
favorite chocolate candy, in a much quieter way," the company said.
Stay the night with Nutella
Crazy about
Nutella? Now – at
least in your April Foolish dreams – you can build your summer vacation around
it by staying at the Nutella BnB in Lake Placid, New York.
"Created for the ultimate
Nutella fans, travelers can immerse themselves in a Nutella-shaped house with
furniture, decor and everything in between representing the beloved hazelnut
spread," the rental pitch goes.
A new tack for Tic Tac
Tic Tac
has teamed with Dr. Pepper on a limited-time offer: Dr. Pepper flavored Tic Tac
mints.
"Taste the blend of sweet,
spicy and slightly fruity notes of cherry, cola and cinnamon and a unique
pepper flavor," according to the description.
And the mints look like mini cans
of the soft drink.
Curry and ice cream – together?
Feel guilty when you eat ice
cream? Deep Indian
Kitchen has some new flavors for you, letting you get your
dinner and dessert simultaneously, with an April 1 lineup of limited-edition
Indian Ice Cream Flavors including Chicken Curry, Chicken Tikka Masala, Spinach
Paneer, Butter Chicken, and Chicken Vindaloo.
Baby gear
delivered by drone?
Yes, on April Fools' Day
Baby gear delivery service BabyQuip is expanding
its services starting April 1 with its new Baby Gear Drone Delivery Service,”
which transports all the baby items you need including diapers and snacks in
less than 15 minutes.
Here's how it "works":
How it works: Simply select the items you need, then set your address and watch
for your delivery - 50% faster than any other delivery service, the company
professes.
While the Drone Delivery Service
is a prank, BabyQuip is a real company and you can get $25 off your order
on BabyQuip's
website through April 6 with the code APRILFOOLS.
This isn't the first case of April
Fools' tomfoolery from BabyQuip. Last year, its “Baby Translator” app promised
make parents' lives easier. "Say 'goodbye' to restless nights as you
decode your baby's coos and cries instantly, providing you with the
understanding you need as a parent, all in one convenient app," the punch
line went.
Raising Cane's sauce as a facial?
Raising Cane's cooked up a special
April Fools' application with beauty subscription service Ipsy – a new
moisturizing sauce "inspired" by Cane's sauce.
Cardi B touted the Raising Cane’s
x IPSY Moisturizing Sauce on Instagram saying, "Everyone always asks me
how my skin looks so beautiful, so shiny, so amazing at the age of 32 with
three kids, a job that stresses me out, and sleepless nights. I’ve been using
this new cream – it’s the Cane’s ‘Moisturizing Sauce.’ It’s not greasy, not
sticky, and it smells just like chicken.”
Also in on the joke: beauty blogger
Raye Boyce, who got a facial with the sauce slathered on her face.
"f your face mask tastes like Raising Cane’s sauce… it just might
be," she said on Instagram.
Still, the fast-food chain says
its sauce is really better used for dunking chicken tenders and slathered on
sandwiches.
Tabañero hot sauce for your
body
Hot sauce maker Tabañero wants
lovers of spicy flavors to "protect their skin with the same care they give
their taste buds" and has a new Tabañero sunscreen, made with aloe,
green tea, and coconut oil.
There is a real deal, however.
With Tabañero’s new Flavor Protection Program, you can get 50% off its
Original Hot Sauce for every new flavor you try – among the options are Sweet
& Spicy, Extra-Hot and Curry Habanero, all made with habanero peppers and
agave nectar.
BodyArmor's new shampoo and
Stanley Cup giveaway
BodyArmor is the official sports
drink of the NHL, but it could be skating on thin ice with its new product:
BodyArmor Sport Performance Shampoo, made "to hydrate, strengthen,
protect, restore, and volumize hair," the company said on April 1.
The shampoo "is
scientifically formulated to ensure the perfect balance of electrolytes and
vitamins to meet the unique needs of athletes and support healthy hair
care," especially hockey players' "iconic hockey hair."
Speaking of hockey, here's a real
power play: you can go to the BodyArmor
site where you can enter for a chance to win tickets to the
Stanley Cup Finals.
Dude Wipes' new manscaping tool
for your bum
Here's another interesting
skincare "concept" from Dude Wipes and Manscaped – the Dudeman 2.0, a grooming tool for
"down-there maintenance," the companies say.
The Dudeman has multiple heads for
trimming, buffing and cleaning and uses WipeTech technology and has a suction
cup base for … hands-free trimming.
No time to work up a sweat? No
problem with new workout gear
Athletic apparel brand Set Active has a new
collection of activewear for those busy days when you don't have time to work
out but want folks to think you did.
The Wet Set collection comes
pre-saturated with its proprietary H2SET technology, "ensuring you start
your workout exactly how you’ll finish it: absolutely drenched."
The clothes are guaranteed to maintain
wetness for up to 12 hours, however "results may vary based on local
humidity levels and personal drip factor," the company said.
Duolingo's April Fools' Day trip
tease: a 5-year Carnival cruise
Want to really immerse yourself in
learning other languages? Duolingo is partnering with Carnival Cruise Line for
a "first of its kind, five-year global voyage" that will have you
speaking like a local at every port, "from ordering tapas in Spain to
perfecting small talk in Japan," the language education provider says
on the official
booking page.
“At Duolingo, we help language learners
prepare for real-world conversations. So we thought: what if we gave learners
even more conversation practice through five years of full immersion, with no
hiding from Duo the Owl?” said George Audi, Duolingo's head of global
partnerships, in a press release dated April 1.
Once you've accepted the 5-year
trip is a trick, you can take advantage of two real deals: a free month of the
Super Duolingo language app and special offers on a much shorter
Carnival cruise.
And you can order limited-edition
Duolingo World Cruise merch – including shorts, shirts, towels and a Duo Owl
plushie – in the Duolingo
store.
Mini products hint at need for 5%
plastic solution
April Fools' Day is about pranks
and jokes, but that doesn't mean the gag can't have a message behind it.
Plastic-neutral retailer Grove
Collaborative is debuting the 5% Collection, an assortment of its top cleaning
formulas but in miniature form. Why only 5% the actual size? Because, only 5%
of plastic is recycled, the company says. The rest goes to landfills, the
oceans and the rest of the environment, breaking down into microplastics and
nanoplastics that have been found throughout the human body.
Guardio's scam-sniffing AI nose
device
Tired of worried about falling for
an online scam? Cyber protection service Guardio has developed SniffGuard, the world's first
scam-detecting nose. A highly sophisticated AI device, the $12 product has the
"olfactory power of a thousand security experts," the company says.
"You never have to fall for a
scam again," the company says in a video. And SniffGuard ($12.99) also has
SniffGPT technology to learn new scams.
Yahoo's 'Touch the Grass'
keyboard, available April 1
Just can't get away from your
desk? Yahoo has a new productivity tool that brings a bit of the outdoors to
your desk: the Yahoo Agricultural Interface, a grass-covered keyboard that
allows you to "touch grass" without needing to log off.
The keyboard has "87
hand-placed tufts of turf" allowing you to "experience the great
outdoors, and stay grounded, even when you’re at your desk," the product
description goes.
"For April Fools’, we're playfully
reminding the perpetually online that while Yahoo helps you accomplish your
goals efficiently, sometimes the best innovation is stepping away from your
screen to touch some actual grass," Sona Iliffe-Moon, Yahoo's chief
communications Officer and acting interim chief marketing officer, said in a
press release. "We believe in technology that enhances life both on and
off the screen.”
The grassy keyboard actually works
– it connects via USB and is fully functional – and Yahoo begins selling it at
1 p.m. ET Tuesday for $19.95 (the year Yahoo launched) on Yahoo’s TikTok
shop.
Popeyes Pickle Menu: No April Fool, it's the real dill
Popeyes has an April Fools' Day
surprise that started out as what looked to be a tease. Last week the fast-food
chain posted a video on Instagram with pickle juice being mixed with
lemonade and the message: We're in a bit of a pickle rn 🥒 4.1.25.
But it's no joke. Tuesday marks
the arrival of the limited-time Popeyes Pickle Menu with dishes including the
Pickle Glaze Sandwich, Pickle Glaze Bone-In & Boneless Wings, Fried
Pickles, and of course, Pickle Lemonade.
“What started as a playful social
tease has now become a full-fledged culinary reality – a Pickled Popeyes,” said
Bart LaCount, the chief marketing officer for Popeyes U.S. and Canada, in a
press release.
April Fools' Day deals and
specials
A few companies are passing on
pranks and giving their customers deals or specials:
·
Burger King: Members of its Royal Perks
loyalty program get a free order of any size onion rings with their purchase of
$1 or more on Tuesday. Get the deal in the BK app or online. "There are no
silly pranks attached, just pure deliciousness," the company said in a
press alert.
·
Dunkin': On
Tuesday, you can win one of one million free Hot or Iced Coffees or Cold Brews
of any size to members of the Dunkin' Rewards program; enter the promo code
ThisIsNotAJoke in the Dunkin’ app, while supplies last.
·
The Cheesecake Factory: Members of the Cheesecake
Rewards loyalty program will want to check their account on
April 1 for a special "No Joke" reward. Rewards range from a free
slice of cheesecake with any purchase, or perhaps, one slice free per month for
the next year. Other awards include a $25 dine-in credit, $10 off a $40
purchase and $5 off $25 purchase (offers good for dine-in, takeout, or
delivery). Any new Cheesecake Rewards members who sign up on April Fools' Day
will get the “Slice, Slice Baby” reward, a free slice when they buy one (good
for dine-in or takeout).
·
Oreo: You can save
50% on personalized OreoID cookies on Tuesday. Use code APRIL.
·
Tacodeli: The
Texas-based taco chain is really offering a one-day limited-time menu item on
Tuesday, an April Fools' Day burrito ($12) made with refried beans, Mexican red
rice, Monterey Jack cheese, sirloin, guac, pico, crema and Arbol salsa.
ATTACHMENT TWENTY SEVEN – FROM FOX
APRIL FOOLS' DAY IN POLITICS: ON APRIL 1, LAWMAKERS TRADE PUNCHLINES
INSTEAD OF POLICY
President Donald
Trump and Hunter Biden were frequent targets of Tuesday’s jokes
By Alec
Schemmel Published April 1, 2025 4:35pm EDT
While private
companies are taking advantage of April Fools' Day to market their products, politicians
are using it to take jabs at their enemies across the aisle.
Colorado
Democratic Gov. Jared Polis used the day to poke fun at President Donald Trump over his recent self-portrait snafu,
while Republican House Oversight Committee Chairman James Comer used it to take
a jab at Hunter Biden's painting skills. House GOP conference Chairwoman Lisa
McClain, R-Mich., chose to target all Democrats with her dig from the podium
during a press conference Tuesday.
Polis put out
a press release early Tuesday morning announcing he had unveiled a new official gubernatorial
portrait to be displayed in the State Capitol. The press
release included an image of the new "portrait," which was not
actually a painting of the governor, but a caricature of himself.
"No one
likes an unflattering photo or painting of themselves, which is why I went
against the grain for my official portrait," Polis said in his
announcement. His timing was right on cue, since, earlier in the week, Trump demanded a portrait of
himself be taken down because he did not like the way it
made him look, calling it "purposefully distorted."
"I’m
pleased with the final product and want to thank the artists for their vision,
and feel that I have never looked better," Polis said.
The press
release included a photo of the caricature, which looked like a character from
"South Park," along with various requirements he ostensibly gave to
the artist who drew it.
"The
Governor must be depicted directly facing the viewer. The Governor’s well-known
signature look, specifically his signature blue polo, must not be altered. The
portrait must utilize the bright blue hue of the Governor’s iconic tennis
shoes. The Governor must be smiling or smizing," the list said.
Republicans
got into the action too, with Comer sharing a sarcastic post on X, commissioning
Hunter Biden to do some artwork for him.
"I heard
Hunter Biden is facing financial hardship, so I decided to commission him to
paint my official chairman portrait," Comer wrote in an X post, which
included what appeared to be an AI-generated image of Hunter Biden painting a
portrait of Comer.
"No
favors from the Big Guy, I promise," he added.
Hunter Biden
faced criticism during his father’s presidency — and amid an ongoing corruption
scandal linked to his family — for allegedly leveraging his status to fetch
high prices for his amateur artwork, with reported sales ranging from $75,000
to $500,000.
At a GOP
press conference on Capitol Hill Tuesday, McClain got in on the
action, too. However, her jab sought to target all Democrats, chiding them for
lacking unity or a cohesive strategy for taking power back from
Republicans.
"The
Democrats, however, have found their vision," McClain said as she blasted
the party for disrupting GOP town halls across the country. "The Democrats have found their leader. And
the Democrats – oh wait, no April Fools'. I forgot it was April Fools' today.
That was my attempt at an April Fools' joke. We know the Democrats have no vision,
no message and no leader."
At the local
level and on social media, a state senator from Michigan threw shade at
Democratic Gov. Gretchen Whitmer for "playing politics" with a
special election in the state, and, in North Carolina, the state's Republican
Party created a graphic that referred to Democratic leaders in the state,
including newly elected Gov. Josh Stein, as "April Fools."
ATTACHMENT TWENTY EIGHT – FROM THE
HILL
WHITE HOUSE PRANKS JOURNALISTS ON APRIL FOOLS’ DAY
by Lauren Irwin - 04/01/25
9:32 PM ET
The White House played an April
Fools’ Day prank on journalists inside the press room Tuesday.
Around 6 p.m. EDT, White House
assistant press secretary Taylor Rogers announced over the loudspeaker that
there was a “dinner lid until 8:47 [p.m.],” signaling an unexpected later night
of work.
“You have a dinner lid until
8:47,” Rogers said in a video shared online by a colleague.
“Enjoy your dinner.”
A short time later, she took the
speaker again to say “Happy April Fools!” and the room exploded in laughter.
“Enjoy your evening and Happy
Liberation Day eve,” Rogers said, pointing to President
Trump’s April 2 tariff deadline.
It’s standard for members of the
White House to play a light prank on its staff or the press pool on April
Fools’ Day.
In 2021, former first lady Jill
Biden dressed up as a flight attendant who wore a black wig and
handed out ice cream bars to members of the media from a flight from California
to Washington. As second lady, she once crammed her body into an overhead bin
on Air Force Two and scared the person attempting to stow their luggage.
ATTACHMENT TWENTY NINE – FROM ADWEEK.COM
THE WEIRDEST BRAND STUNTS OF APRIL FOOLS' DAY 2025
Here's how Olipop,
Dunkin', and Yahoo tried to prank their customers
When it comes to brand April
Fools' stunts, the name of the game is weird (and sometimes gross)
By Brittaney
Kiefer April 1, 2025
The origins of April Fools’ Day
are mysterious, and historians haven’t been able to pinpoint exactly how the
annual celebration of hoaxes began. But these days, it’s a bona-fide marketing
tradition.
With numerous brands getting in on
the joke each April 1, the name of the game is to grab consumer attention with weird,
funny, and sometimes gross stunts. ADWEEK rounds up this year’s most unusual
April Fools’ Day pranks from brands.
Olipop and
Hidden Valley Ranch
Mmm, Garlic Ranch soda Olipop,
Hidden Valley Ranch
Prebiotic soda brand Olipop has
partnered with Hidden Valley Ranch for a limited-edition “Ranch Lovers Pack,”
including soda flavors like the classic salad dressing and Garlic Ranch. While
the products themselves are fake, the two brands sent creators real Olipop cans
wrapped in the Hidden Valley Ranch branding to create buzz online.
Duolingo is a prank
master—remember when it faked the death of its mascot Duo last
month? Now, the language-learning app has teamed up with cruise line Carnival
to offer the trip of a lifetime:
a five-year global voyage at sea, complete with full language immersion,
cultural exploration, and an “unreasonable amount of shrimp.” If cruisers don’t
keep up with their language lessons—during each of the 1,826 days on the
ship—“the owl will deny you the knowledge of eternal peace,” according to the video’s narration.
If five years sounds like a long
time to be at sea, don’t worry—you could just opt for the free month of Super
Duolingo, special offers on a shorter Carnival cruise, or a piece of the
Duolingo World Cruise merch.
Yahoo
Touch grass, literally, thanks to
Yahoo’s keyboardYahoo
In a world of endless meeting
invites, video calls, and “circling back” over email, many people are looking
for a way to escape the digital noise. With the Yahoo Agricultural Interface,
you can touch grass—literally—without ever logging off. The tech giant’s grassy
keyboard really works and is available to purchase on Yahoo’s TikTok shop for a
limited time. The stunt reminds those who are chronically online to take a
break and ground themselves.
Nutella
Imagine a vacation where you can
immerse yourself in a Nutella-shaped house, complete with hazelnut and cocoa
scented sheets, croissant pillows, Nutella pool floaties, a waffle maker, and a
machine that dispenses the chocolate hazelnut spread. The brand teased the
Nutella BnB, a home rental in Lake Placid, NY. But sadly for sweet tooths, the
rental is not actually taking bookings.
Whisker
Welcome guests into your home with
a candle that smells like a litter boxWhisker
Pet tech company Whisker, maker of
the automatic litter box Litter-Robot, is offering a CAT PÙ / NO. 2 candle to
anyone who places an order on April 1. While the candle promises a primal,
litter box-inspired scent, it actually just smells like roses—a tongue-in-cheek
nod to how Litter-Robot eliminates odors.
Dude Wipes and Manscaped promise
to take men’s grooming to a “hole” new level (sorry). The two brands released a
faux grooming tool, called the Dudeman 2.0, that claims to “revolutionize butt
tech” with interchangeable heads for optimal trimming, buffing, and
cleansing. The brands are calling it a “hole in one” (again, we can only
apologize).
Mr. T’s
Pierogies
Skincare, but make it dumpling
themed Mr. T’s Pierogies
For your next self-care night,
lather your skin in mashed potato face cream and kick back with a pair of mini
pierogi eye patches. Food brand Mr. T’s Pierogies has released a fake pampering
kit. Honestly, though? Pierogi skin cream sounds kind of soothing.
GlassesUSA.com
Look cute and also be able to clean
your glasses at anytimeGlassesUSA.com
Hands up if you’ve ever struggled
to clean your glasses and resorted to the corner of a T-shirt, which is exactly
what you’re not supposed to do. But what if your whole outfit doubled as a
cleaning cloth—and was fashionable, too? Enter the Microfiber Collection from
GlassesUSA.com. Is this the next wave of athleisure?
Dunkin’
Dunkin’ knows some people have
trust issues on April 1Dunkin’
After years of brands playing
April Fools’ pranks, Dunkin’ recognizes that consumers may have some trust
issues. Though Dunkin’ has gotten in on the joke before, this time around it’s
skipping the tricks and offering a real deal. The brand will give away 1
million free hot or iced coffees or cold brews to Dunkin’ Rewards members who enter
the code “ThisIsNotAJoke” on the app.
ATTACHMENT THIRTY – FROM MALWAREBYTES.COM
WHY WE’RE NO LONGER DOING APRIL FOOLS’ DAY
Posted: March 31,
2025 by Mark Beare
The internet is filled with falsehoods.
We’re forever investigating new
scams here at Malwarebytes, and so we get how hard it is to know what—or who—to
trust online.
There’s the scam that takes advantage of grieving people and tricks them into
paying for a funeral live stream.
There’s the fake CAPTCHA that hijacks clipboards and tricks users
into installing malware.
There’s the many, many, many scams
that use Google ads to trick people into granting remote access to their machine, handing over money, or installing malware.
And we’re being tricked constantly
by AI, take the Texan restaurant with its dino croissant and photos of
Jeff Bezos at the bar. Or the scam that uses an AI replica of a loved one’s voice to trick a family
member into handing over money.
It’s hard to know what to believe
any day of the year online and so, while we used to participate in April Fools, it just hits different these
days.
Especially when things go wrong
when it comes to April Fools’ pranks. Last year a burger restaurant sent customers into a spin after sending them a fake
order confirmation email, which led to customers fearing that their accounts
had been hacked. All in good faith, but it no doubt hit a nerve for the
affected customers.
So go ahead and order your Hot Dog Sparkling Water, eat your crust only pizza,
or have a snooze in your banana sleeping bag. We love that. But as a cybersecurity
brand we want you to feel like you can trust us—every single day of the year.
If we say something is fake, then it’s fake. If we say it’s real, then it’s
real. No exceptions.
ATTACHMENT “A” – FROM ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITTANICA
APRIL
FOOLS’ DAY - SOCIAL CUSTOM
Also
known as: All Fools’ Day
This
article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen Mar 27, 2025
April
Fools’ Day, in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from
the custom of playing practical jokes on this day—for example, telling friends
that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools’ errands.
Although the day has been observed for centuries, its true origins are unknown
and effectively unknowable. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of
ancient Rome, held on March 25, and the Holi celebration in India, which ends
on March 31.
How
did April Fools' Day start?
Some
have proposed that the modern custom originated in France, officially with the
Edict of Roussillon (promulgated in August 1564), in which Charles IX decreed
that the new year would no longer begin on Easter, as had been common
throughout Christendom, but rather on January 1. Because Easter was a lunar and
therefore moveable date, those who clung to the old ways were the “April
Fools.”
Others
have suggested that the timing of the day may be related to the vernal equinox
(March 21), a time when people are fooled by sudden changes in the weather.
There
are variations between countries in the celebration of April Fools’ Day, but
all have in common an excuse to make someone play the fool. In France, for
example, the fooled person is called poisson d’avril (“April fish”), perhaps in
reference to a young fish and hence to one that is easily caught; it is common
for French children to pin a paper fish to the backs of unsuspecting friends.
In Scotland the day is Gowkie Day or Hunt the Gowk; the gowk, or cuckoo, is a
symbol of the fool. On the following day (Tailie Day) signs reading “kick me”
are pinned to friends’ backs. In many countries newspapers and the other media
participate—for example, with false headlines or news stories.
Notable
April Fools’ Day pranks
In
what may be the first televised April
Fools’ Day hoax, the BBC aired a segment in 1957 that featured
spaghetti-growing trees in Switzerland. The broadcast claimed that the dreaded
spaghetti weevil had been eradicated, leading to a bumper crop of spaghetti.
The BBC even aired clips of people “harvesting” the spaghetti. CNN later called
it “undoubtedly the biggest hoax that any reputable news establishment ever
pulled.”
The
BBC was back at it in 1965 when it interviewed a professor who had invented
“Smellovision,” a new technology that allowed for the transmission of aromas
through a television screen. Following a demonstration, numerous viewers called
the BBC to confirm that they had detected the scents.
In
1996 Taco Bell announced that it had purchased the Liberty Bell and renamed it
the Taco Liberty Bell. The restaurant chain claimed that the acquisition was to
help with the U.S. debt. (The Liberty Bell is actually owned by the city of
Philadelphia, though the National Park Service [NPS] maintains it.) The news
upset many Americans, and the NPS was forced to hold a press conference that
refuted Taco Bell’s claim.
In
1977 The Guardian newspaper printed a travel supplement on San Serriffe, an
island republic in the tropics. The text was filled with printing and
typesetting terms—from the name of the island (inspired by sans serif typeface)
to the shape of the island (a semicolon) to the island’s dictator, General M.J.
Pica (the last name was a reference to a unit of typographic measurement).
In
1992 NPR declared that Richard Nixon, who resigned as president in 1974 amid
the Watergate scandal, was entering that year’s presidential race. The radio
network said his slogan was “I never did anything wrong, and I won’t do it
again.”
The
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Table
of Contents
Introduction
Early
history
The
Great Moon Hoax, the Cardiff Giant, and P.T. Barnum
The
20th century and beyond
References
& Edit History
Related
Topics
Images
& Videos (Google website or download the article from Brittanica)
P.T.
Barnum
Know
about fake news propaganda and how to sort fake news from the real
Definition:
“hoax”
Hoax
- a falsehood generally intended to fool and to entertain. A hoax is often a
parody of some occurrence or a play upon topics that are newsworthy. Media
hoaxes are among the most common type.
Early
history
Recorded
cases of hoaxes can be found from at least the 1600s, when the nature of
information dispersal and news gathering made the creation and dissemination of
hoaxes relatively easy. In most cases, information was presented without
comment. Readers were left to determine validity on what seemed plausible to
them based on conventional wisdom, religious beliefs, or scientific discovery.
Much of what was known scientifically, however, was built upon speculation, not
upon scientific inquiry. As a result, what might be considered hoaxes based on
present understanding was simply the passing on of information. When Benjamin
Franklin, for example, reported in the October 17, 1745, edition of the
Pennsylvania Gazette that a medicine made from a substance called "Chinese
Stones" could cure rabies, cancer, and a host of other ailments,
verification of the medicine’s potency was based on personal testimony. A
letter to the Gazette the next week, however, revealed that the stones were
made from deer antlers and contained no medicinal value. Similar hoaxes passed
regularly as news stories or in advertising for patent medicine until the
creation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration curtailed many of them in the
early 20th century.
Author
Jonathan Swift used hoaxes to tell stories. Travels into Several Remote Nations
of the World (1726), more commonly known as Gulliver’s Travels, purported to be
the true story of the travels of Lemuel Gulliver. In 1708 Swift predicted the
death of a famous astrologer in an almanac using the fictitious name Isaac
Bickerstaff. On the appointed day, Swift printed a black-bordered elegy to the
astronomer. Two days later, he published a pamphlet extolling the prediction.
Swift later said that he created the hoax to discredit the man’s astrological
predictions. Swift’s hoax was set to coincide with April Fools’ Day, and ever
since the media and others have regularly created fictitious, nonharmful hoaxes
for the day.
Edgar
Allan Poe also often employed the hoax as a tool for storytelling. As editor of
the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond, Virginia, he notably published
(1835) “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall,” in which he presented
as a news account the story of a man who, he claimed, had flown in a hot-air
balloon to the Moon and stayed there for five years.
Stories
of human abnormalities and oddities regularly appeared in the 18th and 19th
centuries. In 1765 a story about the possible existence of giants swept Britain
and then the American colonies. The account, which appeared in the Maryland
Gazette, told of a tomb in France that contained “a human Skeleton entire, 25
Feet and a Half long, 10 Feet wide across the Shoulders, and five Feet deep
from the Breast Bone to the Back.”
The
Great Moon Hoax, the Cardiff Giant, and P.T. Barnum
The
bases for creating hoaxes grew tremendously in the first half of the 19th
century. In the 18th century, only two scientific societies existed in the
United States. By the 1820s, dozens operated, 26 in New York City alone. These
societies turned to the press to announce their discoveries. Twenty-four
different societies regularly published findings in journals by the mid-1820s,
and a number of these articles also appeared in newspapers.
Subject
to widespread hoax treatment were astronomical “discoveries,” and one of the
most notable was the Great Moon Hoax. In 1835 New York’s The Sun ran a series
of news accounts that falsely attributed discoveries to Sir John Herschel, the
son of Sir William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranus. A Sun reporter
alleged that the younger Herschel had observed all sorts of life on the Moon,
including winged human creatures about four feet tall, covered with short and
glossy copper-colored hair. The news accounts were widely believed, due in part
to certain truthful elements—Herschel was a noted British astronomer, and the
article referenced The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal
of Science, an actual periodical. In addition, the science of the day assumed
that extraterrestrial life existed; life on the moon was taken for granted by
many. Once the elaborate hoax was revealed, people blasted the Sun and its
owner, Benjamin Day. However, neither Day nor the Sun ever admitted that the
story was a fabrication. Indeed, Day published illustrated pamphlets on the
topic a couple of months after the story first appeared.
Perhaps
the greatest hoax in terms of human discovery occurred in 1869 with the
unearthing of the Cardiff Giant in upstate New York. Reports described the
Cardiff Giant as a complete man, “A human form of huge proportions, entirely
petrified.” The figure was approximately 10 feet (3-metres) tall, according to
a story in the Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express. In reality,
the giant was the creation of George Hull. The story was, in part, an outgrowth
of the growing debate on biblical literalism versus the evolutionary concepts
introduced by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species (1859). The discovery,
news reports said, proved Genesis 6:4, which said that at one time “the
Nephilim (giants) were on the earth.” Hull sold his giant to a group of
entrepreneurs who put it on public display. Scientists studied the remains, and
many, notably paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, determined that it was a
fraud. Despite such denunciations, throngs of people paid to see the original
Cardiff Giant, and others, including P.T. Barnum, created their own versions.
Thanks to the massive interest in the “discovery,” the Cardiff Giant has been
dubbed the greatest hoax in newspaper history.
Not
all 19th-century hoaxes were harmless. On November 9, 1874, James Gordon
Bennett, Jr., ran a story on the front page of the New York Herald saying that
animals had escaped from the city’s zoo and had killed 49 people and injured
hundreds. Many readers never finished the story, which stated at the end that
it was “pure fabrication.” Instead, people ran into the streets with guns or
fired them randomly from windows.
Advertising
in the 19th century created some of the most elaborate hoaxes, and a number of
them were the work of Barnum. In 1835 he purchased a slave named Joice Heth and
promoted her as the 161-year-old nurse of George Washington. Seven years later
Barnum presented the Feejee (or Fiji) Mermaid by tricking dozens of papers to
run stories about it simultaneously. In reality, the mermaid had been created
by sewing the tail of a fish to a monkey’s upper body. The stories tripled the
number of people who paid to visit Barnum’s New York City exhibit.
Early
in 1860 Barnum created another elaborate hoax, this one based in current
events. Just months after the release of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species,
Barnum introduced "What Is It?" Promoted as
the missing link between ape and man, the exhibit really featured one William
Henry Johnson, a native of Bound Brook, New Jersey. This so-called evolutionary
missing link became a tool in the 1860 presidential race with editorial
cartoons claiming that the election of Abraham Lincoln would ensure that an African
American would soon become president.
The
20th century and beyond
Broadcast
hoaxes have been less common than those in print. The rush to break important
information, however, ensures that some hoaxes will be broadcast. For example, on
November 5, 1991, the ABC program World News Tonight with Peter Jennings
reported the impending sale of Vladimir Lenin’s corpse in a Russian effort to
raise money. USA Today also ran the story, which was later discounted.
Internet
hoaxes are easier to create than those on traditional media as anyone can
create a webpage or post information to blogs. Countless posts on the Internet
and sent via e-mail have carried inaccurate news stories and columns, let alone
purposeful hoaxes.
Robert
Dardenne
“A”.1 MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION
Table
of Contents
Introduction
What
is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?
Mis-
and disinformation in the 21st century’s increasingly complex information
landscape
Why
people spread mis- and disinformation and why people fall for it
Free
speech and the liar’s dividend
The
emerging role of AI and what we can do in response
References
& Edit History
Misinformation
is the inadvertent spread of false information without intent to harm, while
disinformation is false information designed to mislead others and is
deliberately spread with the intent to confuse fact and fiction. Identifying
and combating the spread of mis- and disinformation is a major challenge in the
increasingly complex information landscape of the 21st century.
What
is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?
Misinformation can occur when
individuals or organizations unwittingly get the facts wrong.
Misinformation often surfaces when a breaking news story is unfolding and
details have not yet been confirmed. Another instance of misinformation is when
people share false information as a fact without thoroughly checking that the
information they are sharing is accurate. In 2018 Dictionary.com deemed
misinformation its word of the year. The term was first used in the late 16th
century. In his 1756 work, Memoirs of the King of Prussia, Part I, the English
critic Samuel Johnson employed the concept in writing about Frederick II,
stating that the king had professed himself strongly opposed to the use of
torture. However, Johnson suggested that the king was misinformed in accusing
the English of still employing torture at that time:
He
declares himself with great ardour against the use of torture; and by some
misinformation, charges the English that they still retain it.
Misinformation
can spread easily despite a lack of malicious intent. A 2018 study of Twitter
(now known as X) users by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology found that false information spreads more quickly than accurate
information. Take, for example, a rapidly spreading social media post about a
new celebrity couple that is shared repeatedly before being debunked as a
rumor, a joke, or gossip. For someone scrolling through an app, a quick “one
click” can easily share the false information, unintentionally causing the fake
claim to spread like wildfire. Even if the original post or claim is modified,
if people have already shared the information in separate posts, the
misinformation can be actively and repeatedly spread with no accountability for
those sharing the false rumor.
Misinformation
is false information spread inadvertently without intent to harm.
While
the consequences of spreading misinformation can have varying degrees of
impact, misinformation can lead to decreased trust in all information on the
Internet. In turn, this mistrust can erode democratic systems and undermine the
news ecosystem. As in the case of the common fable of the “boy who cried wolf,”
if people find that the information they consume on a common basis is often
false, it will lead them to distrust or not believe crucial and important
information that is true.
Unlike misinformation, disinformation
is false information that is designed to mislead others and is deliberately
spread with the intent to manipulate truth and facts. The term disinformation
is derived from the Russian word dezinformácija. The Russian government first
began using disinformation as a political tactic with its establishment in 1923
of a special office for the purpose of spreading false propaganda.
Disinformation did not appear in English dictionaries until the late 1980s, a
few years after the United States began responding to an international
disinformation campaign involving a fabricated September 1980 Presidential
Review Memorandum on Africa. The false document claimed that America supported
the system of apartheid in South Africa and persecuted Black Americans, accusations
that U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter could not let stand.
Everyone
is susceptible to disinformation; it is easy to spread disinformation without
ill intentions. Unlike misinformation, though, the foundation of disinformation
is malicious and deceptive. It is initially shared with the intent to mislead
even if those who subsequently share it do so unwittingly. Disinformation is
commonly shared in the form of conspiracy theories, manipulated images, and
videos or audio clips. Propaganda and disinformation often go hand in hand.
The
spread of mis- and disinformation creates challenges for society, including for
democracy. Deliberately creating and spreading disinformation has become a key
tactic for those who wish to affect elections. Elected officials, political
candidates, activists, corporations, and others acting in bad faith for their
own interest and gain can use mis- or disinformation. For example, there is a
new and widening partisan gap in approval of mail-in and absentee voting,
largely driven by misinformation related to the perceived prevalence of voter
fraud in the U.S. presidential election of 2020. Some political candidates
asserted that elections could not be trusted because of the number of votes
supposedly cast on behalf of dead people. A study by Stanford University
researchers, however, showed that instances of dead people voting were
extremely rare in recent United States elections—a mere 14 possible instances
of dead people allegedly voting out of a universe of 4.5 million voters in one
state over an eight-year period, or 0.0003 percent, not enough to make any kind
of effect on any election outcome. There are now large swaths of the American
electorate who do not trust that U.S. elections are free, fair, and secure.
Throughout 2020 and 2021, bad actors leveraged these claims to generate
campaign funds and interest in future campaigns by connecting past
disinformation narratives to new incidents.
Mis-
and disinformation about health became a major issue during the COVID-19
pandemic. With many people confused and concerned about the risks related to
COVID-19, a relatively small group of people began pushing a wide variety of
misinformation about untested cures and treatments and later risks related to
the COVID-19 vaccines, as well as disinformation and conspiracy theories about
the virus’s origins. These claims circulated widely online before being
amplified by mainstream political and cultural commentators around the world.
Like many instances of viral misinformation, these groups took advantage of an
information vacuum that formed as many governments were still actively working
to understand and communicate the disease’s risks.
The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the agency responsible for
coordinating the United States’ response to pandemics and other disease events,
acknowledged in its own 2022 internal review that it made messaging missteps
that left people feeling “overwhelmed and confused.” One effect of this
confusion was a lower likelihood of people getting vaccinated in the United
States than in other wealthy countries, leading to deaths that might have been
prevented if the misinformation had not spread. A Journal of American Medical
Association (JAMA) 2023 study found that one-third of COVID-19 deaths in the United
States could have been prevented by following public health recommendations.
Mis- and disinformation can lead to severe health consequences and even
contribute to a higher likelihood of someone dying from a disease, such as
COVID-19. This risk is ongoing.
Mis-
and disinformation in the 21st century’s increasingly complex information
landscape
While
not a new problem, the emergence of our hyper-networked media ecosystem has
accelerated the spread of mis- and disinformation. Prior to the Internet, mobile
technologies, and social media platforms, people often relied on widely trusted
sources such as local and regional media, national publications, and nightly
broadcast news programs to receive information. Today we are hyperconnected.
From Snapchat articles that resemble salacious clickbait content to
microblogging posts on X, TikTok videos, and Instagram infographics, anyone
with a digital device holds the power to disseminate news and information. When
consuming information this way, it can be hard to track claims to their
original source or verify whether the information is based on fact.
At
the same time, information shared online is often free to consume, unlike
fact-based articles and stories that trusted news sources publish. Today people
are more reluctant to pay for news, as they can source what they perceive as
quality information online. This dynamic has significantly impacted local news
outlets—the most trusted source of news across all political affiliations.
Partly as a consequence, local news outlets are shutting down, decreasing their
workforce, or being bought out by corporate companies.
Bad
actors have leveraged this new information ecosystem by deliberately spreading
disinformation to influence public opinion regarding vaccines, the COVID-19
pandemic, international affairs, political candidates, U.S. democracy, and
other critical topics. These attempts at sowing distrust in our institutions
have fueled vaccine hesitancy and skepticism, leading to major public health
challenges. Disinformation has contributed to a rise of hate speech and
political violence and initiated a revolving cycle of voter challenges and the
introduction of voter suppression laws that have made it harder for
voters—particularly older voters, voters of color, and voters with
disabilities—to participate in democracy.
Some
experts have warned that the rampant spread of mis- and disinformation has
contributed to what they call a “post-truth” society, defined by Oxford
Dictionaries as “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts
are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and
personal belief.” While media literacy skills can help people critically assess
the accuracy of information, this influx of false information, matched with
cognitive tendencies, is what drives sustainable false narratives. Research in
cognitive science shows that when people repeatedly see or hear fabricated
information, it can significantly distort their beliefs, even after being
debunked. This is especially true if viewers see the information as novel,
surprising, unique, or out of the ordinary.
WHY
PEOPLE SPREAD MIS- AND DISINFORMATION AND WHY PEOPLE FALL FOR IT
A
2022 Nature Reviews Psychology study, “The Psychological Drivers of Misinformation
Belief and Its Resistance to Correction,” found that mental shortcuts,
motivated reasoning, and emotional influences allow misinformation to take hold
and persist despite counters to its validity. Research also suggests that
people latch onto information that aligns with their existing worldview or
beliefs, whether or not that information is true. Political partisanship and
personal views skew perceptions of what some accept as truth, and our emotions
also affect our judgment—both the emotions that a claim evokes and one’s own
emotional state when receiving the information. People also sometimes spread
mis- and disinformation simply to connect with other people, especially during
periods of cognitive decline. Sometimes even the most salacious of untrue
statements leads to more clicks and likes online, providing a positive feedback
loop for the person spreading the misinformation.
Content
including mis- and disinformation that invokes fear, anger, or positive
emotions can increase gullibility and belief. This fact explains how the spread
and amplification of mis- and disinformation can worsen over time. The
algorithms that power social media platforms are designed to generate
engagement. When a social media user engages with mis- and disinformation
online, social media algorithms may continue to promote similar false
narratives to keep the user engaged on its platform. This feedback loop can
accelerate the speed at which mis- and disinformation spreads—not just by
malign actors or audiences primed for false information but also by individuals
and media who inadvertently amplify it in an effort to debunk it.
Provocateurs
spread disinformation for different reasons (political, financial, ideological,
and so forth), but they share a common goal, which is to see their false
narratives reach a wide audience. Oftentimes, this extended reach occurs
through mention of the misleading information via the mainstream media. The
media’s efforts to expose and counter online mis- and disinformation can end up
having the opposite effect—amplifying its reach and adding to its legitimacy.
Researchers have found that amplification, or giving any attention to false
content, can provide oxygen to the fire of mis- and disinformation. A 2018
Journal of Experimental Psychology study on the “perceived accuracy of fake
news” found that even corrections to mis- and disinformation can often fail to
fully erase reliance on false information because of continued influence
effects. Mis- and disinformation also persist in memory and compete with
corrections during reasoning, even when people recall and accept corrections.
Free
speech and the liar’s dividend
One
of the biggest challenges related to addressing mis- and disinformation is the
risks related to people’s right to free speech (or free expression). Another
big concern is the phenomenon
of the “liar’s dividend,” which is when bad actors use the threat of
mis- and disinformation to delegitimize real facts and information.
In
the United States, people have a right to freedom of speech under the First
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Though it is a complicated topic, this
right generally allows people to express opinions and ideas, even if they are
not true, with very limited government restrictions and exceptions. There have
been instances in countries without freedom of speech where governments have
used threats of misinformation to retaliate against political opponents. For
this reason, many are careful to avoid even the appearance of curtailing
someone’s right to free speech so as to not be accused of political
interference.
The
liar’s dividend refers to cases where people will claim that real information
is mis- and disinformation. This approach has the benefit of muddying the
waters so that people, especially those who traffic in misinformation, are able
to evade or blunt scrutiny embedded in accurate words or actions that are then
not believed by others. Here is how it works: in a world in which information
can easily be falsified, a politician might claim that they did not do or say
what they in fact did or said. The mistrust in the mainstream news media, for
instance, allows political actors around the world to evade or blunt legitimate
scrutiny of their words, decisions, or actions. The liar’s dividend pays off for
those who sow mistrust and then use that same mistrust to their own advantage.
The
emerging role of AI and what we can do in response
New
tactics are under development to undermine confidence in elections and exploit
information gaps using machine learning, a key form of artificial intelligence
(AI). While the sharing of false information, regardless of nefarious intent,
has always been a part of political campaigns, the rise of AI has allowed for
new forms of information manipulation and presents new potential for false
claims to mislead voters. One type of artificially generated mis- or
disinformation is the deepfake—a picture, video, or audio clip that is created
or digitally altered to deceive an audience. The expansion of AI also allows
bad actors to refine existing voter suppression tactics, such as mass voter
challenges, records requests, and flat-out election denialism. These efforts,
particularly as they relate to U.S. democracy, are often aimed at harming
communities of color and vulnerable groups, such as older adults and people
with disabilities, attempting to scare or dissuade them from voting or tapping
into deep political fears and spreading false information about specific
candidates to sway their opinion—and, ultimately, their votes. During the
lead-up to the U.S. presidential election of 2024, experts and organizations
that are focused on protecting voters from disinformation anticipate
encountering the same disinformation trends (such as inaccurate polling
locations, falsehoods about voting machines and mail-in ballots, and
misrepresentation of candidate positions) that were thrust into the mainstream
during the 2020 and 2022 election cycles. Those experts also warn that the 2024
cycle could see more sophisticated disinformation campaigns and tactics at a
much larger scale than in recent elections.
Others
are working on long-term efforts to build trust and faith in elections and the
general democratic process by developing news and media literacy for students,
starting in elementary school and continuing through high school. Efforts that
are well underway to develop media literacy standards in schools will help
people from a young age learn to flag and address mis- and disinformation. In
2021 Illinois became the first state in the country to require all public high
schools to have a news literacy course to ensure that students are equipped to
deal with the increasing amount of false or fabricated information online.
Media
Literacy 101: Mis- and Disinformation Checklist
When
you see information presented as fact online, always pause to check its
veracity.
If
you are not sure whether the information you are seeing is true, look for
trusted leaders and national or local news sources to see whether they are reporting
or sharing the same information.
Check
the author by doing a quick search to validate his or her credibility and
existence. This is especially important when consuming information on X,
because the platform has made it more difficult to verify individual profiles
and has even removed verification for some—including people, organizations,
news sites, and corporate companies—unless they pay to maintain their
verification badges.
If
you are still not sure, do not engage or share the content until you receive
more information to verify a claim.
Satire
is a particularly challenging example of the line between misinformation and
legitimate expression. If a posting you read online is too outlandish, it is possible
that it is being shared as a joke or commentary. This is common with satire
outlets, such as The Onion. While this content is not always considered
disinformation, it can still impact perceptions of reality without proper due
diligence. Above all, when you see mis- and disinformation, avoid amplifying
it. Do not name peddlers of disinformation or use language that furthers their
narrative—even in an effort to debunk it. Many people think that resharing a
post with disinformation on social media to debunk or counter that false
information is helpful, but, in general, that only leads to it being spread
further. Instead of sharing false online information, share as much truthful
information as you can to drown out the disinformation and fill online data
voids.
Misinformation
and disinformation in our highly networked world will continue to present
challenges in fields as diverse as public health, international relations, and
even celebrity culture. These issues raise fundamental questions about people’s
right to free expression that must be carefully considered while also
addressing the harmful impact that mis- and disinformation have on democracy.
John
Palfrey
CONSPIRACY
THEORY
Table
of Contents
Introduction
Effects
of belief in conspiracy theories
Explanations
of conspiracy theories
Disproving
conspiracies
.
Last
Updated: Feb 12, 2025 • Article History
Related
Topics: persuasion replacement theory flat Earth false flag birther movement
conspiracy
theory, an attempt to explain harmful or tragic events as the result of the
actions of a small powerful group. Such explanations reject the accepted
narrative surrounding those events; indeed, the official version may be seen as
further proof of the conspiracy.
Conspiracy
theories increase in prevalence in periods of widespread anxiety, uncertainty,
or hardship, as during wars and economic depressions and in the aftermath of
natural disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, and pandemics. This fact is
evidenced by the profusion of conspiracy theories that emerged in the wake of
the September 11 attacks in 2001 and by the more than 2,000 volumes on U.S.
Pres. John F. Kennedy’s assassination. This suggests that conspiratorial
thinking is driven by a strong human desire to make sense of social forces that
are self-relevant, important, and threatening.
The
content of conspiracy theories is emotionally laden and its alleged discovery
can be gratifying. The evidentiary standards for corroborating conspiracy
theories are typically weak, and they are usually resistant to falsification.
The survivability of conspiracy theories may be aided by psychological biases
and by distrust of official sources.
Effects
of belief in conspiracy theories
Exposure
to media that endorse conspiracies increases belief. There is evidence that
viewing the Oliver Stone movie JFK (1991) increased belief in a conspiracy to
assassinate Kennedy and decreased belief in the official account that Lee
Harvey Oswald acted alone. A further outcome was that, compared with people who
were about to view the movie, those who had seen it expressed less interest in
political participation. It may be that distrust of those in power predicts and
is caused by belief in government conspiracies.
Researchers
have investigated belief in AIDS conspiracies—the belief that AIDS was created
by the U.S. government to kill homosexuals and African Americans—and attitudes
toward condom use. This research has shown that the more strongly African
American males believe in this conspiracy, the less favourable their attitudes
toward condom use are, and in turn the less likely they are to use condoms.
There is also evidence that these beliefs lead to distrust of research
institutions and are a significant barrier to getting African Americans to
participate in AIDS clinical trials.
Such
distrust did not develop in a vacuum. Starting in 1932 and continuing for 40
years, the U.S. Public Health Service working with the Tuskegee Institute
studied the effect of syphilis on 399 African American men. The researchers
conducting the Tuskegee syphilis study withheld treatment and allowed more than
100 men to die, despite the discovery of penicillin as a standard cure in 1947.
It is clearly worth noting that governments do at least occasionally conspire
against their own citizens.
Explanations
of conspiracy theories
American
historian Richard Hofstadter explored the emergence of conspiracy theorizing by
proposing a consensus view of democracy. Competing groups would represent the
interests of individuals, but they would do so within a political system that
everyone agreed would frame the bounds of conflict. For Hofstadter, those who
felt unable to channel their political interests into representative groups
would become alienated from this system. These individuals would not accept the
statements of opposition parties as representing a fair disagreement; rather,
differences in views would be regarded with deep suspicion. Such alienated
people would develop a paranoid fear of conspiracy, thus making them vulnerable
to charismatic rather than practical and rational leadership. This would
undermine democracy and lead to totalitarian rule.
In
The Paranoid Style in American Politics (1965), Hofstadter proposed that this
is not an individual pathology but instead originates in social conflict that
raises fears and anxieties, which leads to status struggles between opposed
groups. The resulting conspiracy theorizing derives from a collective sense of
threat to one’s group, culture, way of life, and so on. Extremists at either
end of the political spectrum could be expected to develop a paranoid style. On
the right, McCarthyism promoted paranoid notions of communist infiltration of
American institutions; QAnon, popular among fanatical supporters of U.S. Pres.
Donald Trump (2017–21), alleged that prominent Democrats were part of an
international cabal of Satan-worshipping pedophiles, cannibals, and child
murderers; and replacement theory claimed that prominent Democrats and other
elites were attempting to replace America’s white population with nonwhite
immigrants. On the left was the belief that the terrorist attacks of September
11, 2001, were an “inside job” perpetrated by government and corporate
interests. Hofstadter’s approach is notable because it places the root of
conspiracies in intergroup processes, which means that his theory can account
for the ebb and flow of conspiracy theories over time.
Disproving
conspiracies
A
1995 study by American psychologist John McHoskey attempted to provide an
explanation for the difficulty of falsifying conspiracy theories. McHoskey gave
advocates and opponents of the Kennedy conspiracy a balanced description of
arguments for and against a conspiracy to assassinate the president. McHoskey’s
prediction was that those who favoured and those who opposed the conspiracy
theory would both regard that very same statement as evidence in favour of
their position. McHoskey believed that this would occur because proponents on
both sides engaged in biased assimilation, whereby information that supports
one’s position is uncritically accepted, whereas contrary information is
scrutinized and discredited. Further, because of attitude polarization, when
people encounter ambiguous information, they tend to endorse their original
position even more strongly than they did prior to encountering the
information. This proved to be the case for both advocates and opponents of the
Kennedy conspiracy.
Australian
philosopher Steve Clarke proposed that conspiratorial thinking is maintained by
the fundamental attribution error, which states that people overestimate the
importance of dispositions—such as individual motivations or personality
traits—while underestimating the importance of situational factors—such as
random chance and social norms—in explaining the behaviour of others. Clarke
observed that this error is typical of conspiratorial thinking. People maintain
adherence to their conspiratorial beliefs because to dispense with the
conspiracy would be to discount human motives in events. Clarke further
suggested that the ultimate reason people make the fundamental attribution
error is because they have evolved to do so. Humans evolved in tightly knit
groups where understanding the motives of others was critical for the detection
of malevolent intentions. The cost of making an error in identifying others’
insidious motives was small relative to the cost of not identifying such
motives. Clarke proposed that people are psychologically attuned to discount
situational factors over dispositional factors in explaining others’ behaviour.
Scott
A. Reid
The
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
PROPAGANDA
Table
of Contents
Introduction
& Top Questions
Propaganda
and related concepts
Evolution
of the theory of propaganda
The
components of propaganda
Social
control of propaganda
References
& Edit History
Last
Updated: Feb 21, 2025 •
Key
People: Kim Yo-Jong Adolf Hitler Germaine de Staël Joseph Goebbels Alfred
Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe
Related
Topics: sportswashing agitprop big lie propagandistic art canard
Top
Questions
What
is propaganda?
When
was propaganda first used?
Where
is propaganda used?
News
• Humiliation as Propaganda: Videos of Shackled Detainees Have History in El
Salvador • Mar. 20, 2025, 5:47 AM ET (New York Times)
Know
about fake news propaganda and how to sort fake news from the real
Know
about fake news propaganda and how to sort fake news from the realFake news:
learn what it is and how to cope with it.
Propaganda
is the more or less systematic effort to manipulate other people’s beliefs,
attitudes, or actions by means of symbols (words, gestures, banners, monuments,
music, clothing, insignia, hairstyles, designs on coins and postage stamps, and
so forth). Deliberateness and a relatively heavy emphasis on manipulation
distinguish propaganda from casual conversation or the free and easy exchange
of ideas. Propagandists have a specified goal or set of goals. To achieve
these, they deliberately select facts, arguments, and displays of symbols and
present them in ways they think will have the most effect. To maximize effect,
they may omit or distort pertinent facts or simply lie, and they may try to
divert the attention of the reactors (the people they are trying to sway) from
everything but their own propaganda.
Comparatively
deliberate selectivity and manipulation also distinguish propaganda from
education. Educators try to present various sides of an issue—the grounds for doubting
as well as the grounds for believing the statements they make, and the
disadvantages as well as the advantages of every conceivable course of action.
Education aims to induce reactors to collect and evaluate evidence for
themselves and assists them in learning the techniques for doing so. It must be
noted, however, that some propagandists may look upon themselves as educators
and may believe that they are uttering the purest truth, that they are
emphasizing or distorting certain aspects of the truth only to make a valid
message more persuasive, or that the courses of action that they recommend are
in fact the best actions that the reactor could take. By the same token, the
reactor who regards the propagandist’s message as self-evident truth may think
of it as educational; this often seems to be the case with “true
believers”—dogmatic reactors to dogmatic religious, social, or political
propaganda. “Education” for one person may be “propaganda” for another.
Propaganda
and related concepts
Connotations
of the term propaganda
The
word propaganda itself, as used in recent centuries, apparently derives from
the title and work of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for
Propagation of the Faith), an organization of Roman Catholic cardinals founded
in 1622 to carry on missionary work. To many Roman Catholics the word may
therefore have, at least in missionary or ecclesiastical terms, a highly
respectable connotation. But even to these persons, and certainly to many
others, the term is often a pejorative one tending to connote such things as
the discredited atrocity stories and deceptively stated war aims of World Wars
I and II, the operations of the Nazis’ Ministry of Public Enlightenment and
Propaganda, and the broken campaign promises of a thousand politicians. Also,
it is reminiscent of countless instances of false and misleading advertising
(especially in countries using Latin languages, in which propagande commerciale
or some equivalent is a common term for commercial advertising).
Vladimir
Lenin
To
informed students of the history of communism, the term propaganda has yet
another connotation, associated with the term agitation. The two terms were
first used by the Russian theorist of Marxism Georgy Plekhanov and later
elaborated upon by Vladimir Ilich Lenin in a pamphlet What Is to Be Done?
(1902), in which he defined “propaganda” as the reasoned use of historical and
scientific arguments to indoctrinate the educated and enlightened (the
attentive and informed publics, in the language of today’s social sciences); he
defined “agitation” as the use of slogans, parables, and half-truths to exploit
the grievances of the uneducated and the unreasonable. Since he regarded both
strategies as absolutely essential to political victory, he combined them in
the term agitprop. Every unit of historical communist parties had an agitprop
section, and to the communist the use of propaganda in Lenin’s sense was
commendable and honest. Thus, a standard Soviet manual for teachers of social
sciences was entitled Propagandistu politekonomii (For the Propagandist of
Political Economy), and a pocket-sized booklet issued weekly to suggest timely
slogans and brief arguments to be used in speeches and conversations among the
masses was called Bloknot agitatora (The Agitator’s Notebook).
Related
terms
Related
to the general sense of propaganda is the concept of “propaganda of the deed.”
This denotes taking nonsymbolic action (such as economic or coercive action),
not for its direct effects but for its possible propagandistic effects.
Examples of propaganda of the deed would include staging an atomic “test” or
the public torture of a criminal for its presumable deterrent effect on others,
or giving foreign “economic aid” primarily to influence the recipient’s opinions
or actions and without much intention of building up the recipient’s economy.
Distinctions
are sometimes made between overt propaganda, in which the propagandists and
perhaps their backers are made known to the reactors, and covert propaganda, in
which the sources are secret or disguised. Covert propaganda might include such
things as political advertisements that are unsigned or signed with false
names, clandestine radio stations using false names, and statements by editors,
politicians, or others who have been secretly bribed by governments, political
backers, or business firms. Sophisticated diplomatic negotiation, legal
argument, collective bargaining, commercial advertising, and political
campaigns are of course quite likely to include considerable amounts of both
overt and covert propaganda, accompanied by propaganda of the deed.
Another
term related to propaganda is psychological warfare (sometimes abbreviated to
psychwar), which is the prewar or wartime use of propaganda directed primarily
at confusing or demoralizing enemy populations or troops, putting them off
guard in the face of coming attacks, or inducing them to surrender. The related
concept of political warfare encompasses the use of propaganda, among many
other techniques, during peacetime to intensify social and political divisions
and to sow confusion within the societies of adversary states.
Still
another related concept is that of brainwashing. The term usually means
intensive political indoctrination. It may involve long political lectures or
discussions, long compulsory reading assignments, and so forth, sometimes in
conjunction with efforts to reduce the reactor’s resistance by exhausting him
either physically through torture, overwork, or denial of sleep or
psychologically through solitary confinement, threats, emotionally disturbing
confrontations with interrogators or defected comrades, humiliation in front of
fellow citizens, and the like. The term brainwashing was widely used in
sensational journalism to refer to such activities (and to many other
activities) as they were allegedly conducted by Maoists in China and elsewhere.
Another
related word, advertising, has mainly commercial connotations, though it need
not be restricted to this; political candidates, party programs, and positions
on political issues may be “packaged” and “marketed” by advertising firms. The
words promotion and public relations have wider, vaguer connotations and are
often used to avoid the implications of “advertising” or “propaganda.”
“Publicity” and “publicism” often imply merely making a subject known to a
public, without educational, propagandistic, or commercial intent.
Signs,
symbols, and media used in contemporary propaganda
Contemporary
propagandists with money and imagination can use a very wide range of signs,
symbols, and media to convey their messages. Signs are simply
stimuli—“information bits” capable of stimulating, in some way, the human
organism. These include sounds, such as words, music, or a 21-gun salvo;
gestures (a military salute, a thumbed nose); postures (a weary slump, folded
arms, a sit-down, an aristocratic bearing); structures (a monument, a
building); items of clothing (a uniform, a civilian suit); visual signs (a
poster, a flag, a picket sign, a badge, a printed page, a commemorative postage
stamp, a swastika scrawled on a wall); and so on and on.
A
symbol is a sign having a particular meaning for a given reactor. Two or more
reactors may of course attach quite different meanings to the same symbol.
Thus, to Nazis the swastika was a symbol of racial superiority and the crushing
military might of the German Volk; to some Asiatic and North American peoples
it is a symbol of universal peace and happiness. Some Christians who find a
cross reassuring may find a hammer and sickle displeasing and may derive no
religious satisfaction at all from a Muslim crescent, a Hindu cow, or a
Buddhist lotus.
The
contemporary propagandist can employ elaborate social-scientific research
facilities, unknown in previous epochs, to conduct opinion surveys and
psychological interviews in efforts to learn the symbolic meanings of given
signs for given reactors around the world and to discover what signs leave
given reactors indifferent because, to them, these signs are without meaning.
Media
are the means—the channels—used to convey signs and symbols to the intended
reactor or reactors. A comprehensive inventory of media used in 20th- and
21st-century propaganda could cover many pages. Electronic media include
e-mail, blogs, Web- or application (app)-based social networking platforms such
as Facebook and Twitter, and electronic versions of originally printed media
such as newspapers, magazines, and books. Printed media include, in addition to
those just mentioned, letters, handbills, posters, billboards, and handwriting
on walls and streets. Among audiovisual media, the Internet and television may
be the most powerful for many purposes. Both can convey a great many types of
signs simultaneously; they can gain heavy impact from mutually reinforcing gestures,
words, postures, and sounds and a background of symbolically significant
leaders, celebrities, historic settings, architectures, flags, music, placards,
maps, uniforms, insignia, cheering or jeering mobs or studio audiences, and
staged assemblies of prestigious or powerful people. Other audiovisual media
include public speakers, movies, theatrical productions, marching bands, mass
demonstrations, picketing, face-to-face conversations between individuals, and
“talking” exhibits at fairs, expositions, and art shows.
The
larger the propaganda enterprise, the more important are such mass media as the
Internet and television and also the organizational media—that is, pressure
groups set up under leaders and technicians who are skilled in using many sorts
of signs and media to convey messages to particular reactors. Vast systems of
diverse organizations can be established in the hope of reaching leaders and
followers of all groups (organized and unorganized) in a given area, such as a
city, region, nation or coalition of nations, or the entire world. Pressure
organizations are especially necessary, for example, in closely fought sales
campaigns or political elections, especially in socially heterogeneous areas
that have extremely divergent regional traditions, ethnic and linguistic
backgrounds, and educational levels and very unequal income distributions.
Diversities of these sorts make it necessary for products to be marketed in
local terms and for political candidates to appear to be friends of each of perhaps
a dozen or more mutually hostile ethnic groups, of the educated and the
uneducated, and of the very wealthy as well as the poverty-stricken.
Evolution
of the theory of propaganda
Early
commentators and theories
The
archaeological remains of ancient civilizations indicate that dazzling clothing
and palaces, impressive statues and temples, magic tokens and insignia, and
elaborate legal and religious arguments have been used for thousands of years,
presumably to convince the common people of the purported greatness and
supernatural prowess of kings and priests. Instructive legends and parables,
easily memorized proverbs and lists of commandments—such as the Ten
Commandments of Judaism and Christianity and the Hindu Manu-smriti (Laws of
Manu)—and highly selective chronicles of rulers’ achievements have been used to
enlist mass support for particular social and religious systems. Very probably,
much of what was said in antiquity was sincere, in the sense that the
underlying religious and social assumptions were so fully accepted that the
warlords’ spokespersons, the pharaohs’ priests, and their audiences believed
all or most of what was communicated and hence did not deliberate or theorize
very much about alternative arguments or means of persuasion.
The
systematic, detached, and deliberate analysis of propaganda—in the West, at
least—may have begun in Athens about 500 bce, as the study of rhetoric (Greek:
“the technique of orators”). The tricks of using sonorous and solemn language,
carefully gauged humour, artful congeniality, appropriate mixtures of logical
and illogical argument, and flattery of a jury or a mob were formulated from
the actual practices of successful lawyers, demagogues, and politicians.
Relatively ethical teachers such as Isocrates, Plato, and Aristotle compiled
rules of rhetoric (1) to make their own arguments and those of their students
more persuasive and (2) to design counterpropaganda against opponents and also
(3) to teach their students how to detect the logical fallacies and emotional
appeals of demagogues.
Early
students of rhetoric also examined what contemporary analysts would call the
problem of source credibility—what speakers can say or do to convince their
hearers that they are telling the truth, are well-intentioned, are public-spirited,
and so forth. For example, an Athenian lawyer defending an undersized man on
trial for murder might instruct him to say to a jury: “Is it likely that an
undersized man like me, so often ridiculed for being clumsy with a sword, would
have attacked and killed this very tall war veteran who is famous everywhere
for his swordsmanship?” But a tall and strong defendant might be told to invert
the plea: “Would any man of my unusual height, who is rather well known to have
slain 300 Persians in sword fights, have allowed himself to be drawn into a
quarrel with this puny man—knowing full well that a jury of reasonable
Athenians would be inclined from the start to hold me guilty if someone killed
him?” So well did Greek rhetoricians analyze the arts of legal sophistry and
political demagoguery that their efforts were imitated and further developed in
Rome by such figures as Cicero and Quintilian. Aristotle’s Rhetoric and similar
works by others have, indeed, served as model texts for Western scholars and
students from antiquity to the present day.
There
have been similar lines of thought in other major civilizations. The Buddha in
ancient India and Confucius in ancient China, both advocated, much as Plato
had, the use of truthfulness, “good” rhetoric, and “proper” forms of speech and
writing as means of persuading people, by both precept and example, to live the
good life. In the 4th century bce in India, Kautilya, a Brahman believed to
have been chief minister to the emperor Chandragupta, reputedly wrote the
Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a book of advice for rulers
that has often been compared with Plato’s Republic and Niccolò Machiavelli’s
much later work The Prince (1513). Kautilya discussed, in some detail, the use
of psychological warfare, both overt and clandestine, in efforts to disrupt an
enemy’s army and capture his capital. Overtly, he said, the propagandists of a
king should proclaim that he can do magic, that God and the wisest men are on
his side, and that all who support his war aims will reap benefits. Covertly,
his agents should infiltrate his enemies’ and potential enemies’ kingdoms,
spreading defeatism and misleading news among their people, especially in
capital cities, among leaders, and among the armed forces. In particular, a
king should employ only Brahmans, unquestionably the holiest and wisest of men,
as propagandists and diplomatic negotiators. These morally irreproachable
experts should cultivate the goodwill of their king’s friends, and of friends
of his friends, and also should woo the enemies of his enemies. A king should
not hesitate, however, to break any friendships or alliances that are later
found to be disadvantageous.
Similar
advice is found in Bingfa (The Art of War) by the Chinese theorist Sunzi, who
wrote at about the same time. “All warfare,” he said, “is based on deception.
Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must
seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe that we are far
away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to
entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.”
The
spread of all complex political systems and religions probably has been very
largely due to a combination of earnest conviction and the deliberate use of
propaganda. This mixture can be detected in the recasting in various times and
places of the legends of the messiah in Christianity and Judaism, of heroes of
the Hindu Mahabharata, of the Buddha, of the ancestral Japanese sun goddess, of
the lives of Muhammad and his relatives, of the Christian saints, of such
Marxist heroes as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Ilich Lenin, and Joseph
Stalin, and even in the story of George Washington and the cherry tree.
Scattered
and sometimes enlightening comment on political and religious propaganda has
occurred in all major civilizations. In ancient Greece and Rome there was much
writing on election tactics. In 16th-century Italy, Machiavelli discussed, very
much like Kautilya and Sunzi, the uses of calculated piety and duplicity in
peace and war. In Shakespeare’s plays, Mark Antony (in Julius Caesar) and the
Duke of Buckingham (Richard III) display the principles of propaganda and
discuss them in words and concepts that anticipate 20th-century behavioral
scientists. They refer to such propaganda stratagems as the seizure and
monopolization of propaganda initiatives, the displacement of guilt onto others
(scapegoating), the presentation of oneself as morally superior, and the
coordination of propaganda with violence and bribery.
Modern
research and the evolution of current theories
After
the decline of the ancient world, no elaborate systematic study of propaganda
appeared for centuries—not until the Industrial Revolution had brought about
mass production and raised hopes of immensely high profits through mass
marketing. Near the beginning of the 20th century, researchers began to
undertake studies of the motivations of many types of consumers and of their
responses to various kinds of salesmanship, advertising, and other marketing
techniques. From the early 1930s on, there have been “consumer surveys” much in
the manner of public opinion surveys. Almost every conceivable variable
affecting consumers’ opinions, beliefs, suggestibilities, and behaviour has
been investigated for every kind of group, subgroup, and culture in the major
capitalist nations. Consumers’ wants and habits were studied for a limited time
in the same ways in the socialist countries—partly to promote economic
efficiency and partly to prevent political unrest. Data on the wants and habits
of voters as well as consumers are now being gathered in the same elaborate
ways in many parts of the world. Beginning in the early 21st century, many Web
sites (especially social networking platforms) and Internet service providers,
as well as thousands of applications developed for use with browsers and
smartphones, collected massive amounts of personal data about the consumers who
used them, generally without their informed consent. Such data potentially
included consumers’ ages, genders, marital status, medical histories,
employment histories and other financial information, personal and professional
interests, political affiliations and opinions, and even geographic locations
on a minute-by-minute basis. The collected data was then sold to information or
data brokers, who aggregated it and sold it to advertising firms, who in turn
used it to identify potential customers for their corporate clients and to make
their commercial messages more effective.
Large
quantities of such information were also collected about voters and drawn upon
for nationwide political advertising campaigns costing billions of dollars
annually. Such messages have taken up a high percentage of advertising space or
time on social networking platforms and other popular Web sites, in newspapers
and magazines (both electronic and printed), and on radio and television.
Critics have argued that advertising expenditures on such a scale, whether for
deodorants or presidents, tend to waste society’s resources and also to
preclude effective competition by rival producers or politicians who cannot
raise equally large amounts of money. A rising tide of consumer resistance and
voter skepticism has led to various attempts at consumer education, voter
education, counterpropaganda, and proposals for regulatory legislation. Most
such proposals in the United States have been unavailing.
As
far back as the early 1920s, there developed an awareness among many social
critics that the extension of the vote and of enlarged purchasing power to more
and more of the ignorant or ill-educated meant larger and larger opportunities
for both demagogic and public-spirited propagandists to make headway by using
fictions and myths, utopian appeals, and “the noble lie.” Interest was aroused
not only by the lingering horror of World War I and of the postwar settlements
but also by publication of Ivan Pavlov’s experiments on conditioned reflexes
and of analyses of human motivations by various psychoanalysts. Sigmund Freud’s
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1922) was particularly relevant
to the study of leaders, propagandists, and followers, as were Walter
Lippmann’s Public Opinion (1922) and The Phantom Public (1925).
In
1927, an American political scientist, Harold D. Lasswell, published a
now-famous book, Propaganda Technique in the World War, a dispassionate
description and analysis of the massive propaganda campaigns conducted by all
the major belligerents in World War I. This he followed with studies of
communist propaganda and of many other forms of communication. Within a few
years, a great many other social scientists, along with historians,
journalists, and psychologists, were producing a wide variety of publications
purporting to analyze military, political, and commercial propaganda of many
types. During the Nazi period and during World War II and the subsequent Cold
War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, a great many researchers and
writers, both skilled and unskilled, scholarly and unscholarly, were employed
by governments, political movements, and business firms to conduct propaganda.
Some of those who had scientific training designed very carefully controlled
experiments or intelligence operations, attempting to quantify data on appeals
of various types of propaganda to given reactors.
In
the course of this theory building and research, the study of propaganda
advanced a long way on the road from lore to science. By the second half of the
20th century, several hundred more or less scholarly books and thousands of
articles had shed substantial light on the psychology, techniques, and effects
of propaganda campaigns, major and minor.
Eventually
nearly every significant government, political party, interest group, social movement,
and large business firm in the advanced countries developed its own corps of
specialized researchers, propagandists, or “opinion managers” (sometimes
referred to as information specialists, lobbyists, legislative representatives,
or vice presidents in charge of public relations). Some have become members of
parliaments, cabinets, and corporate boards of directors. The most expert among
them sometimes are highly skilled or trained, or both, in history, psychiatry,
politics, social psychology, survey research, and statistical inference.
Many
of the bigger and wealthier propaganda agencies conduct (overtly and covertly)
elaborate observations and opinion surveys, among samples of the leaders, the
middle strata, and the rank and file of all social groups, big and little, whom
they hope to influence. They tabulate many kinds of data concerning those
contents of the Internet, the press, films, television, and organizational
media that reach given groups. They chart the responses of reactors, through time,
by statistical formulas. They conduct “symbol campaigns” and “image-building”
operations with mathematical calculation, using large quantities of data. To
the ancient art of rhetoric, the “technique of orators,” have been added the
techniques of the psychopolitical analyst and the media specialist and the
know-how of the administrators of giant advertising agencies, public relations
firms, and governmental ministries of information that employ armies of
analytic specialists and “symbol-handlers.”
It
is a commonplace among the highly educated that people in the mass—and even
people on high educational and social levels—often react more favourably to
utopian myths, wishful thinking, and nonrational residues of earlier
experiences than they do to the sober analysis of facts. Unfortunately, average
citizens who may be aware of being duped are not likely to have enough
education, time, or economic means to defend themselves against the massive
organizations of opinion managers and hidden persuaders. Indeed, to affect them
they would have to act through large organizations themselves and to use, to
some extent, the very means used by those they seek to control. The still
greater “curse of bigness” that may evolve in the future is viewed with
increasing concern by many politically conscious people.
The
components of propaganda
Contemporary
propagandists employing behavioral theory tend to analyze their problem in
terms of at least 10 questions:
1.
What are the goals of the propaganda? (What changes are to be brought about? In
whom? And when?)
2.
What are the present and expected conditions in the world social system?
3.
What are the present and expected conditions in each of the subsystems of the
world social system (such as international regions, nations, lesser
territories, interest groups)?
4.
Who should distribute the propaganda—the propagandists or their agents?
5.
What symbols should be used?
6.
What media should be used?
7.
Which reactors should the propaganda be aimed at?
8.
How can the effects of the propaganda be measured?
9.
By what countermeasures can opponents neutralize or suppress the propaganda?
10.
How can such countermeasures be measured and dealt with?
In
the present state of social science, this 10-part problem can be solved with
only moderate confidence with respect to any really major propaganda campaign,
even if one has a great deal of money for research. Yet if propagandists are to
proceed as rationally as possible, they need the best answers that are
available.
Goals
Goals
are fairly easy to define if propagandists simply want to sell a relatively
safe, useful, and simple good or service. When propagandists aim to convert
great numbers of people to a religion or a new social order or to induce
extremely dangerous collective action like a war or revolution, however, the
definition of goals becomes highly complex. It is complicated further by
problems about “means–goals” or intermediate goals: probably the campaign will
have to go on for a long time and will have to be planned in stages, phases, or
waves. Propagandists may find it hard to specify, even to themselves, exactly
what beliefs, values, or actions they want to bring about, by what points in time,
among different sorts of people. Very large and firmly held complexes of values
are involved, such as prestige, peace of mind, income, and even life itself or
the military security of entire nations or regions—even, in modern times, the
annihilation of all humankind. In such a situation, a mass of intricate and
thorny value dilemmas arises: Is military or revolutionary victory worth the
price of economic ruin? Can a desired degree of individual liberty be achieved
without too much loss of social equality? Is a much quicker achievement of
goals worth a much greater amount of human suffering? Are war crimes to be
committed in order to win a battle? In short: What are the propagandists
willing to risk, for what, across what periods of time?
Present
and expected conditions in the world social system
Under
modern conditions, each act of propaganda is apt to have effects in several
parts of the world. Some of these may boomerang unexpectedly against the
propagandists themselves unless they can visualize the global system and its
components and anticipate the problems that may arise. The global system,
moreover, is inexorably changing. As population, trade, travel, education, and
technology evolve, new centres of political, cultural, and economic power
emerge. This social evolution, extremely rapid in current times, tends on
balance to limit the use of more simplistic and parochial kinds of propaganda
and increases the need for more sophisticated, scientifically formulated, and
universalistic (world-oriented) types.
Present
and expected conditions in subsystems
In
many times and places in the past and in certain circumstances in the present,
propagandists have profited handsomely by ignoring the welfare of a nation or
the world and appealing to extremes of religious, racial, political, or
economic fanaticism. This has paid off very well, in the short run at least,
within many subsystems. But it has also been successful within whole nations,
particularly when the propagandists’ goal was to sow discord and confusion rather
than to influence opinion across a broad population. Prudent propagandists must
therefore decide what mix of universalistic and particularistic symbolism will
best serve their purposes at given times in given places. The choice is never
an easy one: parochial or class-conscious or national groups may be aroused to
the highest passions, and they are numerous and diverse and often highly
incompatible with one another and with the imperatives of the nation or the
world.
Propagandists
and their agents
The
use of seemingly reputable, selfless, or neutral agents or so-called front
organizations, while propagandists themselves remain behind the scenes, may
greatly aid the propagandists. If the authorities are after the propagandists,
seeking to suppress their activities, the propagandists must stay underground
and work through agents. But even in freer circumstances, the propagandists may
wish someone else to speak for them. For instance, propagandists may not speak
the reactors’ language or idiom fluently. They may not know what reactors
associate with given symbols. Or the reactors’ cultural, racial, or religious
feelings may bias them against propagandists and thus tend to deny them a
favourable hearing. In such cases the use of agents is inescapable. Furthermore,
if the propaganda fails or is exposed for what it is, the agents can be
publicly scapegoated while the real propagandists continue to operate and
develop new stratagems. The prince, said Machiavelli, may openly and
conspicuously bestow awards and honours and public offices, but he should have
his agents carry out all actions that make a man unpopular, such as
punishments, denunciations, dismissals, and assassinations.
A
complicated modern campaign on a major scale is likely to be planned most successfully
by a collective leadership—a team of broadly educated and skilled people who
have had both practical experience in public affairs and extensive training in
history, psychology, and the social sciences. The detachment, skepticism, and
secularism of such persons may, however, cause them to be viewed with great
suspicion by many reactors. It may be important, therefore, to keep the
planners behind the scenes and to select intermediaries—“front men,” Trojan
horses, and “dummy leaders” whom the reactors are more likely to listen to or
appreciate.
Modern
social-psychological research, dating from Freud’s Group Psychology and the
Analysis of the Ego (1921), makes clear the wisdom of traditional insights
concerning the supreme importance of leadership in any group—be it the family,
the nation, or the world social system. The rank and file of any group,
especially a big one, have been shown to be remarkably passive until aroused by
quasi-parental leaders whom members of the group admire and trust. It is hard
to imagine the Gallic wars without Julius Caesar, the psychoanalytic movement
without Freud, the Nazis without Adolf Hitler, or the major communist
revolutions without Lenin and Mao Zedong and their politburos. These leaders
were real—not dummies invented and packaged by image makers from an advertising
agency or public relations firm. In the age of massive opinion researches,
however, and with the aid of speech coaches and makeup artists and the magic
impact of the Internet and television, it has become increasingly possible for
image makers to create figureheads who can affect the votes and other behaviour
of very large percentages of a national audience.
Selection
and presentation of symbols
Propagandists
must realize that neither rational arguments nor catchy slogans can, by
themselves, do much to influence human behaviour. The behaviour of reactors is
also affected by at least four other variables. The first is the reactors’
predispositions—that is, their stored memories of, and their past associations
with, related symbols. These often cause reactors to ignore the current inflow
of symbols, to perceive them very selectively, or to rationalize them away. The
second is the set of economic inducements (gifts, bribery, pay raises, threats
of job loss, and so forth) which the propagandist or others may apply in
conjunction with the symbols. The third is the set of physical inducements
(love, violence, protection from violence) used by the propagandist or others.
The fourth is the array of social pressures that may either encourage or
inhibit reactors in thinking or doing what the propagandist advocates. Even
those who are well led and are predisposed to do what the propagandist wants
may be prevented from acting by counterpressures within the surrounding social
systems or groups of which they are a part.
In
view of these predispositions and pressures, skilled propagandists are careful
to advocate chiefly those acts that they believe the reactor already wants to perform
and is in fact able to perform. It is fruitless to call upon most people to
perform acts that may involve a total loss of income or terrible physical
danger—for example, to act openly upon democratic leanings in a totalitarian
fascist country. To call upon reactors to do something extremely dangerous or
hard is to risk having the propaganda branded as unrealistic. In such cases, it
may be better to point to actions that reactors can avoid taking—that is, to
encourage them in acts of passive resistance. The propagandists will thereby
both seem and be realistic in their demands upon the reactor, and the reactor
will not be left with the feeling, “I agree with this message, but just what am
I supposed to do about it?”
For
maximum effect, the symbolic content of propaganda must be active, not passive,
in tone. It must explicitly or implicitly recommend fairly specific actions to
be performed by the reactor (“buy this,” “boycott that,” “vote for X,” “join
Group Y,” “withdraw from Group Z”). Furthermore, because the ability of the
human organism to receive and process symbols is strictly limited, skillful
propagandists attempt to substitute quality for quantity in their choice of
symbols. A brief slogan or a picture or a pithy comment on some symbol that is
emotion laden for the reactors may be worth ten thousand other words and cost
much less. In efforts to economize symbol inputs, propagandists attempt to make
full use of the findings of all the behavioral sciences. They draw upon the
psychoanalysts’ studies of the bottled-up impulses in the unconscious mind,
they consult the elaborate vocabulary counts produced by professors of
education, they follow the headline news to determine what events and symbols
probably are salient in reactors’ minds at the moment, and they analyze the
information polls and attitude studies conducted by survey researchers.
There
is substantial agreement among psychoanalysts that the psychological power of
propaganda increases with use of what Lasswell termed the triple-appeal principle.
This principle states that a set of symbols is apt to be most persuasive if it
appeals simultaneously to three elements of an individual’s
personality—elements that Freud labelled the ego, id, and superego. To appeal
to the ego, skilled propagandists will present the acts and thoughts that they
desire to induce as if they were rational, advisable, wise, prudent, and
expedient; in the same breath they say or imply that they are sure to produce
pleasure and a sense of strength (an appeal to the id); concurrently they
suggest that they are moral, righteous, and—if not altogether legal—decidedly
more justifiable and humane than the law itself (an appeal to the superego, or
conscience). Within any social system, the optimal blend of these components varies
from individual to individual and from subgroup to subgroup: some individuals
and subgroups love pleasure intensely and show few traces of guilt; others are
quite pained by guilt; few are continuously eager to be rational or to take the
trouble to become well informed. Some cautious individuals and subgroups like
to believe that they never make a move without preanalyzing it; others enjoy
throwing prudence to the winds. There are also changes in these blends through
time: personalities change, as do the morals and customs of groups. In large
collectivities like social classes, ethnic groups, or nations, the particular
blends of these predispositions may vary greatly from stratum to stratum and
subculture to subculture. Only the study of history and behavioral research can
give the propagandist much guidance about such variations.
Propagandists
are wise if, in addition to reiterating their support of ideas and policies
that they know the reactor already believes in, they include among their images
a variety of symbols associated with parents and parent surrogates. The child
lives on in every adult, eternally seeking a loving father and mother. Hence
the appeal of such familistic symbolisms as “the fatherland,” “the mother
country,” “the Mother Church,” “the Holy Father,” “Mother Russia,” and the
large number of statesmen who are known as the “fathers of their countries.”
Also valuable are reassuring maternal figures like Queen Victoria of England,
the Virgin Mary, and the Japanese sun goddess. In addition to parent symbols,
it is usually well to associate one’s propaganda with symbols of parent
substitutes, who in some cases exert a more profound effect on children than do
disappointing or nondescript parents: affectionate or amiable uncles (Uncle
Sam, Uncle Ho Chi Minh); admired scholars and physicians (Karl Marx, Dr. Sun
Yat-sen); politico-military heroes and role models (Abraham Lincoln, Winston
Churchill, Mao, “the wise, mighty, and fatherly Stalin”); and, of course,
saintly persons (Joan of Arc, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., the
Buddha). A talented and well-symbolized leader or role model may achieve a
parental or even godlike ascendancy (charisma) and magnify the impact of a
message many times.
Media
of propaganda
There
are literally thousands of electronic, written, audiovisual, and organizational
media that a contemporary propagandist might use. All human groupings are
potential organizational media, from the family and other small organizations
through advertising and public relations firms, trade unions, churches and
temples, theatres, readers of novels and poetry, special-interest groups,
political parties and front organizations to the governmental structures of
nations, international coalitions, and universal organizations like the United
Nations and its agencies. From all this variety of media, propagandists must
choose those few media (especially leaders, role models, and organizations) to
whose messages they think the intended reactors are especially attentive and
receptive.
In
recent years the advent of personal computers and mobile phones and the
development of the Internet has brought about a massive, worldwide
proliferation of systems and facilities for news gathering, publishing,
broadcasting, holding meetings, and speechmaking. At present, almost everyone’s
mind is bombarded daily by far more media, symbols, and messages than the human
organism can possibly pay attention to. The mind reels under noisy assortments
of information bits about rival politicians, rival political programs and
doctrines, new technical discoveries, insistently advertised commercial
products, and new views on morality, ecological horrors, and military
nightmares. This sort of communication overload already has resulted in the
alienation of millions of people from much of modern life. Overload and
alienation can be expected to reach even higher levels in coming generations as
still higher densities of population, intercultural contacts, and communication
facilities cause economic, political, doctrinal, and commercial rivalries to
become still more intense.
Research
has demonstrated repeatedly that most reactors attempt, consciously or
unconsciously, to cope with severe communication overload by developing three
mechanisms: selective attention, selective perception, and selective recall.
That is, they pay attention to only a few media; they fail (often
unconsciously) to perceive therein any large proportion of the messages that
they find uncongenial; and, having perceived, even after this screening, a
certain number of unpleasing messages, they repress these in whole or in part
(i.e., cannot readily remember them). Contemporary propagandists therefore try
to find out: (1) what formative experiences and styles of education have
predisposed their intended audiences to their current “media preferences”; (2)
which of all the Web sites, electronic or printed publications, television
shows, leaders, and role models in the world they do in fact pay attention to;
and (3) by which of these they are most influenced. These topics have thus
become the subjects of vast amounts of commercial and academic research.
In
most cases, reactors are found to pay the most attention to the Web sites,
publications, shows, leaders, and role models with whose views they already
agree. People as a rule attend to communications not because they want to learn
something new or reconsider their own philosophies of life but because they
seek psychological reassurance about their existing beliefs and prejudices.
When propagandists do get people’s attention by putting messages into the few
media the people heed, they may discover that, to hold people’s attention, they
must draft a message that does not depart very far from what people already
want to believe. Despite the popular stereotypes about geniuses of politics,
religion, or advertising whose brilliant propaganda converts the multitudes
overnight, the plain fact is that even the most skilled propagandist must
usually content himself with a very modest goal: packaging a message in such a
way that much of it is familiar and reassuring to the intended reactors and
only a little is so novel or true as to threaten them psychologically. Thus,
revivalists have an a priori advantage over spokespersons of a modernized
ethic, and conservative politicians an advantage over progressives. Propaganda
that aims to induce major changes is certain to take great amounts of time,
resources, patience, and indirection, except in times of revolutionary crisis
when old beliefs have been shattered and new ones have not yet been provided.
In ordinary periods (intercrisis periods), propaganda for changes, however
worthy, is likely to be, in the words of the German sociologist Max Weber, “a
slow boring of hard boards.”
For
reasons just indicated, the most effective media as a rule (for messages other
than the simplest of commercial advertising) are not the impersonal mass media
like electronic and printed newspapers and news services and television but
rather those few associations or organizations (reference groups) with which
individuals feel identified or to which they aspire to relate their identity.
Quite often, ordinary people not only avoid but actively distrust the mass
media or fail to understand their messages, but in the warmth of a reference
group they feel at home, assume that they understand what is going on, and feel
that they are sure to receive a certain degree of emotional response and
personal protection. The foremost reference group, of course, is the family.
But many other groups perform analogous functions—for instance, the group of
sports fans, the church, the trade union, the club, the alumni group, the
clique or gang. By influencing the key members of such a group, propagandists
may establish a “social relay” channel that can amplify their message. By thus
concentrating on the few, they increase their chances of reaching the
many—often far more effectively than they could through a plethora of
communications aimed at larger audiences. Therefore, one important stratagem
involves the combined use of mass media and reference-group channels—preparing
materials for such media as news releases or broadcasts in ways designed
specifically to reach certain groups (and especially their elites and leaders),
who can then relay the messages to other sets of reactors.
The
reactors (audiences)
The
audiences for the propagandist can be classified into: (1) those who are
initially predisposed to react as the propagandist wishes, (2) those who are
neutral or indifferent, and (3) those who are in opposition or perhaps even
hostile.
As
already indicated, propaganda is most apt to evoke the desired responses among
those already in agreement with the propagandist’s message. Neutrals or
opponents are not apt to be much affected even by an intensive barrage of
propaganda unless it is reinforced by nonpropagandistic inducements (economic
or coercive acts) or by favourable social pressures. These facts, of course,
are recognized by advocates of civil disobedience; their propagandists would
contend that sloganeering and reasoned persuasion must be accompanied by
sit-ins and other overt acts of passive resistance; they aim for a new climate
of social pressure.
Measurement
of the effects of propaganda
The
modern world is overrun with all kinds of competing propaganda and counterpropaganda
and a vast variety of other symbolic activities, such as education, publishing,
news reporting, and patriotic and religious observances. The problem of
distinguishing between the effects of one’s own propaganda and the effects of
these other activities is often extremely difficult.
The
ideal scientific method of measurement is the controlled experiment. Carefully
selected samples of members of the intended audiences can be subjected to the
propaganda while equivalent samples are not. Or the same message, clothed in
different symbols—different mixes of sober argument and “casual” humour,
different proportions of patriotic, ethnic, and religious rationalizations,
different mixes of truth and the “noble lie,” different proportions of propaganda
and coercion—can be tested on comparable samples. Also, different media can be
tested to determine, for example, whether results are better when reactors read
the message on Facebook, observe it in a spot commercial on television, or hear
it wrapped snugly in a sermon. Obviously the number of possible variables and
permutations in symbolism, media use, subgrouping of the audience,
and so forth is extremely great in any complicated or long-drawn-out campaign.
Therefore, the costs for the research experts and the fieldwork that are needed
for thorough experimental pretests are often very high. Such pretests, however,
may save money in the end.
An
alternative to controlled experimentation in the field is controlled
experimentation in the laboratory. But it may be impossible to induce reactors
who are truly representative of the intended audience to come to the laboratory
at all. Moreover, in such an artificial environment their reactions may differ
widely from the reactions that they would have to the same propaganda if
reacting un-self-consciously in their customary environment. For these and many
other obvious reasons, the validity of laboratory pretests of propaganda must
be viewed with the greatest caution.
Whether
in the field or the laboratory, the value of all controlled experiments is
seriously limited by the problem of “sleeper effects.” These are long-delayed
reactions that may not become visible until the propaganda has penetrated
resistances and insinuated itself deep down into the reactor’s mind—by which
time the experiment may have been over for a long time. Another problem is that
most people acutely dislike being guinea pigs and also dislike the word
propaganda. If they find out that they are subjects of a propagandistic
experiment, the entire research program, and possibly the entire campaign of
propaganda of which it is a part, may backfire.
Another
research device is the panel interview—repeated interviewing, over a
considerable period of time, of small sets of individuals considered more or
less representative of the intended audiences. The object is to obtain (if
possible, without their knowing it) a great deal of information about their
life-styles, belief systems, value systems, media habits, opinion changes,
heroes, role models, reference groups, and so forth. The propagandist hopes to
use this information in planning ways to influence a much larger audience.
Panel interviewing, if kept up long enough, may help in discovering sleeper
effects and other delayed reactions. The very process of being “panel
interviewed,” however, produces an artificial environment that may induce
defensiveness, suspicion, and even attempts to deceive the interviewer.
For
many practical purposes, the best means of measuring—or perhaps one had better
say estimating—the effects of propaganda is apt to be the method of extensive
observation, guided of course by well-reasoned theory and inference.
“Participant observers” can be stationed unobtrusively among the reactors.
Voting statistics, market statistics, press reports, police reports,
editorials, and the speeches or other activities of affected or potentially
affected leaders can also give clues. Evidence on the size, composition, and
behaviour of the intermediate audiences (such as elites) and the ultimate audiences
(such as their followers) can be obtained from these various sources and from
sample surveys. The statistics of readership or listenership for electronic,
printed, and telecommunications media may be available. If the media include
public meetings, the number of people attending and the noise level and
symbolic contents of cheering (and jeering) can be measured. Observers may also
report their impressions of the moods of the audience and record comments
overheard after the meeting. To some extent, symbols and leaders can be varied,
and the different results compared.
Using
methods known in recent years as content analysis, propagandists can at least
make reasonably dependable quantitative measurements of the symbolic contents
of their own propaganda and of communications put out by others. They can count
the numbers of words given to the propaganda in an electronic or printed news
source or the seconds devoted to it in a radio or television broadcast. They
can categorize and tabulate the symbols and themes in the propaganda. To
estimate the implications of the propaganda for social policy, they can
tabulate the relative numbers of expressed or implied demands for actions or
attitude changes of various kinds.
By
quantifying their data about contents, propagandists can bring a high degree of
precision into experiments using different propaganda contents aimed at the
same results. They can also increase the accuracy of their research on the
relative acceptability of information, advice, and opinion attributed to
different sources. (Will given reactors be more impressed if they hear 50, 100,
or 200 times that a given policy is endorsed—or denounced—by the president of
the United States, the president of Russia, or the pope?)
Very
elaborate means of coding and of statistical analysis have been developed by
various content analysts. Some count symbols, some count headlines, some count
themes (sentences, propositions), some tabulate the frequencies with which
various categories of “events data” (news accounts of actual happenings) appear
in some or all of the leading news publications (“prestige papers”) or
television programs of the world. Some of these events data can be counted as
supporting or reinforcing the propaganda, some as opposing or counteracting it.
Whatever the methodology, content analysis in its more refined forms is an
expensive process, demanding long and rigorous training of well-educated and
extremely patient coders and analysts. And there remains the intricate problem
of developing relevant measurements of the effects of different contents upon
different reactors.
Countermeasures
by opponents
Some
countermeasures against propaganda include simply suppressing it by eliminating
or jailing the propagandists, burning down their premises, intimidating their
employees, buying them off, depriving them of their use of the media or the
money that they need for the media or for necessary research, and applying
countless other coercive or economic pressures. It is also possible to use
counterpropaganda, hoping that the truth (or at least some artful bit of
counterpropaganda) will prevail.
One
special type of counterpropaganda is “source exposure”—informing the audience
that the propagandists are ill-informed, are criminals, or belong to some group
that is sure to be regarded by the audience as subversive, thereby undermining
their credibility and perhaps their economic support. In the 1930s there was in
the U.S. an Institute for Propaganda Analysis that tried to expose such
propaganda techniques as “glittering generalities” or “name-calling” that
certain propagandists were using. This countermeasure may have failed, however,
because it was too intellectual and abstract and because it offered the
audience no alternative leaders to follow or ideas to believe.
In
many cases opponents of certain propagandists have succeeded in getting laws
passed that have censored or suppressed propaganda or required registration and
disclosure of the propagandists and of those who have paid them.
Measures
against countermeasures
It
is clear, then, that opponents may try to offset propaganda by taking direct
action or by invoking covert pressures or community sanctions to bring it under
control. Propagandists must therefore try to estimate in advance their opponents’
intentions and capabilities and invent measures against their countermeasures.
If the opponents rely only on counterpropaganda, the propagandists can try to
outwit them. If they think that their opponents will withdraw advertising from
their news publication or radio station, they may try to get alternative
supporters. If they expect vigilantes or police persecution, they can go
underground and rely, as the Russian communists did before 1917 and the Chinese
before 1949, primarily on agitation through organizational media.
Social
control of propaganda
Democratic
control of propaganda
Different
sorts of polities, ranging from the democratic to the authoritarian, have
attempted a variety of social controls over propaganda. In an ideal democracy, everyone
would be free to make propaganda and free to oppose propaganda habitually
through peaceful counterpropaganda. The democratic ideal assumes that, if a
variety of propagandists are free to compete continuously and publicly, the
ideas best for society will win out in the long run. This outcome would require
that a majority of the general populace be reasonably well-educated,
intelligent, public-spirited, and patient, and that they not be greatly
confused or alienated by an excess of communication. A democratic system also
presupposes that large quantities of dependable and relevant information will
be inexpensively disseminated by relatively well-financed, public-spirited, and
uncensored news gathering and educational agencies. The extent to which any existing
national society actually conforms to this model is decidedly an open question.
That the world social system does not is self-evident.
In
efforts to guard against “pernicious” propaganda by hidden persuaders, modern
democracies sometimes require that such propagandists as lobbyists and
publishers register with public authorities and that propaganda and advertising
be clearly labelled as such. The success of such measures, however, is only
partial. In the U.S., for instance, publishers of journals using the
second-class mails are required to issue periodic statements of ownership,
circulation, and other information; thereby, at least the nominal owners and
publishers become known—but those who subsidize or otherwise control them may
not. In many places, paid political advertisements in news publications or on
television are required to include the name of a sponsor—but the declared
sponsor may be a “dummy” individual or organization whose actual backers remain
undisclosed. Furthermore, agents of foreign governments or organizations
engaged in propaganda in the U.S. are required to file forms with the U.S.
Department of Justice, naming their principals and listing their own activities
and finances—but it is impossible to know whether the data so filed are
correct, complete, or significant. In many Western industrial nations, similar
registrations and disclosures are required of those who circulate brochures
inviting investors to buy stocks and bonds. This principle of disclosure, which
appears so useful with respect to foreign agents and securities salesmen, is
not often applied, however, to other media of propaganda. (In the U.S. the
disclosure of certain types of political campaign advertisements and
contributions is required, but the requirement is easily circumvented.) In many
countries, claims made in propaganda (including advertising) about the contents
or characteristics of foods and drugs and some other products are also subject
to registration and to requirements of “plain labelling.” In some places,
consumer research organizations, privately or publicly supported, examine these
claims rigorously and sometimes publish scientifically based counterpropaganda.
In view of the apparently massive effects and the certainly massive expenses of
political propaganda on the Internet and television, there are many movements
afoot in democracies to limit expenditures on campaign propaganda and to
require networks to give time free of charge for even the minor parties,
especially in the weeks immediately preceding elections. There have also been
movements to require that political propaganda be halted for a specified number
of days before the holding of an election—the idea being that a cooling-off
period would allow voters to rest and reflect after the communication overload
of the campaign period and would prevent politicians and their backers from
using last-minute slander and sensationalism.
Authoritarian
control of propaganda
In
a highly authoritarian polity, the regime tries to monopolize for itself all opportunities
to engage in propaganda, and often it will stop at nothing to crush any kind of
counterpropaganda. How long and how completely such a policy can be implemented
depends, among other things, on the amount of force that the regime can muster,
on the thoroughness of its police work, and, perhaps most of all, on the level,
type, and distribution of secular higher education. Secular higher education
invariably promotes skepticism about claims that sound dogmatic or are made
without evidence; and if such education is of a type that emphasizes humane and
universalistic values, an ignorant or unreasonable authoritarian regime is not
likely to please the educated for very long. If the educated engage in discreet
counterpropaganda, they may in the end modify the regime.
World-level
control of propaganda
One
of the most serious and least understood problems of social control is above
the national level, at the level of the world social system. At the world level
there is an extremely dangerous lack of means of restraining or counteracting
propaganda that fans the flames of international, interracial, and
interreligious wars. The global system consists at present of a highly chaotic
mixture of democratic, semidemocratic, and authoritarian subsystems. Many of these
are controlled by leaders who are ill educated, ultranationalistic, and
religiously, racially, or doctrinally fanatical. At present, every national
regime asserts that its national sovereignty gives it the right to conduct any
propaganda it cares to, however untrue such propaganda may be and however
contradictory to the requirements of the world system. The most inflammatory of
such propaganda usually takes the form of statements by prominent national
leaders, often sensationalized and amplified by their own international
broadcasts and sensationalized and amplified still further by media in the
receiving countries. The only major remedy would lie, of course, in the slow
spread of education for universalist humanism. A first step toward this might
be taken through the fostering of an energetic and highly enlightened press
corps and educational establishment, doing all it can to provide the world’s
broadcasters, news publications, and schools with factual information and
illuminating editorials that could increase awareness of the world system as a
whole. Informed leaders in world affairs are therefore becoming increasingly
interested in the creation of world-level media and multinational bodies of
reporters, researchers, editors, teachers, and other intellectuals committed to
the unity of humankind.
Bruce
Lannes Smith
CRITICAL
THINKING
Last
Updated: Mar 1, 2025 • Article History
Related
Topics: What is news literacy (and why does it matter)? media literacy soft
skills reason empathy
On
the Web: CiteSeerX - Demystifying critical thinking (PDF) (Mar. 01, 2025)
Critical
thinking, in educational theory, mode of cognition using deliberative reasoning
and impartial scrutiny of information to arrive at a possible solution to a
problem. From the perspective of educators, critical thinking encompasses both
a set of logical skills that can be taught and a disposition toward reflective
open inquiry that can be cultivated. The term critical thinking was coined by
American philosopher and educator John Dewey in the book How We Think (1910)
and was adopted by the progressive education movement as a core instructional
goal that offered a dynamic modern alternative to traditional educational
methods such as rote memorization.
Critical
thinking is characterized by a broad set of related skills usually including
the abilities to break down a problem into its constituent parts to reveal its
underlying logic and assumptions
recognize
and account for one’s own biases in judgment and experience
collect
and assess relevant evidence from either personal observations and
experimentation or by gathering external information
adjust
and reevaluate one’s own thinking in response to what one has learned
form
a reasoned assessment in order to propose a solution to a problem or a more
accurate understanding of the topic at hand
Theorists
have noted that such skills are only valuable insofar as a person is inclined
to use them. Consequently, they emphasize that certain habits of mind are
necessary components of critical thinking. This disposition may include
curiosity, open-mindedness, self-awareness, empathy, and persistence.
Although
there is a generally accepted set of qualities that are associated with
critical thinking, scholarly writing about the term has highlighted
disagreements over its exact definition and whether and how it differs from
related concepts such as problem solving. In addition, some theorists have
insisted that critical thinking be regarded and valued as a process and not as
a goal-oriented skill set to be used to solve problems. Critical-thinking
theory has also been accused of reflecting patriarchal assumptions about
knowledge and ways of knowing that are inherently biased against women.
Dewey,
who also used the term reflective thinking, connected critical thinking to a
tradition of rational inquiry associated with modern science. From the turn of
the 20th century, he and others working in the overlapping fields of
psychology, philosophy, and educational theory sought to rigorously apply the
scientific method to understand and define the process of thinking. They
conceived critical thinking to be related to the scientific method but more
open, flexible, and self-correcting; instead of a recipe or a series of steps,
critical thinking would be a wider set of skills, patterns, and strategies that
allow someone to reason through an intellectual topic, constantly reassessing
assumptions and potential explanations in order to arrive at a sound judgment
and understanding.
In
the progressive education movement in the United States, critical thinking was
seen as a crucial component of raising citizens in a democratic society.
Instead of imparting a particular series of lessons or teaching only canonical
subject matter, theorists thought that teachers should train students in how to
think. As critical thinkers, such students would be equipped to be productive
and engaged citizens who could cooperate and rationally overcome differences
inherent in a pluralistic society.
Beginning
in the 1970s and ’80s, critical thinking as a key outcome of school and
university curriculum leapt to the forefront of U.S. education policy. In an
atmosphere of renewed Cold War competition and amid reports of declining U.S.
test scores, there were growing fears that the quality of education in the
United States was falling and that students were unprepared. In response, a
concerted effort was made to systematically define curriculum goals and
implement standardized testing regimens, and critical-thinking skills were frequently
included as a crucially important outcome of a successful education. A notable
event in this movement was the release of the 1980 report of the Rockefeller
Commission on the Humanities that called for the U.S. Department of Education
to include critical thinking on its list of “basic skills.” Three years later
the California State University system implemented a policy that required every
undergraduate student to complete a course in critical thinking.
Critical
thinking continued to be put forward as a central goal of education in the
early 21st century. Its ubiquity in the language of education policy and in
such guidelines as the Common Core State Standards in the United States
generated some criticism that the concept itself was both overused and
ill-defined. In addition, an argument was made by teachers, theorists, and
others that educators were not being adequately trained to teach critical
thinking.
Will
Gosner
MEDIA
LITERACY
Table
of Contents
Introduction
Basic
assumptions
Development
Different
approaches
References
& Edit History
Related
Topics
Related
Topics: What is news literacy (and why does it matter)? critical thinking mass
media
(The
term “media literacy”), use of critical thinking to parse or create mass media,
especially as a consumer in an age of online misinformation and disinformation
is drawn from an analogy with reading literacy: just as the latter refers to an
ability to read, write, and understand words and phrases, the former refers to
an ability to analyze, evaluate, and produce various kinds of media. Media
literacy is often used interchangeably with media education, which refers to
the creation, primarily by teachers, of the necessary conditions for developing
media literacy.
The
vagueness of the term media literacy also characterizes the movement associated
with it, as different media educators base their work on different theoretical
perspectives. However, virtually all media literacy schools of thought agree
that media is a prominent force in people’s everyday lives, which highlights
the importance of developing critical thinking skills for parsing content.
Basic
assumptions
The
field of media literacy has evolved steadily around several commonly held
beliefs. Arguably, the most important is that all media messages are
constructed: TV newscasts, social media posts, and online ads are all created
by actors working within particular social, political, historical, and economic
institutions and seeking to evoke particular reactions from their audiences.
Media educators seek to deconstruct these effects, especially as mediated
messages largely define people’s sense of reality.
Journalist
reporting for NY1 News
Journalist
reporting for NY1 NewsMedia literacy researchers hope that journalists might
alter their messages to develop a more informed and critical audience.
In
traditional communication theory, a mediated event (such as a viewer watching a
news clip on YouTube) has three main components: the sender (the news
organization), the receiver or audience (the viewer), and the message (for
example, the latest news about the Olympics). The vast majority of media
researchers and teachers seek to educate the receiver or audience, but the
sender and the message are also valuable components of the process. While
focusing on helping people understand where media messages come from, many
media literacy researchers also hope that entertainers and journalists might
modify their messages to create a more informed and critical audience.
Because
(according to media literacy educators) the media have a mostly negative
influence on people, and because young people are the most susceptible to this
influence, the most elaborate programs are in elementary and middle schools.
Elementary schools especially have received attention in an attempt to
familiarize children with media that they will continue to encounter throughout
their lives. In the absence of a nationwide media literacy program, media
educators in the United States are often English or social studies teachers who
subtly incorporate media knowledge into their curriculum.
Media
used as examples in a classroom include contemporary music and movies and
social media such as Facebook and Instagram. Elementary school students, for
example, might watch five minutes of an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants and
count the instances of violence and note the consequences (or lack thereof).
The students’ observations might then be applied to a wider discussion of
violence as a solution to social conflict, media representation of reality, and
so on. High-school students might watch a TV news segment and then discuss how
newscasters identify people in terms of ethnicity. Indeed, media
representations of violence and race relations are two of the most frequent
themes addressed in media literacy programs, alongside images of the “ideal”
male or female body type, consumer values, and messages related to sexual and
gender norms.
Development
Media
literacy has its roots in British literary criticism of the 1930s and the
subsequent tradition of cultural studies. To identify relationships among
various institutions of power and sociocultural products, cultural-studies
scholars of the 1970s began paying special attention to film and television.
Britain remains a media literacy powerhouse, promoting nationwide media
literacy programs.
In
North America the media literacy movement was spearheaded in Ontario, Canada,
which in the late 1970s created and implemented wide-ranging media education curricula.
Various school districts in the U.S. followed suit throughout the 1990s.
However, as individual school districts are autonomous in the U.S., no single
media literacy program has been applied nationwide. Some states have media
literacy legislation in the works, and Delaware and New Jersey have mandated
that media literacy be part of elementary school curricula. This is perceived
as especially necessary with the increase in works created by artificial
intelligence (AI) programs and software, such as deepfakes, which can spread
false images on a wide scale.
Different
approaches
One
major aspect of teaching media literacy lies in how individual educators use
their classrooms. The first, and most prominent, debate centers on the
relationship between teachers and students. Instructors in the U.S. tend to
warn students about the negative effects of prolonged media consumption (the
“protectionist” approach). In contrast, the British “cultural studies”
perspective (called the “celebrationist” position in the U.S.) favors a
companionship model, whereby students are invited to discover at their own pace
how media work. Protectionist media literacy tends to be black-and-white,
assuming that all young people consume media messages the same way and
therefore require the same protections. This approach has come under fire for
being both elitist and clueless. The competing cultural-studies perspective on
media literacy has faced criticism as well, mainly for emphasizing the pleasure
associated with media consumption, to the detriment of media criticism.
A
second important difference in media literacy approaches concerns whether
students should create their own media. That is, should students be encouraged
to conceive and produce media such as TikTok videos and websites, or should
they simply analyze and evaluate existing media texts? On the one hand, despite
the supposed harmlessness of learning how to make a TikTok video or build a
website, students may re-create the dominant discourse. On the other hand,
supporters of media production point to the need for students to experience
firsthand how media messages are crafted if the students are to genuinely
appreciate the messages’ “constructedness.”
Another
issue in media literacy centers on what form it should take: should it be a
stand-alone discipline, such as history or math, or a supplemental program
incorporated into other disciplines. The proponents of the stand-alone option
argue that students will take media literacy programs seriously only if the
programs have the symbolic capital associated with an autonomous academic
discipline. Supporters of incorporating media literacy into various subjects
argue that the pervasiveness of media means that subjects such as history,
health, and English should include a media literacy component, rendering a
stand-alone module superfluous.
Razvan
Sibii
SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Table
of Contents
Introduction
Research
methods
Social
perception
Interaction
processes
Small
social groups
Social
organizations
20th-century
approaches
References
& Edit History
Last
Updated: Mar 8, 2025 • Article History
Key
People: Harry Allen Overstreet Frantz Fanon Erich Fromm Margaret Floy Washburn
William McDougall
Related
Topics: social identity theory frustration-aggression hypothesis Milgram
experiment thanatology consumer psychology
Social
psychology (is) the scientific study of the behaviour of individuals in their
social and cultural setting. Although the term may be taken to include the
social activity of laboratory animals or those in the wild, the emphasis here
is on human social behaviour.
Once
a relatively speculative, intuitive enterprise, social psychology has become an
active form of empirical investigation, the volume of research literature
having risen rapidly after about 1925. Social psychologists now have a
substantial volume of observation data covering a range of topics; the evidence
remains loosely coordinated, however, and the field is beset by many different
theories and conceptual schemes.
Early
impetus in research came from the United States, and much work in other
countries has followed U.S. tradition, though independent research efforts are
being made elsewhere in the world. Social psychology is being actively pursued
in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, France,
Belgium, Scandinavia, Japan, and Russia. Most social psychologists are members
of university departments of psychology; others are in departments of sociology
or work in such applied settings as industry and government.
Much
research in social psychology has consisted of laboratory experiments on social
behaviour, but this approach has been criticized in recent years as being too
stultifying, artificial, and unrealistic. Much of the conceptual background of
research in social psychology derives from other fields of psychology. While
learning theory and psychoanalysis were once most influential, cognitive and
linguistic approaches to research have become more popular; sociological contributions
also have been influential.
Social
psychologists are employed, or used as consultants, in setting up the social
organization of businesses and psychiatric communities; some work to reduce conflict
between ethnic groups, to design mass communications (e.g., advertising), and
to advise on child rearing. They have helped in the treatment of mental
patients and in the rehabilitation of convicts. Fundamental research in social
psychology has been brought to the attention of the public through popular
books and in the periodical press.
Research
methods
Laboratory
experiments, often using volunteer students as subjects, omit many features of
daily social life. Such experiments also have been criticized as being subject
to bias, since the experimenters themselves may influence the results. Research
workers who are concerned more with realistic settings than with rigour tend to
leave the laboratory to perform field studies, as do those who come from sociological
traditions. Field research, however, also can be experimental, and the
effectiveness of each approach may be enhanced by the use of the methods of the
other.
Many
colleges and universities have a social-psychology laboratory equipped with observation
rooms permitting one-way vision of subjects. Sound and video recorders and
other devices record ongoing social interaction; computing equipment and other
paraphernalia may be employed for specific studies.
Social
behaviour is understood to be the product of innate biological factors
resulting from evolution and of cultural factors that have emerged in the
course of history. Early writers (e.g., William McDougall, a psychologist)
emphasized instinctive roots of social behaviour. Later research and writing
that tended to stress learning theory emphasized the influence of environmental
factors in social behaviour. In the 1960s and ’70s field studies of nonhuman
primates (such as baboons) drew attention to a number of similarities to human
social behaviour, while research in cultural anthropology has shown that many
features of human social behaviour are the same regardless of the culture
studied. It is coming to be a widely accepted view that human social behaviour
seems to have a biological basis and to reflect the operation of evolution as
in the case of patterns of emotional expression and other nonverbal
communication, the structure of language, and aspects of group behaviour.
Much
research has been done on socialization (the process of learning from a
culture), and learning has been found to interact with innate factors. An
innate capacity for language, for example, makes it possible to learn a local
language. Culture consists of patterns of behaviour and ways of organizing
experience; it develops over the course of history as new elements are
introduced from a variety of sources, only some of which are retained. Many
aspects of social behaviour can be partly accounted for in terms of their
history.
Social
perception
In
some laboratory experiments, subjects watch stills or moving pictures, listen
to tape recordings, or directly observe or interact with another person.
Subjects may be asked to reveal their social perception of such persons on
rating scales, to give free descriptions of them, or to respond evaluatively in
other ways. Although such studies can produce results that do not correspond to
those in real-life settings, they can provide useful information on the
perception of personality, social roles, emotions, and interpersonal attitudes or
responses during ongoing social interaction.
Research
has been directed to how social perception is affected by cultural stereotypes
(e.g., racial prejudice), by inferences from different verbal and nonverbal
cues, by the pattern of perceptual activity during social interaction, and by
the general personality structure of the perceiver. The work has found
practical application in the assessment of employees and of candidates for
positions.
There
also has been research on the ways in which perception of objects and people is
affected by social factors such as culture and group membership. It has been
shown, for example, how coins, colours, and other physical cues are categorized
differently by people as a result of their group membership and of the categories
provided by language. Other studies have shown the effect of group pressures on
perception.
Interaction
processes
The
different verbal and nonverbal signals used in conversation have been studied,
and the functions of such factors as gaze, gesture, and tone of voice are
analyzed in social-interaction studies. Social interaction is thus seen to
consist of closely related sequences of nonverbal signals and verbal
utterances. Gaze has been found to perform several important functions.
Laboratory and field studies have examined helping behaviour, imitation,
friendship formation, and social interaction in psychotherapy.
Among
the theoretical models developed to describe the nature of social behaviour,
the stimulus–response model (in which every social act is seen as a response to
the preceding act of another individual) has been generally found helpful but
incomplete. Linguistic models that view social behaviour as being governed by
principles analogous to the rules of a game or specifically to the grammar of a
language have also attracted adherents. Others see social behaviour as a kind
of motor skill that is goal-directed and modified by feedback (or learning),
while other models have been based on the theory of games, which emphasizes the
pursuit and exchange of rewards and has led to experiments based on laboratory
games.
Small
social groups
All
small social groups do not function according to the same principles, and,
indeed, modes of social activity vary for particular kinds of groups (e.g., for
families, groups of friends, work groups, and committees).
Earlier
research was concerned with whether small groups did better than individuals at
various tasks (e.g., factory work), while later research has been directed more
toward the study of interaction patterns among members of such groups. In the
method known as sociometry, members nominate others (e.g., as best friends) to
yield measures of preference and rejection in groups. Others have studied the
effects of democratic and authoritarian leadership in groups and have greatly
extended this work in industrial settings. In research on how people respond to
group norms (e.g., of morality or of behaviour), most conformity has been found
to the norms of reference groups (e.g., to such groups as families or close
friends that are most important for people). The emergence and functioning of
informal group hierarchies, the playing of social roles (e.g., leader,
follower, scapegoat), and cohesiveness (the level of attraction of members to
the group) have all been extensively studied. Experiments have been done on
processes of group problem solving and decision making, the social conditions
that produce the best results, and the tendency for groups to make risky
decisions. Statistical field studies of industrial work groups have sought the
conditions for greatest production effectiveness and job satisfaction.
Social
organizations
Such
organizations as businesses and armies have been studied by social surveys,
statistical field studies, field experiments, and laboratory experiments on
replicas of their social hierarchies and communication networks. Although they
yield the most direct evidence, field experiments present difficulties, since
the leaders and members of such organizations may effectively resist the intervention
of experimenters. Clearly, efforts to try out democratic methods in a
dictatorship are likely to be severely punished. Investigators can study the
effects of role conflict resulting from conflicting demands (e.g., those from
above and below) and topics such as communication patterns in social
organizations. Researchers also have studied the sources of power and how it
can be used and resisted. They consider the effectiveness of different
organizational structures, studying variations in size, span of control, and
the amount of power delegation and consultation. In factories, social
psychologists study the effects of technology and the design of alternative
work-flow systems. They investigate methods of bringing about organizational
change (e.g., in the direction of improving the social skills of people and
introducing industrial democracy).
20th-century
approaches
Ways
of looking at working organizations have changed considerably since 1900.
Classical organization theory was criticized for its emphasis on social
hierarchy, economic motivation, division of labour, and rigid and impersonal
social relations. Later investigators emphasized the importance of flexibly
organized groups, leadership skills, and job satisfaction based on less
tangible rewards than salary alone. There has been a rather uneasy balance in
the industrial social psychologist’s concern with production and concern with
people.
Personality
It
is evident that there are individual differences in social behaviour; thus,
people traditionally have been distinguished in terms of such personality
traits as extroversion or dominance (see personality). Some personality tests
are used to predict how an individual is likely to behave in laboratory
discussion groups, but usually the predictive efficiency is very small. Whether
or not an individual becomes a leader of a group, for example, is found to
depend very little on what such personality tests measure and more on his
skills in handling the group task compared with the skills of others. Indeed,
the same person may be a leader in some groups and a follower in others.
Similar considerations apply to other aspects of social behaviour, such as
conformity, persuasibility, and dependency. Although people usually perceive
others as being consistent in exhibiting personality traits, the evidence
indicates that each individual may behave very differently, depending on the
social circumstances.
Socialization
The
process by which personality is formed as the result of social influences is called
socialization. Early research methods employed case studies of individuals and
of individual societies (e.g., primitive tribes). Later research has made
statistical comparisons of numbers of persons or of different societies;
differences in child-rearing methods from one society to another, for example,
have been shown to be related to the subsequent behaviour of the infants when
they become adults. Such statistical approaches are limited, since they fail to
discern whether both the personality of the child and the child-rearing methods
used by the parents are the result of inherited factors or whether the parents
are affected by the behaviour of their children.
Problems
in the process of socialization that have been studied by experimental methods
include the analysis of mother–child interaction in infancy; the effects of
parental patterns of behaviour on the development of intelligence, moral
behaviour, mental health, delinquency, self-image, and other aspects of the
personality of the child; the effects of birth order (e.g., being the
first-born or second-born child) on the individual; and changes of personality
during adolescence. Investigators have also studied the origins and functioning
of achievement motivation and other social drives (e.g., as measured with
personality tests).
Several
theories have stimulated research into socialization; Freudian theory led to
some of the earliest studies on such activities as oral and anal behaviour
(e.g., the effect of the toilet training of children on obsessional and other
“anal” behaviour). Learning theory led to the study of the effects of rewards
and punishments on simple social behaviour and was extended to more complex
processes such as imitation and morality (e.g., the analysis of conscience).
The
self
Such
concepts as self-esteem, self-image, and ego-involvement have been regarded by
some social psychologists as useful, while others have regarded them as
superfluous. There is a considerable amount of research on such topics as
embarrassment and behaviour in front of audiences, in which self-image and
self-esteem have been assessed by various self-rating methods. The origin of
awareness of self has been studied in relation to the reactions of others and
to the child’s comparisons of himself with other children. Particular attention
has been paid to the so-called identity crisis that is observed at various
stages of life (e.g., in adolescence) as the person struggles to discern the
social role that best fits his self-concept.
Attitudes
and beliefs
Research
into the origins, dynamics, and changes of attitudes and beliefs has been
carried out by laboratory experiments (studying relatively minor effects), by
social surveys and other statistical field studies, by psychometric studies,
and occasionally by field experiments. The origins of these socially important
predispositions have been sought in the study of parental attitudes, group
norms, social influence and propaganda, and in various aspects of personality.
The influence of personality has been studied by correlating measured attitudes
with individual personality traits and by clinical studies of cognitive and
motivational processes; so-called authoritarian behaviour, for example, has
been found to be deeply embedded in the personality of the individual. Early
research based on statistical analyses of social attitudes revealed
correlations with such factors as radicalism–conservatism. Later research on
consistency provided extensive laboratory evidence of consistency but little
evidence of it in actual political behaviour (e.g., in attitudes on different
political issues).
Research
on attitude change has studied the effects of the mass media, the optimum
design of persuasive messages, the effects of motivational arousal, and the
role of opinion leaders (e.g., teachers and ministers). Research has been
carried out into the origins, functioning, and change of particular attitudes
(e.g., racial, international, political, and religious), each of which is
affected by special factors. Attitudes toward racial minority groups, for
example, are affected by social conditions, such as the local housing,
employment, and the political situation; political attitudes are affected by
social class and age; and religious attitudes and beliefs strongly reflect such
factors as inner personality conflict.
Various
specialties in social psychology
Many
social psychologists are concerned with such aspects of public opinion (social
survey) research as the design of standardized interviews and questionnaires.
Forms of questions have been devised to compensate for errors that arise from
the efforts to respond in a socially approved manner; some are designed to
detect lying. Mass communications have been devised on the basis of research
into persuasion. Use is also still made of Freudian symbolism and theory.
Research
into the causes of mental disorders has shown the importance of social factors
in the family and elsewhere. Mental patients often show deficiencies in social
performance that may be the cause of other symptoms. Many social psychologists
hold that social factors may also apply to such disorders as schizophrenia,
which also seem to have hereditary and chemical bases. There has been a
corresponding growth in the use of various kinds of social therapy in
psychiatry (e.g., group therapy, therapeutic communities, and social-skills
training).
Considerable
research has been devoted to industrial productivity, absenteeism, labour
turnover, accidents, and job satisfaction. Factors that have been found to be
important include the style of supervision and management, the size and
composition of working groups, the technology and the work-flow systems, the
span of control, and other features of the organizational structure. Research
results point strongly toward the advantages of a less rigid hierarchical
structure of authority, with more delegation of authority and consultation,
training in supervisory skills, small and cooperative work teams, and
interesting and varied work.
A
major application of research in social interaction and group behaviour is in
training in social skills, as in the T-groups, or sensitivity training, noted
above. Role playing with video-tape playback and training in the imitation of
other persons who serve as behavioral models are used in teaching people new
skills. Actual training on the job has the advantage that there is no gap
between the training and the work itself. All of these methods have been shown
to be effective, depending on the job and the teacher. Social-skills training
has been given successfully to industrial managers and supervisors, social
workers and clergymen, interviewers, public speakers, mental patients, and
juvenile delinquents.
A
great deal of research has been done on factors underlying racial prejudice,
but the understanding thus obtained has not had much effect upon the social
problems involved. Similarly, the causes of delinquency and crime have been
extensively studied, but it is not feasible to manipulate the factors
influencing crime, such as genetic factors, methods of upbringing, and
inequalities of opportunity. Social psychology has made some contribution to
education; sociometry is quite widely practiced as a means of grouping
children, and evidence is growing about the optimum styles of teacher
behaviour.
Michael
Argyle
The
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
TRUTH
Table
of Contents
Introduction
The
correspondence theory
Coherence
and pragmatist theories
Tarski
and truth conditions
Deflationism
References
& Edit History
Key
People: Saul Kripke Josiah Royce Simon Foucher
Related
Topics: truth-value coherentism correspondence theory of truth logical truth
deception
Truth,
in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, the property of sentences,
assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse,
to agree with the facts or to state what is the case... is the aim of belief;
falsity is a fault. People need the truth about the world in order to thrive.
Truth is important. Believing what is not true is apt to spoil people’s plans
and may even cost them their lives. Telling what is not true may result in
legal and social penalties. Conversely, a dedicated pursuit of truth
characterizes the good scientist, the good historian, and the good detective.
So what is truth, that it should have such gravity and such a central place in
people’s lives?
The
correspondence theory
The
classic suggestion comes from Aristotle (384–322 bce): “To say of what is that
it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true.” In other words, the world
provides “what is” or “what is not,” and the true saying or thought corresponds
to the fact so provided. This idea appeals to common sense and is the germ of
what is called the correspondence theory of truth. As it stands, however, it is
little more than a platitude and far less than a theory. Indeed, it may amount
to merely a wordy paraphrase, whereby, instead of saying “that’s true” of some
assertion, one says “that corresponds with the facts.” Only if the notions of
fact and correspondence can be further developed will it be possible to
understand truth in these terms.
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
Unfortunately,
many philosophers doubt whether an acceptable explanation of facts and
correspondence can be given. Facts, as they point out, are strange entities. It
is tempting to think of them as structures or arrangements of things in the
world. However, as the Austrian-born philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein observed,
structures have spatial locations, but facts do not. The Eiffel Tower can be
moved from Paris to Rome, but the fact that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris cannot
be moved anywhere. Furthermore, critics urge, the very idea of what the facts
are in a given case is nothing apart from people’s sincere beliefs about the
case, which means those beliefs that people take to be true. Thus, there is no
enterprise of first forming a belief or theory about some matter and then in
some new process stepping outside the belief or theory to assess whether it
corresponds with the facts. There are, indeed, processes of checking and
verifying beliefs, but they work by bringing up further beliefs and perceptions
and assessing the original in light of those. In actual investigations, what
tells people what to believe is not the world or the facts but how they
interpret the world or select and conceptualize the facts.
Coherence
and pragmatist theories
F.H.
Bradley
Starting
in the mid-19th century, this line of criticism led some philosophers to think
that they should concentrate on larger theories, rather than sentences or
assertions taken one at a time. Truth, on this view, must be a feature of the
overall body of belief considered as a system of logically interrelated
components—what is called the “web of belief.” It might be, for example, an
entire physical theory that earns its keep by making predictions or enabling
people to control things or by simplifying and unifying otherwise disconnected
phenomena. An individual belief in such a system is true if it sufficiently
coheres with, or makes rational sense within, enough other beliefs;
alternatively, a belief system is true if it is sufficiently internally
coherent. Such were the views of the British idealists, including F.H. Bradley
and H.H. Joachim, who, like all idealists, rejected the existence of
mind-independent facts against which the truth of beliefs could be determined
(see also realism: realism and truth).
Yet
coherentism too seems inadequate, since it suggests that human beings are
trapped in the sealed compartment of their own beliefs, unable to know anything
of the world beyond. Moreover, as the English philosopher and logician Bertrand
Russell pointed out, nothing seems to prevent there being many equally coherent
but incompatible belief systems. Yet at best only one of them can be true.
Peirce,
Charles Sanders
Some
theorists have suggested that belief systems can be compared in pragmatic or
utilitarian terms. According to this idea, even if many different systems can
be internally coherent, it is likely that some will be much more useful than
others. Thus, one can expect that, in a process akin to Darwinian natural
selection, the more useful systems will survive while the others gradually go
extinct. The replacement of Newtonian mechanics by relativity theory is an
example of this process. It was in this spirit that the 19th-century American pragmatist
philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce said:
The
opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all who investigate, is
what we mean by the truth, and the object represented in this opinion is the
real.
In
effect, Peirce’s view places primary importance on scientific curiosity,
experimentation, and theorizing and identifies truth as the imagined ideal
limit of their ongoing progress. Although this approach may seem appealingly
hard-headed, it has prompted worries about how a society, or humanity as a
whole, could know at a given moment whether it is following the path toward
such an ideal. In practice it has opened the door to varying degrees of
skepticism about the notion of truth. In the late 20th century philosophers
such as Richard Rorty advocated retiring the notion of truth in favour of a
more open-minded and open-ended process of indefinite adjustment of beliefs.
Such a process, it was felt, would have its own utility, even though it lacked
any final or absolute endpoint.
Tarski
and truth conditions, Epimenides
The
rise of formal logic (the abstract study of assertions and deductive arguments)
and the growth of interest in formal systems (formal or mathematical languages)
among many Anglo-American philosophers in the early 20th century led to new
attempts to define truth in logically or scientifically acceptable terms. It
also led to a renewed respect for the ancient liar paradox (attributed to the
ancient Greek philosopher Epimenides), in which a sentence says of itself that
it is false, thereby apparently being true if it is false and false if it is
true. Logicians set themselves the task of developing systems of mathematical
reasoning that would be free of the kinds of self-reference that give rise to
paradoxes such as that of the liar. However, this proved difficult to do
without at the same time making some legitimate proof procedures impossible.
There is good self-reference (“All sentences, including this, are of finite
length”) and bad self-reference (“This sentence is false”) but no generally
agreed-upon principle for distinguishing them.
These
efforts culminated in the work of the Polish-born logician Alfred Tarski, who
in the 1930s showed how to construct a definition of truth for a formal or mathematical
language by means of a theory that would assign truth conditions (the
conditions in which a given sentence is true) to each sentence in the language
without making use of any semantic terms, notably including truth, in that
language. Truth conditions were identified by means of “T-sentences.” For
example, the English-language T-sentence for the German sentence Schnee ist
weiss is: “Schnee ist weiss” is true if and only if snow is white. A T-sentence
says of some sentence (S) in the object language (the language for which truth
is being defined) that S is true if and only if…, where the ellipsis is
replaced by a translation of S into the language used to construct the theory
(the metalanguage). Since no metalanguage translation of any S (in this case,
snow is white) will contain the term true, Tarski could claim that each
T-sentence provides a “partial definition” of truth for the object language and
that their sum total provides the complete definition.
While
the technical aspects of Tarski’s work were much admired and have been much
discussed, its philosophical significance remained unclear, in part because
T-sentences struck many theorists as less than illuminating. But the weight of
philosophical opinion gradually shifted, and eventually this platitudinous
appearance was regarded as a virtue and indeed as indicative of the whole truth
about truth. The idea was that, instead of staring at the abstract question
“What is truth?,” philosophers should content
themselves with the particular question “What does the truth of S amount to?”;
and for any well-specified sentence, a humble T-sentence will provide the
answer.
Deflationism:
Gottlob Frege
Philosophers
before Tarski, including Gottlob Frege and Frank Ramsey, had suspected that the
key to understanding truth lay in the odd fact that putting “It is true that…”
in front of an assertion changes almost nothing. It is true that snow is white
if and only if snow is white. At most there might be an added emphasis, but no
change of topic. The theory that built on this insight is known as
“deflationism” or “minimalism” (an older term is “the redundancy theory”).
Yet,
if truth is essentially redundant, why should talk of truth be so common? What purpose
does the truth predicate serve? The answer, according to most deflationists, is
that true is a highly useful device for making generalizations over large
numbers of sayings or assertions. For example, suppose that Winston Churchill
said many things (S1, S2, S3,…Sn). One could express
total agreement with him by asserting, for each of these sayings in turn,
“Churchill said S, and S,” and then asserting, “And that is all he said.” But
even if one could do this—which would involve knowing and repeating every
single saying Churchill made—it would be much more economical just to say,
“Everything Churchill said was true.” Similarly, “Every indicative sentence is
either true or false” is a way of insisting, for each such sentence (S), S or
not S.
Despite
their contention that the truth predicate is essentially redundant,
deflationists can allow that truth is important and that it should be the aim
of rational inquiry. Indeed, the paraphrases into which the deflationary view
renders such claims help to explain why this is so. Thus, “It is important to
believe that some individuals are ill only if it is true that they are” becomes
“It is important to believe that some individuals are ill only if they are.”
Other broad claims that appeal to the notion of truth can likewise be
paraphrased in illuminating ways, according to deflationists. “Science is
useful because what it says is is true” is a way of simultaneously asserting an
indefinitely large number of sentences such as “Science is useful because it
says that cholera is caused by a bacterium, and it is” and “Science is useful
because it says that smoking causes cancer, and it does” and so on.
While
deflationism has been an influential view since the 1970s, it has not escaped
criticism. One objection is that it takes the meanings of sentences too much
for granted. According to many theorists, including the American philosopher
Donald Davidson, the meaning of a sentence is equivalent to its truth
conditions (see semantics: truth-conditional semantics). If deflationism is
correct, however, then this approach to sentence meaning might have to be
abandoned (because no statement of the truth conditions of a sentence could be
any more informative than the sentence itself). But this in turn is
contestable, since deflationists can reply that the best model of what it is to
“give the truth conditions” of a sentence is simply that of Tarski, and Tarski
uses nothing beyond the deflationists’ own notion of truth. If this is right,
then saying what a sentence means by giving its truth conditions comes to
nothing more than saying what a sentence means.
As
indicated above, the realm of truth bearers has been populated in different
ways in different theories. In some it consists of sentences, in others
sayings, assertions, beliefs, or propositions. Although assertions and related
speech acts are featured in many theories, much work remains to be done on the
nature of assertion in different areas of discourse. The danger, according to
Wittgenstein and many others, is that the smooth notion of an assertion
conceals many different functions of language underneath its bland surface. For
example, some theorists hold that some assertions are not truth bearers but are
rather put forward as useful fictions, as instruments, or as expressions of
attitudes of approval or disapproval or of dispositions to act in certain ways.
A familiar example of such a view is expressivism in ethics, which holds that
ethical assertions (e.g., “Vanity is bad”) function as expressions of attitude
(“Tsk tsk”) or as prescriptions (“Do not be vain!”) (see
ethics: Irrealist views: projectivism and expressivism). Another example is the
constructive empiricism of the Dutch-born philosopher Bas van Fraassen,
according to which some scientific assertions are not expressions of belief so
much as expressions of a lesser state of mind, “acceptance.” Accordingly,
assertions such as “Quarks exist” are put forward not as true but merely as
“empirically adequate.” If some such views are correct, however, then an
adequate theory of truth will require some means of distinguishing the kinds of
assertion to which it should apply—some account, in other words, of what
“asserting as true” consists of and how it contrasts, if it does, with other
kinds of commitment.
Even
if there is this much diversity in the human linguistic repertoire, however, it
does not necessarily follow that deflationism—according to which the truth
predicate applies redundantly to all assertions—is wrong. The diversity might
be identifiable without holding the truth predicate responsible. “Vanity is
bad” or “Quarks exist” might contrast with “Snow is white” in important
respects without the difference entailing that the first two sentences are
without truth value (neither true nor false) or at best true in other senses.
Simon
W. Blackburn
FLAT
EARTH
Table
of Contents
Introduction
Traditional
conceptualizations
Contemporary
revival
References
& Edit History
Related
Topics: conspiracy theory spherical Earth geodesy
Flat
Earth, the perception that Earth exists as a flat disk, either circular or
square-shaped. This view persisted in the ancient world until empirical
observations revealed that Earth’s shape was spherical or ellipsoidal. In
modern times, however, the notion of a flat Earth has been revived and promoted
on social media despite scientific evidence to the contrary.
Traditional
conceptualizations
To
observe Earth’s curved horizon, one must be at least 10,668 metres (about
35,000 feet) above its surface. Since the technology of ancient cultures was
insufficient to allow people to reach such heights, the world around them
appeared to be flat and stationary. Their perceptions were further reinforced
by the movements of the Sun and the Moon, which appear to rise in the east and
set in the west relative to a flat horizon, and of the stars, which appear to
rotate in a dome overhead.
Different
descriptions of a flat Earth can be found in the annals of ancient
civilizations worldwide. For example, ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian records
describe the world as a disk in the ocean with the heavens arching above it. An
Iraqi tablet dated to 1000 bce shows Babylon at the centre of a flat disk, and
the Greek philosopher Anaximander (610–546 bce) perceived Earth as a flat disk
perched at the top of a cylinder. In Norse cosmology, Earth’s flat plane is
encircled by an ocean, with a world tree or pillar at the centre. In India some
sacred texts describe the planet as a series of stacked flat disks, while
others describe it as a horizontal wheel set on a vertical axle. In China Earth
was described as flat and square into the 17th century, at which time Western
science introduced evidence for the planet’s spherical shape (see also
spherical Earth).
Contemporary
revival
The
idea that Earth is flat seems to have an enduring hold on human imagination. In
the 1830s a commune in Britain, led by British writer Samuel Birley Rowbotham,
resurrected the concept as backlash against rapid scientific progress. Members
believed that Earth was a circular disk with the North Pole at the centre and a
wall of ice surrounding the edges of the disk to contain the oceans. The group
was regarded as a harmless symbol of British eccentricity.
What
would become the modern flat Earth concept emerged modestly in the 1950s as the
Flat Earth Society, a small fringe group in Britain with a membership of fewer
than 4,000 people. However, largely due to the rising influence of the Internet
and social media in the early 2000s, the organization launched itself worldwide
in October 2009, and annual conferences followed and catered to a variety of
worldviews. Some of the society’s models echo the ancient view of Earth as a
disk with a dome of stars rotating above it. The models of other groups,
however, claim that the Sun and the Moon are only 50 km (31 miles) in diameter
and that they circle the disk at a height of 5,500 km (3,417 miles). Others
envision a world hemmed in by Antarctica (which is believed to extend
infinitely in all directions), or they reject conventional laws of gravity,
explaining that Earth exists as a disk that accelerates upward in order to give
the illusion of gravity.
Scientists
and researchers who study this growing movement have found that its appeal is
rooted in four trends: the public’s mistrust of official scientific sources,
the perpetuation of conspiracy theories, loyalty to the groups and community
they identify with, and the use of social media to spread misinformation. Flat
Earth ideas have gained a large enough audience worldwide to alarm some
scientists, who have launched their own social media campaigns to debunk the
flat Earth models promoted online. Other researchers are working to overcome
these perceptions by combining the teaching of rigorous evidence-based science
with a restoration of public trust in scientific institutions attained by
taking the questions of flat Earth adherents seriously and refraining from
taking aloof and dismissive positions.
ATTACHMENT “B” – FROM THE BBC
LIST
of TARIFFS IMPOSED, by COUNTRIES
See the Trump
tariffs list by country
On
Wednesday, President Trump unveiled new tariffs on imports to the US which will
form a central part of his government's new trade policy.
In his
speech, he listed the new tariffs to be imposed on a number of countries,
including the country's biggest trading partners, and a more complete list was
released later by the White House.
No further
tariffs were announced for Canada or Mexico. Both countries had already seen
tariffs imposed in February - though these have since been partially rolled
back.
China will
now see an effective tariff of 54%, as the new 34% tariff will be added to the
20% tariff already in place.
Here are all the new tariffs by trading
partner, with those with the highest share of imports into the US at the top.
Use the arrows at the bottom of the table to move to the next page.
Which countries have been hit by latest US tariffs?
|
Country |
Share of US imports |
Tariff |
|
|
|
European Union |
18.5% |
20% |
|
|
China |
13.4% |
54% 34% |
|
|
Japan |
4.5% |
24% |
|
|
Vietnam |
4.2% |
46% |
|
|
South Korea* |
4% |
26% |
|
|
Taiwan |
3.6% |
32% |
|
|
India* |
2.7% |
27% |
|
|
UK |
2.1% |
10% |
|
|
Switzerland* |
1.9% |
32% |
|
|
Thailand* |
1.9% |
37% |
|
|
Malaysia |
1.6% |
24% |
|
|
Brazil |
1.3% |
10% |
|
|
Singapore |
1.3% |
10% |
|
|
Afghanistan |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Albania |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Algeria |
<1% |
30% |
|
|
Andorra |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Angola |
<1% |
32% |
|
|
Anguilla |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Antigua and Barbuda |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Argentina |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Armenia |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Aruba |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Australia |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Azerbaijan |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bahamas |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bahrain |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bangladesh |
<1% |
37% |
|
|
Barbados |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Belize |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Benin |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bermuda |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bhutan |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bolivia |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Bosnia & Herzegovina* |
<1% |
36% |
|
|
Botswana* |
<1% |
38% |
|
|
British Indian Ocean Territory |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
British Virgin Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Brunei |
<1% |
24% |
|
|
Burundi |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Cambodia |
<1% |
49% |
|
|
Cameroon* |
<1% |
12% |
|
|
Cape Verde |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Cayman Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Central African Republic |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Chad |
<1% |
13% |
|
|
Chile |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Christmas Island |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Cocos (Keeling) Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|
|
Colombia |
<1% |
10% |
‹
|
Comoros |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Cook Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Costa Rica |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Côte d'Ivoire |
<1% |
21% |
|
||||
|
Curaçao |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo |
<1% |
11% |
|
||||
|
Djibouti |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Dominica |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Dominican Republic |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Ecuador |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Egypt |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
El Salvador |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Equatorial Guinea |
<1% |
13% |
|
||||
|
Eritrea |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Eswatini (Swaziland) |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Ethiopia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Falkland Islands* |
<1% |
42% |
|
||||
|
Fiji |
<1% |
32% |
|
||||
|
French Guiana |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
French Polynesia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Gabon |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Gambia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Georgia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Ghana |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Gibraltar |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Grenada |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Guadeloupe |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Guatemala |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Guinea |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Guinea-Bissau |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Guyana |
<1% |
38% |
|
||||
|
Haiti |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Honduras |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Iceland |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Indonesia |
<1% |
32% |
|
||||
|
Iran |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Iraq |
<1% |
39% |
|
||||
|
Israel |
<1% |
17% |
|
||||
|
Jamaica |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Jordan |
<1% |
20% |
|
||||
|
Kazakhstan |
<1% |
27% |
|
||||
|
Kenya |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Kiribati |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Kosovo |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Kuwait |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Kyrgyzstan |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Laos |
<1% |
48% |
|
||||
|
Lebanon |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Lesotho |
<1% |
50% |
|
||||
|
Liberia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Libya |
<1% |
31% |
|
||||
|
Liechtenstein |
<1% |
37% |
|
||||
|
Madagascar |
<1% |
47% |
|
||||
|
Malawi* |
<1% |
18% |
|
||||
|
Maldives |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Mali |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Marshall Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Martinique |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Mauritania |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Mauritius |
<1% |
40% |
|
||||
|
Mayotte |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Micronesia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Moldova |
<1% |
31% |
|
||||
|
Monaco |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Mongolia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Montenegro |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Montserrat |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Morocco |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Mozambique |
<1% |
16% |
|
||||
|
Myanmar* |
<1% |
45% |
|
||||
|
Namibia |
<1% |
21% |
|
||||
|
Nauru |
<1% |
30% |
|
||||
|
Nepal |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
New Zealand |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Nicaragua |
<1% |
19% |
|
||||
|
Niger |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Nigeria |
<1% |
14% |
|
||||
|
Norfolk Island |
<1% |
29% |
|
||||
|
North Macedonia |
<1% |
33% |
|
||||
|
Norway |
<1% |
16% |
|
||||
|
Oman |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Pakistan* |
<1% |
30% |
|
||||
|
Panama |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Papua New Guinea |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Paraguay |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Peru |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Philippines* |
<1% |
18% |
|
||||
|
Qatar |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Republic of the Congo |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Reunion |
<1% |
37% |
|
||||
|
Rwanda |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Saint Helena |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Saint Lucia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Saint Pierre & Miquelon |
<1% |
50% |
|
||||
|
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Samoa |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
San Marino |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
São Tomé and Príncipe |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Saudi Arabia |
<1% |
10% |
|
||||
|
Senegal |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Serbia* |
<1% |
38% |
|||||
|
Sierra Leone |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Sint Maarten |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Solomon Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
South Africa* |
<1% |
31% |
|||||
|
South Sudan |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Sri Lanka |
<1% |
44% |
|||||
|
Sudan |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Suriname |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Syria |
<1% |
41% |
|||||
|
Tajikistan |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Tanzania |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Timor-Leste |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Togo |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Tokelau |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Tonga |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Tunisia |
<1% |
28% |
|||||
|
Turkey |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Turkmenistan |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Turks and Caicos Islands |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Tuvalu |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Uganda |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Ukraine |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
United Arab Emirates |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Uruguay |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Uzbekistan |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Vanuatu |
<1% |
23% |
|||||
|
Venezuela |
<1% |
15% |
|||||
|
Yemen |
<1% |
10% |
|||||
|
Zambia |
<1% |
17% |
|||||
|
Zimbabwe |
<1% |
18% |
|||||
|
Heard and McDonald Islands |
NA |
10% |
|||||
|
Svalbard and Jan Mayen |
NA |
10% |
|||||
Source: White House / US
Census Bureau • Includes all countries and territories listed as affected by
the so-called reciprocal tariffs. Imports data for 2024.
*Tariffs given for these countries are those on the White House website and are
1% higher than those given by the White House on X.