the DON JONES INDEX…

GAINS POSTED in GREEN

LOSSES POSTED in RED

 

  4/3/25...    14,702.64  

3/27/25...    14,707.13  

6/27/13...    15,000.00

 

(THE DOW JONES INDEX:  4/3/25... 42,225.32; 3/27/25... 42,547.17; 6/27/13… 15,000.00)

 

LESSON for APRIL 3rd, 2025 – “JUST APRIL FOOLS” 

 

“Why do I do these things to make money?”

- Daffy Duck

 

There are holidays, and then there are other holidays... and Tuesday was one of those other holidays.

No ethnic, patriotic nor religious gathering celebrates April Fools’ Day (although the partisans and haters quickly term the congregations of rivals or enemies as such).  Although beloved of and practiced by many young people of wicked disposition, schools are not closed; ministers do not shout homilies from pulpits, government workers go dutifully to their labors (unless placed on holiday of a sterner sort by DOGEy Duck).

Fewer marriages take place thereupon than on birthdays, Christmas – even Halloween.  Children born of the day will live in lifelong states of  pity and amusement, retails will see no boom in business (except, perhaps, for a few of the cheaper novelty aisles and shoppes).  There is no official meal for the Feast of Fools – no ham, no turkey. Maybe an empty plate, wisecracked upon, then taken away – or, from the more perverse or creative cooks, something impertinent, something surprising (like a fake snake in a tin of peanuts).

Few retailers hold April Fools’ Day sales, and if they do, shoppers don’t believe them.  If you can believe intellectuals, or the British (or British intellectuals), there is an exhaustive discourse on the holiday and more upon some of its related aspects in Encyclopedia Brittanica, last updated a week ago in anticipation of today, in which the Day... elsewhere referred to as the Feast of Fools and descending back to medieval times, by some, or further Feasts among the Romans.  Others have suggested that the timing of the day may be related to the vernal equinox (March 21), a time when people are fooled by sudden changes in the weather.”  The article covers famous hoaxes, literary lies from Don Quixote to Jonathan Swift and Edgar Allen Poe and apps from television to the Internet and can be pursued as Attachment “A”.  Dis- and mis-information, the stocks in trade of those who fool the foolish are also covered (“A”.2) as are conspiracy theories (“A”.3), propaganda (“A”.4), defenses against dismissinformation and propaganda (“Critical Thinking... “A”.5) and its corollary “Media Literacy” – “A”.6, its academic discipline “Social Psychology” (“A”.7) primary objective “Truth” (“A”.8) with its litany of “ismisms”, and an example of intersectionalism between dismissinformation, propaganda and conspiracy with April Foolishness flavorings: (“The Flat Earth Society” – “A”.9)

Although the day has been observed for centuries, its true origins are unknown and effectively unknowable. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of ancient Rome, held on March 25, and the Holi celebration in India, which ends on March 31.

 

“How did April Fools' Day start?” the Brittanica asked.

“Although the day has been observed for centuries, its true origins are unknown and effectively unknowable. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of ancient Rome, held on March 25, and the Holi celebration in India, which ends on March 31.”

The Brittanica is among those surmising that the modern custom originated in France, officially with the Edict of Roussillon (promulgated in August 1564), in which Charles IX decreed that the new year would no longer begin on Easter, as had been common throughout Christendom, but rather on January 1. Because Easter was a lunar and therefore moveable date, those who clung to the old ways were the “April Fools.”

“Others have suggested that the timing of the day may be related to the vernal equinox (March 21), a time when people are fooled by sudden changes in the weather.”

 

One might wonder that, for such a holiday fraught with history, gravitas (of a sort) and so many corollaries, there are so few culture milestones.  There is some artwork, tho’ the best of it is centuries old; Hollywood, of course, produced an “April Fools” movie, differentiated from the run of the rom-coms and non-coms only by its truth in advertising... the music of the genre, (as is not whimsical or of an explicitly comedic vein as practiced by the likes of Allen Sherman or Weird Al Yankovich) tends to heel on the darker, regretful side of the street, like (Are We) “Just April Fools”, written by the iconic Bachrach/David team (ATTACHMENT ONE) and voiced, most notably, by Dionne Warwick, refraining: “Are we just April fools, Who can't see all the danger around us; If we're just April fools... I don't care, we'll find our way somehow...”

Unfortunately, American April (and other fools) tend either to inflict danger upon others, or support (with their votes and their money and their cheering) those who do.

 

The standard April Fools play timeworn childish pranks, some adult fraternal gatherings of fools, merry cultists and role-playing... “Batman” has his “Joker”, Superman his Mr. Mxyzptlk.  Some of the animated icons  of our childhoods are disturbing... “Woody Woodpecker”, for example, is a mean-spirited and cartoonishly criminal distraction; Mister Magoo makes fun of persons with visual disabilities.

On the even darker side, the holiday is about mis-information, sometimes shading into a more toxic dis-information and outright lying... Islam, for example, finds the holiday to be sinful (ATTACHMENT TWO) for the origins of the day are buried in heresies dating from back before the birth of Christ and Allah to the Romans (or even pagan Egyptians) – making its practitioners and participants infidels.

According to Mission Islam (ATTACHMENT TWO), the first mention of April Fool in the English language was in a publication known as Dreck Magazine, “reporting” that people were invited to come and watch “the washing of black people in the Tower of London” on the morning of the first day of April, 1698 CE.

'Aasim ibn 'Abd-Allaah al-Qurawayti wrote that many of us celebrate what is known as the April fool or, if it is translated literally, the "trick of April". But how much do we know of the bitter secret behind this day? According to his research, Islam was flourishing in Spain and those seeking the downfall of Islam made a careful study and concluded that it was because of the taqwa(piety) of the Muslims that Islam was so successful.  So (infidels) “introduced the younger Muslim generation to wine and other intoxicants and made such evils freely and cheaply available.”

This evil tactic produced results and the faith of the Muslims began to weaken, especially among the younger generation in Spain. “The result of that was that the enemies of Islam subdued the whole of Spain and put an end to the Muslim rule of that land which had lasted for more than eight hundred years.”

Allah, The Most Wise, said, according to Abu Muhammad Yusuf of Mission Islam that the Islamic deityguides not one who transgresses and lies," (Qur’an-40:28) and that the Curse of Allah falls upon “those who lie." (Qur’an-3:61)

Islam forbids lying even in jest and it forbids frightening a Muslim whether in seriousness or in jest, in words or in actions.

“When our Muslim Ummah is being disgraced and humiliated by the Kuffaar from East to West, how is it possible for a believer with even a minute degree of Imaan(faith) to engage in this evil custom of April Fool's Day.”

The Christian media, particularly Catholic, disagree somewhat on details of theology and theocracy, but also acknowledge the “religious roots” of the holiday.  (National Catholic Reporter, 4/1/24, ATTACHMENT THREE)

The day began, Catholic Reporter’s Peggy Fletcher Stack wrote, in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII decreed the adoption of the "Gregorian calendar" -- named after himself -- which moved New Year's Day from the end of March to Jan. 1.

“(T)hose who didn't get the message and continued to celebrate on April 1 were ridiculed” and, “because they were seen as foolish, called April Fools."

The notion of "holy fools" has a long and, writes Fletcher, “respected place in Judeo-Christian history.”  Hebrew prophets were often scorned as mad or eccentric for pronouncing unwelcome or uncomfortable truths. The apostle Paul talked to the Corinthians about becoming "fools for Christ." And Eastern Orthodoxy still sees the "holy fool" as a type of Christian martyr.

Historians and fictionaries (including Victor Hugo) frequently confused April Fools with medieval Christianity's Feast of Fools, which took place each January.

For centuries, this feast was seen as "a disorderly, even transgressive Christian festival, in which reveling clergy elected a burlesque Lord of Misrule, who presided over the divine office wearing animal masks or women's clothes, sang obscene songs, swung censers that gave off foul-smelling smoke, played dice at the altar, and otherwise parodied the liturgy of the church," said historian Max Harris, author of Sacred Folly: A New History of the Feast of Fools. Afterward, revelers would "take to the streets, howling, issuing mock indulgences, hurling manure at bystanders, and staging scurrilous plays."

The Feast of Fools was finally forbidden by the Council of Basle in 1435.

Even so, contends U Catholic (ATTACHMENT FOUR) “don’t be afraid to pull some (good-natured!) pranks on your friends and family: you’d be in the company of saints! Saint Philip Neri and Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati were known to be great jokesters.”

Unless, perhaps, you live in Tehran.

A refinement of the homily that once April Fools (day) is past, (practioners) will be “the greatest fools, at last” was described by Yahoo News (ATTACHMENT FIVE) as further meaning that tricks and pranks were only to be played (and lies only to be told) before noon on April first – as the team at Slingo explains...

The idea is that you come clean for any jokes or pranks you did by midday or you’ll be referred to as the April Fool.

The team at Slingo said: “This rule has a range of theories, including the idea that the day honours the spirit of Folly, a force believed to be very powerful and perhaps dating all the way back to the Hilaria of ancient Rome... festivals celebrated towards the end of March by followers of the cult of Cybele and entailed members of the cult dressing up in disguises and mocking and pulling jokes towards citizens.

“The festival was said to be inspired by the Egyptian legends of Osiris, Isis, and Seth” and is now said to have potentially inspired April Fools’ Day as we know it today.

“Because of this, the day needs to be contained within some sort of limit to avoid outright chaos.”

 

April Fools celebrations have migrated from Rome to Christian continental Europe, to the British Isles and thence, America, where variant celebrations are held in several municipalities of a rather decadent persuasion.

April Fools' Day in New York City has been marked by a "satirical spectacle" of "outrageous floats and unrelenting mockery" for forty years with the annual April Fools' Day Parade where at noon, today, the parade will March along 5th Avenue from 59th Street to Washington Square Park.

“April Fools’ Day has always been a time to express our truest thoughts and feelings, wrapped in the guise of humor—just like the jesters of old who spoke truth to power," Joey Skaggs, parade founder and Chair of the New York April Fool’s Committee told Untapped New York.  (March 31st, ATTACHMENT SIX)

Each year's parade has a theme, and this year's is "A Dozen Eggs." The "eggs" in question are political figures of both parties, from Donald Trump and Kamala Harris to Elon Musk and Joe Biden. Participants can pick their favorite fool and print out a mask of their face to wear during the festivities.

A King or Queen of Fools will be crowned at the end of the parade route in Washington Square Park. The honor recognizes the person "whose audacity, ignorance, or hypocrisy reigned supreme" this year so the competition is expected to be especially fierce.

On the Left Coast, the Saint Stupid's Day Parade is an annual parade in San Francisco on April 1.  It was founded by Ed Holmes (a/k/a Bishop Joey... slightly preceding Skaggs... of the First Church of the Last Laugh) in the late 1970s with the understanding that one of the unifying bonds in society is stupidity.  (Wikipedia, ATTACHMENT SEVEN)  If April 1 falls on a weekday, the parade starts at the foot of Market Street and follows a route through the financial district. If April 1 falls on a weekend, the parade starts at the Transamerica Pyramid, proceeds up Columbus Avenue and also ends up at a Washington Square – albeit one three thousand miles west of the park in Gotham.

The consumer website Funcheap (April 1st, ATTACHMENT EIGHT) describes Saint Stupid as a “patron saint of Civilizations and Parking Meters.”  Participants are advised to “dress like a character in Hawaii Five-0 or maybe PerWee Herman if he was in The Matrix, and bring something stupid that means something stupid to you.

“Bring pennies to toss at the Bankers Heart (a notoriously grim and granite sculpture en route) and socks for the traditional Sock Exchange.”

And for connoisseurs of the strange and the stupid, midnight on April First wheeling into Election Tuesday saw the calamitous culminations of three particularly contentious campaigns... (many, partisans of either party, calling the candidates, the campaigns and, of course, the money well worthy of a Feast of Fools).

In Wisconsin, the swing vote on the State Supreme Court like poo to flies, attracted heartless bankers, woke and unwoke jokers and verminous virtuecrats to a race as determined the state of the state upon issue from abortion to zoology; most notably the antics of cash-slinging, cheesehead donning DOGE-diner Elon Musk, whose madcap mite was estimated at upwards of twenty million – including two million checks passed out to a dynamic due of MAGAzoids who signed some sort of petition elevating Trump over God, Allah, even Seth.

And, in the Sunshine State’s “festival of foolishness and toxicity” (previewed in the Florida Phoenix, March 3rd, ATTACHMENT NINE), the haters and the gators crawled to the polls to elect two stranger things as replacements for Trumply elevated Rep. Matt Gaetz (who failed confirmation) and Sen. Mike Waltz (now cocking up all Washington over Signalgate).

“Don’t even begin to think this year can’t possibly be worse than last year,” threatened reporter Diane Roberts.

Last year was bad enough for some Floridians.  State legislators voted to bring back child labor, shoot bears, commanded all strippers be over 21 and began laying the groundwork for making Tyndall Air Force Base the future home of Starfleet Academy.  Both raptured Representatives voted for the Gulf of America, brought partisan religion back to the schools and... tho’ trailing Utah in ratification… banned fluoridated water.

State Sen. Randy Fine, whom Roberts called the “combustible” candidate for Waltz’s seat, won his primary by sponsoring a “campus-carry” bill to allow students to bring guns to school to fight Muslim terror.

Wednesday’s sunrise found Fine and cohort Jimmy Patronis leading in their deep, rose garden red districts but Muskmoney was failing to push GOP judicial candidate Brad Schimel over the top in Wisconsin – “liberal Susan Crawford winning a 10-year term and retaining the 4-3 liberal Supreme Court majority” CNN reported early Wednesday morning.

President Trump?  Reportedly pissed off... very, very, very pissed off.

 

Foreign Follies

There are variations between countries in the celebration of April Fools’ Day, but all have in common an excuse to make someone play the fool.  Brittanica (Attachment “A” above) advises that, in France, for example, “the fooled person is called poisson d’avril (“April fish”), perhaps in reference to a young fish and hence to one that is easily caught; it is common for French children to pin a paper fish to the backs of unsuspecting friends. In Scotland the day is Gowkie Day or Hunt the Gowk; the gowk, or cuckoo, is a symbol of the fool. On the following day (Tailie Day) signs reading “kick me” are pinned to friends’ backs. In many countries newspapers and the other media participate—for example, with false headlines or news stories.

These are also listed in marca.com (ATTACHMENT TEN) which adds the British Isles and Oceania – adding that the recent resurgence of the holiday is attributable to the digital age, wherein companies and brands actively participate in the creation of “fake advertising campaigns, incredible news stories, and viral videos that generate thousands of reactions on social media.”  (See below) However,” Marca cautions, “there is also a debate about the limits of these pranks and the spread of fake news in a time when misinformation is a growing concern” to which the DJI responds: “tune in next week!”

Back in the U.S.A., newspapers, television programming, magazines, social media and whisperers in the wind all shared stories of strange or poignant pranks of the past – some jokers keeping eyes out for new afflictions to inflict on friends, family and neighbors.

Affectionately, one hopes...

Descriptions and histories of famous and not-so-famous pranks are typically remembered in the silly season... from Sunday supplement lite tabloids like Parade to international orifices of news and commerce like CNET to local rags like the Indianapolis Star – each of which publishes a “best of compilation” of pranks past against the fugues of follies future.

Parade’s favorite forty five include a fast food purchase of the Liberty Bell in 1996, to be duly renamed the Taco Liberty Bell; Coca Cola’s release of a new pop that included a small shot of helium that would create a “squeaky high-pitched effect on the drinker’s voice”; and Petco’s prank poop-scooping “DooDoo Drone”.

Funny feline fecal jokes being staples of juvenile humour, CNET (March 31, ATTACHMENT TWELVE) announced a cat poo scented candle which only pretends to smell like cat poo, and instead smells of roses; threats to egg people’s houses from Reese’s and Cadbury with chocolate eggs (which compilators Gael Cooper & Amanda Kooser called the “tastiest April Fools' prank of the year” and Bodyarmor “Sports Performance Shampoo.”

And the Indystar’s list of failed April Fooleries includes incidents wherein ill-conceived pranks blew up in the makers’ faces, sometimes spectacularly, such as the Panama City, Florida Hooters’ waitress who won a Toyota at the company’s 2001 beer-selling contest – only to find the prize a brand new Star Wars doll - a green toy Yoda complete with light saber (she sued and won a settlement) , a Google “Minion” mic drop GIF to infest clients’ e-mails and that funny, funny Elon Musk’s 2018 report to his shareholders that Tesla had gone "completely and totally bankrupt" – perhaps a forecasting of Modern Times.  (March 31, ATTACHMENT THIRTEEN)

 

Sometimes famous (or infamous) persons share their favorite foolishness as, for example, Monica Lesinsky’s guide “to pulling off the perfect April Fools’ Day prank” in Vanity Fair.

Not that anyone asked, but I think April Fools’ Day 2025 is just what we need. (That and a time machine.) Though I was a sweet but serious kid, I always loved April Fools’ Day,” sweet Monica relates, and there’s always the premise - not that anyone asked - but Lewinsky ventured that April Fools’ Day 2025 “is just what we need.”  (That and a time machine.)  “Though I was a sweet but serious kid, I always loved April Fools’ Day” and there’s always something heartwarming about a global norm, agreed to across cultures, that celebrates playfulness and laughter. We are so often divided, but laughter can bring us together.”  (ATTACHMENT FOURTEEN)

For example, after briefly meeting Boris Johnson at a holiday party in London in 2015 and swapping selfies, Monica pranked the friends who’d introduced her “by texting them that I had slept with Johnson the night before and was freaking out.” One replied instantly, “This time, Monica Lewinsky, do NOT tell anyone else!!!”

And another local rag, the Park City, Utah Record, ran, on Sunday, an enumeration by correspondent and attorney Tom Clyde of April Fools News such as including a “randomly selected reporter” on a group text with “the secretary of state, the defense secretary, national security advisor, head of the CIA, White House staffers and the vice president” discussing war plans in Yemen.

Of course, you can make stuff like that up and have a good laugh, until you wake up and realize that all of those things are in the real news, not April Fool’s stories. (ATTACHMENT FIFTEEN)  “We are so screwed,” was Tom’s take.

Another Vanity Fair vanity confession to friends and family (by text) was filed by one TED talker Katie Herchenroeder (April 1, ATTACHMENT SIXTEEN) informing them that she would not be performing on “Dancing With the Stars” which elicited threats and fears that he “bad ankles” would not hold up to the stress and strain.

To be clear, Katie advised her relatives (and the world beyond) that “there’s nothing wrong with doing DWTS. It’s just not the obvious next step in taking back your narrative after giving a TED Talk!

 

Signalgate received global, as well as local, publicity including an opinion by Sidney Blumenthal of the Guardian U.K. (March 29th, ATTACHMENT SEVENTEEN) that the aforementioned “discussion” revealed “unserious people who don’t know when to keep quiet, with Stephen Miller as the real boss.”

Two weeks earlier, GUK had acquired another “confidential” Signal message from NSA adviser Mike Waltz... as began: “Team – establishing a principles group for coordination on Houthis, particularly for over the next 72 hours.” “The Houthis PC small group” would oversee a US air attack on the Houthis in Yemen.

Despite Waltz’s exalted professional position, the Brits snarked that he’d misspelled “principals” as “principles” – perhaps an ordinary typo, but symptomatic of the shambles to come.  Although the secretaries of defense, state and treasury, the director of national intelligence, the CIA director, the vice-president, and the president’s chief of staff were among the 18 people included, neither the chair of the joint chiefs of staff, who is a statutory member of the principals committee of the National Security Council, nor any military designee was invited into this group. Instead, the editor of the Atlantic, Jeffrey Goldberg, was sent a link. Waltz noted: “Joint Staff is sending this am a more specific sequence of events in the coming days.”

The transcript exposed the internal pecking order of Team Trump and its actual chain of command, if it could be called anything that regular. “In the end, the final decision-maker within the group to whom the others deferred was not any cabinet secretary or the chief of staff. They turned to “SM” – Stephen Miller – the deputy chief of staff who is Trump’s zealous enforcer. The chief of staff, Susie Wiles, came across as a cheerleader. Miller was the one who gave the stamp of approval. He conveyed Trump’s word. For all intents and purposes, Stephen Miller acted as the de facto president.”

“About the military plan on the eve of being executed,” GUK reported that JD Vance opined: “I think we are making a mistake.”

“There is nothing time sensitive driving the time line,” piped up Joe Kent, the head of the National Counterterrorism Center, whilst lending support to Vance. “Kent has been an overlooked figure in the scandal,” GUK disclosed; “he has an extensive history of associations with extremist domestic terrorist organizations. As a Republican congressional candidate, he paid a consulting fee to a member of the Proud Boys; he has also been close to the Christian nationalist Patriot Prayer group involved in violent street brawls in Portland; defended the white supremacist Nick Fuentes; and stated: “I don’t think there’s anything wrong with there being a white people special interest group,” during an interview with a group called the American Populist Union. In 2022, after Putin’s invaded Ukraine, Kent called him “very reasonable”. When Kent ran for the House that year, after his ties to the far right were exposed, he claimed “he had distanced himself from such groups.”

GUK also contended that Dr. Peter Marks, formerly the FDA’s top vaccine official – formerly lauded by Donald Trump during the US president’s first term for his role in Operation Warp Speed (the initiative that developed, manufactured and helped distribute the Covid-19 vaccines) – pranked health secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr’s prankly “misinformation and lies” in the letter of resignation he submitted as an alternative to being fired (along with 10,000 of HHS’s employees laboring at various tasks ranging from enhancing vaxxes on Bird and Human Flu to researching cures for cancers).  (ATTACHMENT EIGHTEEN)

In defense of Trump and RFK, GUK reported that the Wall Street Journal reported this statement on the resignation by an HHS official: “If Peter Marks does not want to get behind restoring science to its golden standard and promoting radical transparency, then he has no place at FDA under the strong leadership of secretary Kennedy.”

Bobby himself contended he was fighting pushback from “defiant bureaucrats” who had stopped his office from gaining access to “closely guarded databases that might reveal the dangers of certain drugs and medical interventions”... which implications, GUK and other liberals whispered, might result in the banning of Covid vaccines, mifepristone (a contraceptive) and remedies for illnesses ranging (again) from flu to Bird flu to measles.

 

One David Levi Strauss (perhaps related to the pants people, perhaps not) solicited and collected polling data from Trump’s first month in office (2/23; the Brooklyn Rail, ATTACHMENT NINETEEN) and deduced that Trump was now (or then, rather) “six points underwater in favorability, which is fifteen points under any other president in history at the beginning of their terms. Trump is the least popular president in the history of such polls.”

The numbers were even worse in such areas as pardons, tariffs, the foreign wars and, of course, Elon Musk.  Further, the polls that Mean Jeans fingered found that one of Djonald UnMortal’s veneration by Gen. Z was sliding downhill faster than a wall of mud towards a Malibu beachside paradise.

He predicted that he’d probably have to use force at some point to maintain control, “which will further increase the enmity and unrest among the people. And/or he’ll need to create a tremendous distraction.”

Month two saw check... and check!

“Now that Trump has captured the intelligence services, the Justice Department, and the FBI,” the Rail roaded, “the military is the last piece he needs to establish the foundations for authoritarian control of the US government.”

“This may all be eclipsed soon by what Trump is doing internationally,” the Rail chugged on.  “His mixture of utter incompetence and stupefying authoritarian arrogance is wreaking havoc with the post-war liberal world order. Trump has shifted his allegiances from our long-term allies in NATO and elsewhere to Putin’s Russia. He’s sided with Russia in its war of aggression against Ukraine and cozied up to other tyrants around the globe.

Steve Bannon, not to be outdone by his alter ego Elon, flashed a Nazi salute near the end of his speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) on February 21, while shouting “Fight, Fight, Fight,” in imitation of Trump. The salute came right after Trump’s Vice President JD Vance supported the neo-Nazi Alternative for Germany (AfD) party in the German elections, and Elon Musk announced that “only the AfD can save Germany.”

Formerly a Republican partisan stalwart, the National Review has had its problems with Donald UnChainsawed since his first administration and from that time on, subsequent praise and criticism have continued battling one another as the man NR’s Jeffrey Blehar called “the undisputed ringmaster at the carnival of fools.”  (ATTACHMENT TWENTY)

The Old Right Peanut Gallery included contentions that “the pathetic creep is basically begging for affirmation” (MK) promoting an “incoming fascist dictatorship” as opposed to supporters who snarled that “MAGA is strong and moving forward, leaving these Never Trumpers at NR behind,” (BH) and that “(a)fter watching the disgusting display of a party that can’t clap for a child fighting brain cancer, I can NOT find a decent democrat let alone one worth voting for... (GJ)”

And the righter-than-right New York Post found a Democrat worth quoting... Slick Willie’s old fixer James “Snake” Carville, elucidating upon a person apparently despised by Left and Right alike... Jeff Bezos.

During his “Politics War Room” podcast on Thursday, “the Democratic strategist attacked Tesla CEO Elon Musk for what he believes is ruining his reputation as an innovator to work with Trump.” This topic led to him calling out “similarly situated” billionaires like Bezos for willingly working with Trump.

“You have this tremendous economic power,” Carville said. “You have tremendous influence in public opinion. You own one of the legacy, important media operations, and you’re doing nothing f—ing with it. You’re appeasing people.” 

He called both Musk and Bezos “f—ing fools” but focused heavily on Bezos, comparing him to Porsche founder and German engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who helped construct weapons and tanks for the Nazi Party.

Bezos, “who also owns Amazon”, the Post apparently discovered, has been criticized by progressives and members of his newspaper staff over the last few months for announcing changes to the Washington Post’s opinion pages, preventing the editorial page from endorsing Vice President Kamala Harris in 2024 and donating $1 million to Trump’s inauguration fund.

Carville echoed Bezos’ critics by insisting he was pandering to Trump and would be forever ruined by it.

“This guy’s not going to be remembered as the greatest retailer who ever lived, of which he is,” Carville said. “He’s going to be remembered as a collaborator. And he will never ever wash that stench off of him.”

Fortunately for Trump, Musk, their colluders, collaborators and Congressthings, Dissent’s Fred Halliday pointed out the “convergence between the forces of Islamist militancy, on the one hand, and the “anti-imperialist” left on the other...” which has enabled Republicans to brush away charges of anti-Semitism and turn them back upon liberals.

The latest Arab (largely Iranian-backed) Israeli war is a conflict without heroes... both sides are committed to an impossible genocide as the only solution – leaving the field to those who exploit the carnage for their own agenda... sometimes related, sometimes not.

“This relationship of the radical left to political Islam has a long history, one that should give pause to those who now seek to form an alliance, however “tactical,” with Islamist movements and states,” wrote Halliday, adding that the alliance: faced with the blocking of the proletarian revolution in Europe after 1917, they turned to the anti-imperialist and sometimes Islamic forces then active in Asia. The first state in the world to recognize the Bolshevik Revolution was the monarchy of Afghanistan, then locked in a conflict with the British. As a result, Lenin gave instructions that Soviet Russia must always pay “particular attention” to Islam.

China, meanwhile, is waiting and watching the dissolution of America, Islam and Russia and, this week, exploited the Trump tariff trauma by opening economic relations with ancient enemy Japan as well as South Korea (despite its on-again, off-again alliance with NoKo),

So it’s not surprising that April Fools’ Day brings out over a hundred “hilarious political quotes” from the ChiCom creature Alibaba.com.  (March 26, ATTACHMENT TWENTY THREE)

“Emily’s” list purports to bring “light-heartedness to the otherwise heavy realm of politics. As we explore these quotes, we invite readers to enjoy the lighter side of political discourse and appreciate the universal humor found within it.”

Most of the authorities cited are credited to Unknown, second highest are American and other practitioners of heretical democracy... even invertebrate ChiCom hater Ronald Reagan, whose charge that "I have left orders to be awakened at any time in case of national emergency, even if I'm in a Cabinet meeting," is included – as are remarks from Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, George Orwell and Marx (Groucho, not Karl).

“The sphere of politics, intertwined with power, ambition, and governance, is often perceived as an uncharted land shrouded in seriousness,” raps (and wraps) “Emily”.   However, as showcased through this compilation of funny political quotes, “there exists a realms (sic) of humor within politics.”

Hoaxes.org also listed a Top 100 April Fools’ hoaxes (some political, more not) via 1440 and, as opposed to the Chinese listings above, most are actually credited (to someone, or something).

Time and space being as they are, we included only Number One, below (also included on several other lists of best and/or oldest pranks), and the Top Ten within ATTACHMENT TWENTY FOUR...to see the rest, go here.

 

#1:  THE SWISS SPAGHETTI HARVEST  April 1, 1957 

The respected BBC show Panorama announced that thanks to a very mild winter and the virtual elimination of the dreaded spaghetti weevil, Swiss farmers were enjoying a bumper spaghetti crop. It accompanied this announcement with footage of Swiss peasants pulling strands of spaghetti down from trees.

 

Yahoo News (4/1, ATTACHMENT TWENTY FIVE) reiterated other April Fools’ Day jokes... perhaps the biggest of which was this, from its Introducton...

Yahoo is using AI to generate takeaways from this article. This means the info may not always match what's in the article. Reporting mistakes helps us improve the experience.

This caveat established, Yahoo selected some of the most prominent foolishnesses of the week and fearlessly refuted them... Warren Buffet is not buying Tesla; DOGE is not sending stimulus checks to Don Jones.

They also included a Peanut Gallery, in which HPY seconded 'RFK Jr. knows how to handle health and human services' and VB declared his favorite to be when a dj announced that the phone company was cleaning the lines by blowing air through them, “so you were supposed to bag your receiver from 11 an to noon on April 1 1987.”  Didn’t work.  “Station got sued and the dj fired,” the peanut added.

 

More April Fool’s Foodie Day pranks from USA focused on brands, food and food brands and their goofy pranks – remember last year's “Baby Translator” app and 7-Eleven's hot dog-flavored water?  (ATTACHMENT TWENTY SIX)

Back in 2020, Journelle teased men's lace lingerie on April Fools' Day. Later in the year, the company began actually offering men's lingerie and it's become a top-selling category, says co-CEO Guido Campello.  Other 2025 pranks include...

Omaha Steaks' 'meat-cute' April 1 romance novel...

Deep Indian Kitchen has some new Indian Ice Cream Flavors including Chicken Curry, Chicken Tikka Masala, Spinach Paneer, Butter Chicken, and Chicken Vindaloo...

Dude Wipes' new manscaping tool for your bum – a grooming tool for "down-there maintenance", and...

Duolingo's April Fools' Day trip tease: a 5-year Carnival cruise which is a trick, but offers two real deals: a free month of the Super Duolingo language app and special offers on a much shorter Carnival cruise.

Fox (ATTACHMENT TWENTY SEVEN) listed a few of the year’s political pranks... Gov. Jared Polis (D-Co) issued a press release early Tuesday morning announcing he had unveiled a new official gubernatorial portrait to be displayed in the State Capitol – a play on President Trump’s demand that a portrait of himself be taken down because he did not like the way it made him look, calling it "purposefully distorted" while Rep. James Comer (R-Ky) posted that he had commissioned Hunter Biden to paint his portrait... including “what appeared to be an AI-generated image” of Hunter painting the portrait of Comer. 

And that jokely joker Djonald UnSerious pranked the White House press corps through assistant press secretary Taylor Rogers, who announced an “unexpected later night of work” and then waited for a beat or two before saying “Happy April Fools!” and then adding “Happy Liberation Day eve,” pointing to President Trump’s April 2 tariff deadline.  (The Hill, ATTACHMENT TWENTY EIGHT)

Adweek (ATTACHMENT TWENTY NINE) rounded up the most unusual April Fools’ Day pranks from brands and presented Garlic Ranch soda, Yahoo’s grass encrusted keyboard, a Whisker candle that smells like the cat’s litter box and the Mr. T’s Pierogies face cream and eye patches that reporter Brittaney Kiefer called “kind of soothing.”

And finally, stark reality intruded courtesy (??) of Malwarebytes.com which announced that it would no longer celebrate (or endure) April Fools’ Day – given that social media, AI and corporate cyberfoolery as has turned America into Scamerica

“It’s hard to know what to believe any day of the year online,” declared a very tired-sounding Mark Beare and so, “while we used to participate in April Fools, it just hits different these days.” 

“So go ahead and order your Hot Dog Sparkling Water,” Beare asks the Joneses to bear with him a little longer, “eat your crust only pizza, or have a snooze in your banana sleeping bag. We love that. (ATTACHMENT THIRTY) But as a cybersecurity brand we want you to feel like you can trust us—every single day of the year. If we say something is fake, then it’s fake. If we say it’s real, then it’s real. No exceptions.” 

 

 

 

Our Lesson: March 27 through April 2, 2025

 

Thursday, March 27, 2025

Dow:  42,299.70

AyGee says there will be no investigation of Signalgate – SecPress Leavitt says that would add to the irresponsibility.  Tariff increases are underway, even Teslas are being tariffed for having foreign-made parts (and the haters are burning them and writing Nazi graffiti).  The memos accidentally sent to Atlantic editor Bernstein could have resulted in Houthis shooting down American planes with Iranian missiles.  Even some Republicans call for investigations.

   Wildfires scorch the Carolinas – feeding on brush and dead trees killed by Hurricane Helene winds and floods  Asheville declared in extreme fire danger as clouds of toxic smoke require masking – fires in Georgia blamed on woman angry with husband.  Now, heavy rains are flooding South Texas – a foot of rain and 30 ft. river rising in rivers.  50 water rescues conducted.  Where floods are not, drought is... burn bans are being enforced from Atlanta to New York.

   Major league baseball begins this week, NCAA March madness to start reducing fields from Sweet Sixteen to Final Four.

 

Friday, March 28, 2025

Dow:  41,583.90

7.7 EQ hits Thailand and Myanmar (also in the midst of civil war).  Buildings collapse in Bangkok, 600 miles from epicenter.  149 reported dead so far, but many more are missing.

   HHS Sec. RFK Junior announces plans to merge some of his agencies into a huge AHA! (Administration for a Healthy America) and cut 10K jobs.  The department’s 10 regional offices will be cut to five and its 28 divisions consolidated into 15, including a AHA!, which will combine offices that address addiction, toxic substances and occupational safety into one central office… ignoring protests from rural areas as believe they will no longer be covered.  He also recommends Vitamin A for measles, despite doctors saying it causes liver damage in kids.

   Sec. Waltz and the Vances visit Space Force base in Greenland, where J. D. tries to soft-pedal talk of military conquest, even though Trump demands that Denmark hand over the big island full of minerals and with Chinese and Russian ships sniffing around.

   In criminological news, a mass stabber in Amsterdam stabs five, including two Americans and Selena’s killer denied parole after 30 years in prison.  Record $5M bil required for anesthetic tech who basked his wife in the head with rocks and pushed her down the side of a mountain.  Ghoul breaks open casket, steals baby’s corpse from a cemetery in West Virginia.   Utah bans fluoride in drinking water.  Dentists plan for better business.

 

Saturday, March 29, 2025

Dow:  Closed

Recovery and rescue teams comb ruins in Myanmar and Thailand as death toll launches upwards to 1,000 and bodies are still being pulled from the rubble.  Tremors and aftershocks still being felt as far away as China. 

   Stocks crash after triple whammy of inflation, consumer confidence drop and inconsistency in tariffs. 

   Danish PM Matte Fredrischen defiant, says that Greenland is theirs and will not be surrendered.  Locals in Nuuk vow to fight American troops, if necessary.  DHS Kristi Noem goes to El Salvador to inspect and defends deportations as SCOTUS deliberates on stopping more deportations – Musk and Trump promise that people who draw Nazi graffiti will get 20 years in El Salvador prison, or maybe Guantanamo for domestic terrorism.

   Vaxxing Czar Peter Marks, told to resign or be fired, chooses resignation – but does write an angry letter to Bobby – citing an “unprecedented assault on scientific truth.

 

Sunday, March 30, 2025

Dow:  Closed

Talkshow Sunday finds partisans talking about Signalgate: whether it was honest mis- or evil dis-information (see above) with leakerman Goldberg calling it “a somewhat farcical situation” on “Meet the Press” while Djonald UnDisturbed, says the Atlantic is another failing medium – then reiterating that his quest for a third term is not an April Fools joke, while supporters say MAGA will either repeal the 12th and 25th Constitutional amendments or somebody (Vance? Don Junior?  Erik?) will get elected in ‘28 and cede power back to Father either officially, making him Speaker or Cabineteer so everybody can resign, or unofficially, like Elon.

   On the talkshows, E-con-mystic Diane Swong cites panic buying, hoarding and “hunkering down” all at the same time and that it will be impossible to find American cars without foreign parts; former Covid Czar Asha Jah accuses RFK Junior of purging Dr. Peter Marks (who denounced anti-vaxxing in his letter of resignation – accusing the HHS newbie of supporting “quack” vitamins and cod liver oil to stop measles; Mark and Mike don’t think alike... Sen. Warner (D-Va) says 250 CIAgents were outed by Signalgate while Rep. Turner (R-Oh) calls it a “successful operation” and Atlantic “oversold” lack of lexicological discrimination between “classified” docs and “war plans”.

   Talking heads debate whether conquering Greenland is necessary for blocking Russo-Chinese adventurism in the Far North, for its mineral wealth or for Trump’s ego. Admiral James Stavrides advocates diplomacy with Denmark for a “win-win solution” instead of a military solution.  SecState Rubio hails mass arrests and deportations of protesting Palestinian students, green cards or no, who are “taking up spots from Americans” and NSA Chief Mike Waltz gets thrown under the POTUS bus for Signalgate, confesses only to mis- not dis-information.

 

Monday, March 31, 2025

Dow: 42,001.76

After contending that Wednesday’s “Liberation Day” will free Americans from foreign goods (presumably by making most too expensive to afford), President Trump pivots on Putin, and says Russian oil will not be exempt from tariffs because Bad Vlad refuses to come to the table and honestly work to end the Ukraine War he needs to gain the support of his base.  Supporters say Trump doesn’t bluff – “if diplomacy doesn’t work, he’ll move on to Plan B (i.e. tariffs).”  (It’s Plan C that has most of the world worried.)

   With key Elections tomorrow in Florida (to replace Matt Gaetz and Waltz in Congress) and in Wisconsin (a swing State Supreme Court judge to rule on abortion, economics etc.), Elon Musk is handing out million dollar checks to supporters, drawing outrage – but no indictment from friendly AyGee Pam Bondi. 

    Democrats still fumbling, bumbling and sniveling, but some lone wolves are taking lessons from climate and burning down GOP headquarters in Albuquerque, starting Muskfires in America and Rome and... despite threats of 20 years jail, drawing swastikas on Teslas (which used to be the liberals’ car of choise).  Others are just panic buying foreign stuff – cars, avocadoes, electronics, tequila.  Foreign people are itchy and scratchy too... hard-right Marine LePen convicted of embezzlement and banned from running for President while rescue efforts after Myanmar earthquake blocked by civil war and DOGE improved after the military government called for a ceasefire.

   And Trump also signs an E.O. honest fanboys and girls appreciate, no matter what their party: capping concert ticket reseller gouging.  No more $10,000 nosebleed seats for Taylor Swift shows and, in the Oval Office, Kid Rock says “I’m a capitalist, but...”  Well done, Donni-O!

 

Tuesday, April 1, 2025

Dow:  41,989.96

It’s April Fool’s Day.  Straight-faced, President Trump says that Thursday’s tariffs will bring down prices – even though polls show voters disagree 60% to 38% and China, Japan and SoKo put aside their disagreements to form a common retaliation market.  And, for the dour, dismal Democrats, NJ Sen. Cory Booker performs a 25 hour, 4 minute discourse (as opposed to “filibuster” since he’s not speaking against or far any particular legislation.  The... uh... talking breaks the old filibuster record set by Strom Thurmond, opposing civil rights in 1956.

   ICE arrests and deportations continue – officials admit that an “administrative error” swept up an innocent man and sent him to El Salvador, but that he won’t be brought back because he is now under the jurisdiction of Trump ally Pres. Bukele.

   Formerly stranded astronauts Butch and Suni share their first interviews... Butch says he looks forward to reuniting with his wife and children; Suni saying that she enjoyed flying through the green aurora and looks forward to hugging her dog.  Space X launches a crypto billionaire into space.

  

 

Wednesday, April 2, 2025

Dow:  42,225.32

It’s “Liberation Day” according to Djonald UnChained and also National Walking Day.

   Democrats walk to victory in Wisconsin mangling Musk, his money, Republicans and, of course, President Trump who is so outraged that he might be firing Elon, despite the prospect of imposing regressive tariffs that may or may not make the American e-con-me golden again, but is driving consumers to panic buying of cars and Corona (beer, not disease) before the miscellaneous “reciprocal” tariffs on assorted countries’ exports (see list of tariffs as Att. B below) take full effect – today, tomorrow, next week or whenever.

   The G.O.P. does save its Congressional majority by winning the two open seats in Florida (districts Trump won by 30%) but the margin of victory is cut in half.  Democrats say it’s not liberation, it’s Recession Day.

   Millions of Americans are also running, not walking, from “once in a generation” weather that is hitting Memphis, for example, with tornadoes, followed by four or more days of flooding rains.  It’s also stormy at the South Pole – a cruise ship endures Dr. Odyssey tempests and tragedies while navigating the Drake passage between Argentina and Antarctica as glaciers melt, creating titanic icebergs.

   Titanic death tolls mount in Thai/Myanmar quake... 3,000 and rising... and in the forever wars in Ukraine and Gaza, where Netanyahu and Putin sextuple-down on civilian slaughter with no “Top Gun” or “Batman” to the rescue... Hollywood mourns death of Val Kilmer.

 

It’s a bouncy but indeterminate week for the Dow and Country as producers, consumers and e-con-mystics await the dawn of Liberation Day... but overnight into Thursday, foreign markets crash, strongly hinting that it will not be the sort of pleasant week that Republicans had hoped for, even tho’ Trump did say there would be temporary pain. Soon, however, the world and America will be wondering “how temporary” and “how painful”?

 

 

 

 

THE DON JONES INDEX

 

CHART of CATEGORIES w/VALUE ADDED to EQUAL BASELINE of 15,000

(REFLECTING… approximately… DOW JONES INDEX of June 27, 2013)

 

Gains in indices as improved are noted in GREEN.  Negative/harmful indices in RED as are their designation.  (Note – some of the indices where the total went up created a realm where their value went down... and vice versa.) See a further explanation of categories HERE

 

ECONOMIC INDICES 

 

(60%)

 

CATEGORY

VALUE

BASE

RESULTS by PERCENTAGE

SCORE

OUR SOURCES and COMMENTS

 

INCOME

(24%)

6/17/13 revised 1/1/22

LAST

CHANGE

NEXT

LAST WEEK

THIS WEEK

THE WEEK’S CLOSING STATS...

 

Wages (hrly. Per cap)

9%

1350 points

3/27/25

+0.18%

4/25

1,561.18

1,561.18

https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/wages   30.89 nc

 

Median Inc. (yearly)

4%

600

3/27/25

+0.057%

4/10/25

741.21

741.64

http://www.usdebtclock.org/   43,530 555

 

Unempl. (BLS – in mi)

4%

600

3/27/25

+2.44%

4/25

556.38

556.38

http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000/    4.1 nc

 

Official (DC – in mi)

2%

300

3/27/25

 -0.18%

4/10/25

221.14

220.75

http://www.usdebtclock.org/      7,291 304

 

Unofficl. (DC – in mi)

2%

300

3/27/25

 -0.26%

4/10/25

212.07

211.51

http://www.usdebtclock.org/      15,154 194

 

Workforce Participation

   Number

   Percent

2%

300

3/27/25

 

 +0.027%

  -0.006%

4/10/25

298.51

298.49

In 163,469 3,513  Out 102,646 689 Total: 266,202

61.428 424

 

WP %  (ycharts)*

1%

150

3/27/25

  -0.32%

4/25

150.71

150.71

https://ycharts.com/indicators/labor_force_participation_rate  62.40

 

OUTGO

(15%)

 

Total Inflation

7%

1050

3/27/25

+0.2%

4/25

942.43

942.43

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.2

 

Food

2%

300

3/27/25

+0.2%

4/25

268.10

268.10

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.2

 

Gasoline

2%

300

3/27/25

- 1.0%

4/25

238.51

238.51

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm      -1.0

 

Medical Costs

2%

300

3/27/25

 -0.3%

4/25

283.68

283.68

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.3

 

Shelter

2%

300

3/27/25

+0.3%

4/25

255.61

255.61

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.3

 

WEALTH

 

Dow Jones Index

2%

300

3/27/25

 -0.76%

4/10/25

330.29

327.79

https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/index/   42,547.18 225.32

 

Home (Sales)

(Valuation)

1%

1%

150

150

3/27/25

+4.41%

+0.68%

3/25

128.69

282.27

128.69

282.27

https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics

Sales (M):  4.26  Valuations (K):  398.4

 

Debt (Personal)  CANCELLED 3/27

2%

300

3/27/25

+0.043%

4/10/25

265.30

265.30

http://www.usdebtclock.org/    75,162 CANCELLED

crypto, credit card debt border encounters gold &silver

 

 

GOVERNMENT

(10%)

 

Revenue (trilns.)

2%

300

3/27/25

+0.16%

4/10/25

432.13

432.81

debtclock.org/       5,070 078

 

Expenditures (tr.)

2%

300

3/27/25

+0.11%

4/10/25

291.91

291.58

debtclock.org/       7,076 084

 

National Debt tr.)

3%

450

3/27/25

+0.08%

4/10/25

366.86

366.57

http://www.usdebtclock.org/    36,646 675

 

Aggregate Debt (tr.)

3%

450

3/27/25

+0.14%

4/10/25

385.61

385.06

http://www.usdebtclock.org/    102,747 893

 

 

TRADE

(5%)

 

Foreign Debt (tr.)

2%

300

3/27/25

  -0.13%

4/10/25

279.70

279.34

http://www.usdebtclock.org/    8,649 660

 

Exports (in billions)

1%

150

3/27/25

 -1.22%

4/25

167.51

167.51

https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html  269.8 nc

 

Imports (in billions))

1%

150

3/27/25

+9.05%

135.93

135.93

https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html  401.2

 

Trade Surplus/Deficit (blns.)

1%

150

3/27/25

-25.11%

160.62

160.62

https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html  131.4

 

 

 

 

SOCIAL INDICES 

 

(40%)

 

 

ACTS of MAN

(12%)

 

 

-389

 

World Affairs

3%

450

3/27/25

-0.1%

4/10/25

474.98

475.45

Trump breaks with Bad Vlad over Ukraine, will tariff Russian oil.  Four American soldiers drowned in Lithuania, presumably accidentally, NFL ponders playing games in Dubai, and the sole exceptions to immigration crackdown is white South Africans – like Elon.

 

War and terrorism

2%

300

3/27/25

-0.2%

4/10/25

287.59

288.42

Tesla vandals called domestic terrorists.  Amsterdam stabber stabs five, including two Americans and the Red Cross is outraged after Israel kills more relief workers in Gaza.  Civil wars rage in Syria, Congo, Sudan.

 

Politics

3%

450

3/27/25

 -0.2%

4/10/25

472.80

471.85

White House Correspondents’ Dinner bans comedians and... no joke!... Djonald UnConstitutional says he’ll 1) seek third term (even if he has to face Barack Obama), 2) invade Greenland following reconnaisance visits by Veep Vance, wife and Waltz and shrug as tariffs mash potatoes in Maine, angering GOP Sen. Collins.  Kristi Noem visits El Salvador maxi-prison, promises more deportations. Stefanik appointment recalled to save GOP congressional majority. Senate allows banks to raise overdraft fees. 

 

Economics

3%

450

3/27/25

-0.1%

4/10/25

439.21

438.77

Tariff flip-flops cause Wall Street volatility before Liberation Day.  Tesla stock sinks, Elon gives up on “X” – sells it to his own AI company for $33B.  More Trump/Musk/DOGE cutdowns and shutbackes: $55M from Ron Reagan’s “Institute for Peace”, threats to shut public libraries whether DEI or not; 10K workers from HHS (which Bobby plans to merge with other agencies into an Administration for a Healthy America  (AHAIn the private sector, Dollar Tree will sell Dollar General (for dollars),

 

Crime

1%

150

3/27/25

-0.2%

4/10/25

217.50

217.06

Two April Fools fleeing police arrested when they stop to put more air in their tires.  Angry Miami bus driver shoots two annoying passengers.  Police kill rapper Young Scooter.  Vegas babysitter stabs 3 year old to death.  Home invaders hold family of Seahawks’ Richie Sherman hostage at gunpoint, gunman “angry with pharmacists” kills Walgreens pharmacy clerk, man angry with religion kills priest in Kansas.

 

ACTS of GOD

(6%)

 

Environment/Weather

3%

450

3/27/25

-0.2%

4/10/25

369.73

369.36

At least the cherry blossoms are out early in D.C.  Heat, drought and wildfires batter the southwest, cold rain and floods in the North Pacific Coast, Midwest and N.E. ice and snow, heat and fires in south and in the cracks between – tornadoes.  Storms kill three kids in Kalamazoo, wildfires extend overseas to SoKo,

 

Disasters

3%

450

3/27/25

-0.2%

4/10/25

414.47

414.88

Recovery from hurricanes Helene and Milton continue, despite more rain and flooding... despite wildfires and toxic smoke, iconic Ashville brewery reopens to give relief workers some relief.  No relief for 3,000 dead, many more missing; millions homeless in Bangkok and Myanmar as USAID cancellation provides opening for China to pitch in.  More airport near-disasters in NY, Dallas and Reagan DC as planes crash into kites, air traffic controllers brawl in command center and American Airlines’ cockpit toxic smoke.  Antarctic cruise ship battered, tourist sub crashes, sinks, kills six rich Russians off the coast of Egypt.

 

LIFESTYLE/JUSTICE INDEX

(15%)

 

 

Science, Tech, Education

4%

600

3/27/25

-0.1%

4/10/25

616.46

615.23

Colleges and universities start announcing Commencement speakers... the University of Maryland selects Kermit the Frog.  Schools protest cuts to student lunches and library; Navy purges 400 DEIstic books from its libraries.

 

Equality (econ/social)

4%

600

3/27/25

+0.3%

4/10/25

657.84

658.50

With Butch and Suni back, Space X sends crypto billionaire into the void while celebrity all-female space flight (including Gayle King and Katy Perry) will blast off on April 14th (escaping tax day!)

 

Health

4%

600

3/27/25

-0.3%

4/10/25

435.51

433.77

Fluoride wars back again after Utah ban.  Measles back, bird flu migrates to cows and people.  No relief for breakfast. Bob Evans “Egg-beaters” recalled for... bleach?  Toxic Woolite and botulistic pumpkin joice also recalled and a very toxic fungus penetrates hospitals in Miami and elsewhere.

 

Freedom and Justice

3%

450

3/27/25

-0.2%

4/10/25

483.08

482.60

Prosecutors say Sergio Mangione’s backpack contained a gun, zip ties and a toothbrush DOJ’s Pam Bondi calls for death penalty.  Dastardly doctor who bashed wife on the head with rocks gets record $5M bail.  Selena’s killer denied parole after 30 years.

 

CULTURAL and MISCELLANEOUS INCIDENTS

(6%)

 

Cultural incidents

3%

450

3/27/25

 -0.1%

4/10/25

554.14

555.80

Men’s and women’s March Madness down to final four – seven #1 seeds and defending WNBA champ UConn. MLB season opens, controversial “torpedo bats” explode as Yankees kick off season with three straight homeruns, nine in all, 15 in first 3 games.  Weak White Sox beat Cubs to lead league as many teams hold tributes to first responders in fire and hurricane disasters.  Weaker B.O. finds “The Working Man” slaying sleepy Snow White - leaving Hollywood hoping for more substantial summer sequels and curiosities like binge-ly Beatles movies by Sam Mendes, a Karate Kid remake, and auctioning of original ET puppet.  Sundance Film Festival moves to Boulder, CO while the Fyre Festival, advertising “live like Jack Sparrow” moves to the briny deep.

   RIP: actors Richard Chamberlain (Dr. Kildare, Shogun), Val Kilmer (“Top Gun”) and Sian Barbara Allen (“Waltons”), singer Bobby Rydell (“Wild One”).  Son of MLB’s Brett Gardner dies of suspected carbon monoxide poisoning in a Costa Rican hotel.

 

Misc. incidents

4%

450

3/27/25

+0.1%

4/10/25

535.58

536.12

Satanic Grotto cultists arrested for holding Black Mass in Kansas!  Ghoul breaks open casket, tries to steal baby’s corpse from cemetery in West Virginia.  Big lotto winner disqualified for using outside cash app to buy ticket.  Cerrone’s Pizza in DJI hometown Columbus, GA wins the National Pizza Expo in Vegas.  97 year old tortoise births four little turtles; Rhode Island mom births four identical quadruplets while Florida company debuts breast milk ice cream.

 

 

 

The Don Jones Index for the week of March 27th through April 2nd, 2025 was DOWN 4.49 points

The Don Jones Index is sponsored by the Coalition for a New Consensus: retired Congressman and Independent Presidential candidate Jack “Catfish” Parnell, Chairman; Brian Doohan, Administrator.  The CNC denies, emphatically, allegations that the organization, as well as any of its officers (including former Congressman Parnell, environmentalist/America-Firster Austin Tillerman and cosmetics CEO Rayna Finch) and references to Parnell’s works, “Entropy and Renaissance” and “The Coming Kill-Off” are fictitious or, at best, mere pawns in the web-serial “Black Helicopters” – and promise swift, effective legal action against parties promulgating this and/or other such slanders.

Comments, complaints, donations (especially SUPERPAC donations) always welcome at feedme@generisis.com or: speak@donjonesindex.com.

 

 

ATTACHMENT ONE – FROM MUSICMATCH

“JUST APRIL FOOLS” (lyrics)

In an April dream
Once you came to me
When you smiled I looked into your eyes
And I knew I'd be loving you
And then you touched my hand
And I learned April dreams can come true

Are we just April fools
Who can't see all the danger around us
If we're just April fools
I don't care, true love has found us now

Little did we know
Where the road would lead
Here we are a million miles away from the past
Travelin' so fast now
There's no turning back
If our sweet April dream doesn't last

Are we just April fools
Who can't see all the danger around us
If we're just April fools
I don't care, we'll find our way somehow
No need to be afraid
True love has found us now

Source: Musixmatch

Songwriters: Joel Hirschhorn / Taj Mahal

The April Fools lyrics © New Hidden Valley Music Company, Emi Music Publishing, Casa David Music, Casa David, Aspenfair Music Inc., Songs Of Fujimusic, Bmg Rights Management (uk) Ltd (hal David), Burt Bacharach

 

 

 

ATTACHMENT TWO – FROM MISSION ISLAM

WHO’S FOOLING WHO???...APRIL FOOL’S DAY

By Abu Muhammad Yusuf

 

It may be "cool"…but it’s a foolish and unislamic practise of another fool!

Allah, The Most Wise, says:

 "Truly Allah guides not one who transgresses and lies." (Qur’an-40:28)

"Curse of Allah upon those who lie." (Qur’an-3:61)

 

Origins and History of April Fool Day

There are differing opinions concerning how this day originated:

·         Some said it developed from the celebrations of spring at the equinox on March 21

·         .Some said that this innovation appeared in France in 1564 CE, after the introduction of a new calendar, when a person who had refused to accept the new calendar became the victim of some people who had subjected him to embarrassment and made fun of him, so he became a laughing-stock for others.

·         Others said that this innovation goes back to ancient times and the pagan celebrations connected to a specific date at the beginning of spring, so this is the remnant of pagan rituals. It was said that hunting in some countries was unsuccessful during the first days of the hunt in some countries. This was the origin of these lies which are made up on the first day of April.

·         The Europeans call "April Fool" le poisson d'avril (lit. "April fish"). The reason for this is that the sun moves from the zodiacal house of Pisces to the next house, or because the word poisson, which means fish, is a distortion of the word passion, which means suffering, so it is a symbol of the suffering endured by Jesus (peace be upon him), according to the claims of the Christians, and they claim that this happened in the first week of April.

 Presently people call this day April Fools' Day, as it is known to the English. That is because of the lies that they tell so that those who hear them might believe them and thus become a victim for those who are making fun of him.

The first mention of April Fool in the English language was in a magazine known as Dreck Magazine. On the second day of April in 1698 CE, this magazine mentioned that a number of people were invited to come and watch the washing of black people in the Tower of London on the morning of the first day of April.

'Aasim ibn 'Abd-Allaah al-Qurawayti wrote that many of us celebrate what is known as April fool or, if it is translated literally, the "trick of April". But how much do we know of the bitter secret behind this day? According to his research Islam was flourishing in Spain and those seeking the downfall of Islam made a careful study and concluded that it was because of the taqwa(piety) of the Muslims that Islam was so successful. So they introduced the younger Muslim generation to wine and other intoxicants and made such evils freely and cheaply available.

This tactic evil tactic produced results and the faith of the Muslims began to weaken, especially among the young generation in Spain. The result of that was that the enemies of Islam subdued the whole of Spain and put an end to the Muslim rule of that land which had lasted for more than eight hundred years. The last stronghold of the Muslims, in Grenada, fell on April 1st, hence they considered this to be the "trick of April."

From that year until the present, they celebrate this day and consider the Muslims to be fools. They do not regard only the army at Granada to be fools who were easily deceived; rather they apply that to the entire Muslim Ummah. It is ignorant of us to join in these celebrations, and when we imitate them blindly in implementing this evil idea, this is a kind of blind imitation which confirms the foolishness of some of us in following them. Once we know the reason for this celebration, how can we celebrate our defeat?

Let us make a promise to ourselves never to celebrate this day. We have to learn from the Spanish experience and adhere to the reality of Islam and never allow our faith to be weakened again.

It does not matter what the origins of April fool are. What matters more is knowing the ruling on lying on this day, which custom we are sure did not exist during the first and best generations of Islam. It did not come from the Muslims, but rather from their enemies.

The evils perpetrated on April Fools' Day are many. Some people have been told that their child or spouse or someone who is dear to them has died and unable to bear this shock, they have suffered great trauma. Some have been told that they are being laid off, or that there has been a fire or an accident in which their family has been killed, so they suffer paralysis or heart attacks, or similar diseases. There are the endless stories and incidents that we hear of, all of which are lies which are forbidden in Islam and unacceptable to common sense or honest chivalry.

Islam forbids lying even in jest and it forbids frightening a Muslim whether in seriousness or in jest, in words or in actions.

Abu Umamah Al-Bahili (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, " I guarantee a home in the middle of Jannah for one who abandons lying even if its just for the sake of fun'' (Hadith-Abu Dawud).

It was narrated from Abu Hurayrah(RA) that the Messenger of Allah(peace be upon) said:"The signs of the hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a promise, he breaks it; and when he is entrusted with something, he betrays that trust." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 33; Muslim, 59)

Hazrat Wasilah reported that the Messenger of Allah(peace be upon) said: "Do not display pleasure at your brothers misfortune."(Hadith-Tirmizi)

It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah(RA) said: "They said, 'O Messenger of Allaah, you joke with us.' He said, 'But I only speak the truth. " (Hadith narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 1990)

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "Whoever imitates a people is one of them." (Hadith narrated by Ahmad)

It was narrated by Mu'aawiyah ibn Haydah that he heard the Prophet (pbuh) say: 'Woe to the one who talks to make the people laugh and tells lies, woe to him, woe to him." (narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 235. He said: this is a hasan hadeeth. Also narrated by Abu Dawood, 4990).

It was narrated by Asmaa´ bint Yazeed that the Messenger of Allaah (pbuh) said: "It is not permissible to tell lies except in three (cases): when a man speaks to his wife in a way to please her; lying in war; and lying in order to reconcile between people." (Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 1939)

When our Muslim Ummah is being disgraced and humiliated by the Kuffaar from East to West, how is it possible for a believer with even a minute degree of Imaan(faith) to engage in this evil custom of April Fool's Day!

 

ATTACHMENT THREE – FROM THE NATIONAL CATHOLIC REPORTER

APRIL FOOLS' DAY ISN'T A RELIGIOUS HOLIDAY, BUT THERE ARE SOME RELIGIOUS ROOTS

By Peggy Fletcher Stack   April 1, 2014

 

 

Let's be clear: April Fools' Day is not a religious holiday.

It does, however, trace its origins to a pope.

The day began, most believe, in 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII decreed the adoption of the "Gregorian calendar" -- named after himself -- which moved New Year's Day from the end of March to Jan. 1.

The change was published widely, said Ginger Smoak, an expert in medieval history at the University of Utah, but those who didn't get the message and continued to celebrate on April 1 "were ridiculed and, because they were seen as foolish, called April Fools."

Even though the annual panoply of pranks meant to mock the gullible or to send a friend on a "fool's errand" may not be grounded in any ancient religious merrymaking, the notion of "holy fools" does have a long and respected place in Judeo-Christian history.

Hebrew prophets were often scorned as mad or eccentric for pronouncing unwelcome or uncomfortable truths. The apostle Paul talked to the Corinthians about becoming "fools for Christ." And Eastern Orthodoxy still sees the "holy fool" as a type of Christian martyr.

Such views are wrapped up in paradox.

"If the wisdom of the world is folly to God, and God's own foolishness is the only true wisdom," argues British clergyman John Saward in Perfect Fools: Folly for Christ's Sake in Catholic and Orthodox Spirituality, "it follows that the worldly wise, to become truly wise, must become foolish and renounce their worldly wisdom."

Such role reversals were common during medieval Christian festivals.

Some argue that April Fools' Day is a remnant of early "renewal festivals," which typically marked the end of winter and the start of spring.

These festivals, according to the Museum of Hoaxes, typically involved "ritualized forms of mayhem and misrule."

Participants donned disguises, played tricks on friends as well as strangers, and inverted the social order.

"Servants might get to order around masters, or children challenge the authority of parents and teachers," the museum's website notes. "However, the disorder is always bounded within a strict time frame, and tensions are defused with laughter and comedy. The social order is symbolically challenged, but then restored, reaffirming the stability of the society, just as the cold months of winter temporarily challenge biological life, and yet the cycle of life continues, returning with the spring."

Some have mistaken these celebrations for medieval Christianity's Feast of Fools, which took place each January.

For centuries, this feast was seen as "a disorderly, even transgressive Christian festival, in which reveling clergy elected a burlesque Lord of Misrule, who presided over the divine office wearing animal masks or women's clothes, sang obscene songs, swung censers that gave off foul-smelling smoke, played dice at the altar, and otherwise parodied the liturgy of the church," said historian Max Harris, author of Sacred Folly: A New History of the Feast of Fools. Afterward, revelers would "take to the streets, howling, issuing mock indulgences, hurling manure at bystanders, and staging scurrilous plays."

But that's not what happened, he said.

Even Victor Hugo's famous novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame -- and the Disney animated film loosely based on it -- got it wrong. In Hugo's opening passages, Harris said, the novelist describes "rowdy theatricals and underworld parades of lay Parisians ... 'on the sixth of January 1482' as a combined celebration ... of the day of the kings and the Feast of Fools."

Those two celebrations were "nothing of the sort," Harris wrote in an email from his home in Wisconsin. "Indeed, they were not even an accurate portrayal of lay festivities."

Such revelry, Harris said, "was almost wholly a figment of Hugo's imagination."

So what was it really like?

The actual feast was developed in the late 12th and early 13th centuries as "an elaborate and orderly liturgy for the day of the Circumcision (Jan. 1)," Harris said, "serving as a dignified alternative to rowdy secular New Year festivities."

The goal, he said, was "not mockery but thanksgiving for the incarnation of Christ."

Role reversals did occur, but their point, Harris said, was to underscore Mary's joyous affirmation that God "has put down the mighty from their seat and exalted the humble."

The "fools" represented those chosen by God for their lowly status.

This liturgical feast was largely confined to cathedrals and collegiate churches in northern France.

Centuries later, high-ranking clergy "who relied on rumor rather than firsthand knowledge, attacked and eventually suppressed the feast," Harris said. "Eighteenth- and 19th-century historians repeatedly misread records of the feast; their erroneous accounts formed a shaky foundation for subsequent understanding of the medieval ritual."

The Feast of Fools was finally forbidden by the Council of Basle in 1435.

That misunderstanding of history, though, eventually found its way into Hugo's novel and even the Catholic Encyclopedia, which linked the "feast of fools" to the pagan celebration of Saturnalia, whose "parody must always have trembled on the brink of burlesque, if not of the profane."

That is unfortunate, said Harris, who has read and studied the original documents from the time. In his mind, the feast was more sanctified than sacrilegious.

[Peggy Fletcher Stack writes for The Salt Lake Tribune.]

 

 

ATTACHMENT FOUR – FROM U CATHOLIC

APRIL FOOLS’ DAY STARTED BY A CATHOLIC POPE

 

April Fools Day: the annual day popular around the world full of practical jokes, pranks, and hoaxes culminating in the jokester shouting “April Fools!” at the victim. Did you know that April Fools Day, also known as All Fool’s Day, started over 400 years ago because of Pope Gregory XIII?

In October of 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar that an overwhelming majority of the world uses today. His calendar moved the start of the new year from March 25th to January 1st, but not everyone was so quick to adopt the changed calendar.

Throughout towns in Europe and especially in France, the new year used to be celebrated for a whole week beginning on March 25th and lasting until April 1st. Those who didn’t get the news or continued to celebrate the new year under the old calendar became the butt of jokes and were labeled fools.

In France, this mockery included putting a paper fish on the fool’s back, a poisson d’avril, or April’s fish, said to symbolize a young, easily ‘hooked’ fish and a gullible person.

“In one of the oldest forms that this trick took, several persons would conspire to send the victim on a fool’s errand from conspirator to another – so the person with the fish on his back would be sent out on a fool’s errand.” 

Why a fish? April 1st is a day traditionally held as the beginning of Christ’s public ministry, and the fish is traditionally associated with Christ (read why here) – hence, the April’s fish. The poisson d’avril gag evolved into what you might recognize today as the “kick me” sign gag pinned on people’s backs.

On April Fools Day, don’t be afraid to pull some (good-natured!) pranks on your friends and family: you’d be in the company of saints! Saint Philip Neri and Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati were known to be great jokesters.

 

ATTACHMENT FIVE – FROM YAHOO NEWS

WHY DO APRIL FOOLS' DAY JOKES STOP AT 12PM? HOW THE TRADITION STARTED

By Katie Collier

 

April Fool's Day is a day of pranks but you'll need to make sure you've played your trick before 12pm - here's why (Image: Getty)

Every year April Fools’ Day comes around and you’ll probably know it as a day for pranking the people closest to you.

Little jokes are played on people and you’re likely familiar with the main rule of the day which is that the pranks have to end at 12pm noon but why is that?

To help you better understand April Fools’ Day and its origins, the team at Slingo has answered some of the key questions you might have about the annual event.

What is April Fools’ Day?

April Fools' is essentially a free pass to prank friends, families and colleagues on April 1 every year.

Watch out for pranks on April Fools' Day (Image: Getty)

When should pranks stop on April Fools’ Day and what happens if you carry on?

Jokes told or carried out on April Fools’ Day should come to a stop once midday is here, the team at Slingo explains.

The idea is that you come clean for any jokes or pranks you did by midday or you’ll be referred to as the April Fool.

The team at Slingo said: “This rule has a range of theories, including the idea that the day honours the spirit of Folly, a force believed to be very powerful.

“Because of this, the day needs to be contained within some sort of limit to avoid outright chaos.

“Another potential explanation is that people ‘wise up throughout the day’, whereas in the morning people are more susceptible and gullible.”

This rule can be traced back as early as 1851 in a passage written in a British Journal which said those who played pranks in the afternoon would be told: “April fool's gone past, you're the biggest fool at last.”

How did April Fools’ Day originate?

Slingo explains that there isn’t just one theory as to how the annual day came about, saying: “There’s not one confirmed theory for the origin of the day, however, one popular theory originates from the theory that April Fools’ Day is linked to the vernal equinox.

“The unpredictable and changeable weather around this time led to the idea that Mother Nature was fooling people. With the end of winter, some April Fools’ Day history could be linked to the idea that creative energies return as spring starts.

“However, the spring equinox does not occur on April 1st, leading to the question of how we have come to celebrate on this particular day.

Recommended reading:

·         Will the UK get an extra bank holiday for VE Day's 80th anniversary?

·         When is Easter 2025? Key dates for the bank holiday weekend

·         When is the start of Spring in the UK? All to know about the Spring Equinox

“This leads to another popular theory which stems from France. In 1582, France switched from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year begins with the spring equinox around April 1st, whereas the new year in the Julian calendar starts on January 1st.

“People who continued to celebrate the New Year around April 1st were called “April fools” for failing to recognise the change of the calendars.

“Another popular theory among historians comes from ancient Rome. Hilaria, which is Latin for joyful, were festivals celebrated towards the end of March by followers of the cult of Cybele and entailed members of the cult dressing up in disguises and mocking and pulling jokes towards citizens.

“The festival was said to be inspired by the Egyptian legends of Osiris, Isis, and Seth and is now said to have potentially inspired April Fools’ Day as we know it today.”

 

 

ATTACHMENT SIX – FROM UNTAPPED NEW YORK

NYC'S OUTRAGEOUS APRIL FOOLS' DAY PARADE TURNS 40

This zany NYC tradition celebrates a major milestone!

By NICOLE SARANIERO    March 31 2025

 

April Fools' Day in New York City has been marked by a "satirical spectacle" of "outrageous floats and unrelenting mockery" for forty years with the annual April Fools' Day Parade. Created in 1986 by artist Joey Skaggs, the parade will March along 5th Avenue from 59th Street to Washington Square Park starting at noon ET on Tuesday, April 1st.

“April Fools’ Day has always been a time to express our truest thoughts and feelings, wrapped in the guise of humor—just like the jesters of old who spoke truth to power," Skaggs, Chair of the New York April Fool’s Committee told Untapped New York, "I founded the New York City Annual April Fools’ Day Parade in 1986 when I realized that New York had parades for nearly every holiday, except the one that celebrates the freedom to say whatever we want, however we want, without fear of retribution."

Each year's parade has a theme, and this year's is "A Dozen Eggs." The "eggs" in question are political figures of both parties, from Donald Trump and Kamala Harris to Elon Musk and Joe Biden. Participants can pick their favorite fool and print out a mask of their face to wear during the festivities.

 2024 Parade, Courtesy of The Joey Skaggs Archive

A King or Queen of Fools will be crowned at the end of the parade route in Washington Square Park. The honor recognizes the person "whose audacity, ignorance, or hypocrisy reigned supreme" this year.

"What makes this parade special is that it’s entirely unsponsored, beholden to no one," says Skaggs. "It’s a pure, unfiltered expression of the people—New Yorkers who always have something to say. The April Fools’ Day Parade Committee welcomes everyone’s creativity, and as always, the public will bring surprises. We can’t wait to see what unfolds.”

All are welcome to participate in the parade or watch and laugh from the sidelines, with costumes and masks or without. Those wishing to bring a float should note that it must be no wider than 10 feet and no longer than 30 feet and can be self-propelled, towed, pushed, or pulled. The Committee welcomes customized bicycles, tricycles, baby carriages, and helium balloons as well.

 Courtesy of The Joey Skaggs Archive

"This year marks the parade’s 40th anniversary—an incredible milestone," Skaggs reflected. "It also coincides with the second coming of Donald J. Trump, and let’s face it, the world is only getting crazier. No matter where you stand politically, there’s plenty to laugh—or cry—about."

Next, check out Untapped New York's April Fools Newspaper!

 

ATTACHMENT SEVEN – FROM WIKI

The Saint Stupid's Day Parade is an annual parade in San Francisco on April 1.[1] It was founded by Ed Holmes (Bishop Joey of the First Church of the Last Laugh[2]) in the late 1970s with the understanding that one of the unifying bonds in society is stupidity. If April 1 falls on a weekday, the parade starts at the foot of Market Street and follows a route through the financial district. If April 1 falls on a weekend, the parade starts at the Transamerica Pyramid, proceeds up Columbus Avenue and ends at Washington Square.[3] The parade begins at noon.[4] The parade includes free lunch, confetti, flags and costumes.[2]

References

1.    "39th Annual "St. Stupid's Day" Parade | SF". FunCheapSF.com. Retrieved 2017-11-08.

2.    Jump up to:a b Medina, Sarah (2012-04-02). "St. Stupid's Day Parade Marches Through April Fool's Day In San Francisco (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2022-03-16.

3.    good2create. "Saint Stupid's Day Parade (St. Stupid Day) | April 1". KeepIn Calendar. Retrieved 2017-11-08.

4.    "San Francisco Celebrates St. Stupid's Day". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved 2017-11-08.

 

External links

·         Saint Stupid’s Day Parade: First Church of the Last Laugh (archived)

·         2023 St. Stupid's Parade in the SF Standard

·         Photos: 30th Annual Saint Stupid’s Day Parade

·         Several year's photos of the Saint Stupid's Day Parade

 

 

ATTACHMENT EIGHT – FROM FUNCHEAP

SF’S 47ST ANNUAL “ST. STUPID’S DAY” PARADE? (2025)

Tuesday, April 1, 2025 - 12:00 pm to 2:00 pm | Cost: FREE*
Embarcadero Plaza (Formerly Justin Herman Plaza) | 1 Market Street, San Francisco, CA

 

Please note, we’re not sure if this event is happening as of March 27, 2025. The website is down, the Facebook page and the Facebook group don’t have any new information. Seeing as we’re a few days away now, we’re skeptical that it’s happening for 2025. We’ve reached out to the organizer, and if we can confirm it’s happening for 2025, we’ll update this post. 

 

The Annual St. Stupid’s Day Parade is a celebration of stupidity.

On April 1, it’s time for yet another parade in honor of Saint Stupid, patron saint of Civilizations and Parking Meters.

 

47st Annual St. Stupid’s Day Parade?
Tuesday, April 1, 2025 | Noon
Downtown San Francisco
FREE

 

– Midweek parades – typically start at Embarcadero Plaza and go through the Financial District
– Weekend parades – From Transamerica Building (Washington St.), up Columbus Street to Washington Square Park, SF

 

*Please note that the 2025 parade details have not yet been announced (as of 4/10/25), but since we’re so close to the event date now, we’re skeptical if it’s happening. Read about the 2024 event below to discover the typical shenanigans.

 

2024 Details

 

This Monday, April 1st, High Noon. St Stupid and The First Church of the Last Laugh will be sponsoring the 197th annual Saint Stupid’s Day Parade. Please assemble at Embarcadero Plaza, formerly Justin Herman (who was REALLY stupid) Plaza. at the foot of Market Street across from the Ferry Building. Dress like a character in Hawaii Five-0 or maybe PerWee Herman if he was in The Matrix and bring something stupid that means something stupid to you. Rain or shine, earthquake not-with-standing, AI multi-verse confusion or not. Be there or rutabaga.

Normally the details are listed on this Facebook group or you can sometimes find details from Bishop Joey

San Fransisco’s annual rite of spring parades thru the Financial District in a light-hearted mock of business. Free and open the public this sidewalk parade hops, skips and giggles with drums, noise makers and goofy signage.

Bring pennies to toss at the Bankers Heart and socks for the traditional Sock Exchange. Fun for the whole family. Rain and/or shine

Brought to you by the First Church of the Last Laugh, the world’s fastest growing ‘snack’ religion, one holy day a year, and April First is it. 

Disclaimer: Please double check event information with the event organizer as events can be canceled, details can change after they are added to our calendar, and errors do occur.

 

Cost: FREE*

 

*This is DIY. We still don't have 2025 details, so this event may not be happening

 

Categories: **Annual Event***Top Pick*April Fools DayFairs & FestivalsGeek EventIn PersonSan Francisco

VenueEmbarcadero Plaza (Formerly Justin Herman Plaza)

Address: 1 Market Street, San Francisco, CA

 

 

ATTACHMENT NINE – FROM THE FLORIDA PHOENIX

A FESTIVAL OF FOOLISHNESS AND TOXICITY

Don’t even begin to think this year can’t possibly be worse than last year.

bY Diane Roberts  Mar 3, 2025 

 

OCCUPIED TALLAHASSEE — The circus is coming to town.

Y’all might know it as the regular session of the Florida Legislature.

Don’t even begin to think this year can’t possibly be worse than last year, when lawmakers passed a dumpster full of bills to make Florida worse.

They include:

·         Allowing underage kids to work 30-hour weeks when school is in session, teaching them the value of low-paid labor.

·         Making sure businesses don’t have to give roofers, construction workers, etc., water breaks or shelter from the blazing sun and 100-degree temperatures. This is Florida: Suck it up, Buttercup!

·         A law letting people shoot bears whenever they feel like it.

·         Scrubbing references to climate change, but ensuring students learn communism is the worst thing in the universe, worse than having to eat your vegetables, worse than “Winnie the Pooh: Blood and Honey,” worse than syphilis.

·         Cracking down on degenerate nekkidness by decreeing that all strippers must be over 21.

·         Declared a part of Tyndall Airforce Base “Spaceport Territory,” perhaps to become the future home of Starfleet Academy.

Accomplishments to be proud of, indeed.

But 2025 promises even more landmark legislation.

The combustible Randy Fine is almost certainly on his way out of the Florida Senate, headed to Congress after a special election on April Fool's Day.

Always focused on the critical issues, your elected representatives will make it a law that you call the Gulf of Mexico the “Gulf of America.”

Of course, it’s not the “Gulf of America,” any more than Greenland is actually green or Bombay Duck is a waterfowl.

The Associated Press and the rest of the planet will continue to call it the Gulf of Mexico (as will rational Floridians), but since when does reality deter Trump-drunk legislators?

‘Chemtrails’

Case in point: SB56, sponsored by Sen. Ileana Garcia, R-Coral Gables, would forbid messing with the weather.

Seems she agrees with U.S. Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, who hinted the sinister Biden administration was responsible for Hurricane Helene.

Well, we’re not putting up with people fooling around with storms and heatwaves and space lasers here in Florida, and while we’re outlawing cloud seeding to make it rain — which hasn’t been done for half a century — we need this bill to deal with those terrifying “chemtrails,” too.

You know: The white lines you see when an aircraft flies overhead?

They’re actually nothing but condensation, but Garcia reposted (and did not refute) loony conspiracy theories suggesting they’re chemicals that could facilitate mind control.

The nation’s new HHS Secretary, RFK Jr. agrees, often muttering dark conspiracy theories about some unknown cabal spraying “microscopic particulates from airplanes.”

You can’t be too careful with your precious bodily fluids.

To that end, Sen. Kevin Truenow and Rep. Kaylee Tuck have filed a bill to outlaw fluoride in public water systems, parroting the state surgeon general’s claim that studies show fluoride causes brain damage in children.

Indeed, there are a few studies that do suggest an extremely high level can affect kids’ IQs — in Ethiopia, China, Turkey, and Pakistan, where the water is loaded with fluoride at many times what’s allowed here.

Dentists and the CDC say community fluoridation reduces cavities and other painful mouth maladies by 25%, but what do a bunch of scientists know?

Clearly not as much as RFK Jr. (him again!), who supports banning fluoride, calling it cancer-causing “industrial waste.”

When your kids howl about all those coming encounters with the dentist and his great big drill, tell them to turn to the Almighty.

Compulsory piety

If Kimberly Daniels, D-Jacksonville, has her way, they won’t have much choice.

Rep. Daniels has filed a bill that would require Florida schools to plaster large signs declaring “In God We Trust” on everything that stands still long enough: offices, gyms, libraries, cafeterias, classrooms — who knows, maybe on the back of the school mascot.

And to remind the young ‘uns this is a free country, the measure mandates a “moment of silence” (AKA prayer) and demands students sing the national anthem and say the Pledge of Allegiance every blessed day.

Remember that bill passed last year allowing 16- and 17-year-olds to work 30 hours a week during the school year? Apparently, it’s too soft for Sen. Jay Collins of Hillsborough County.

Collins, a former Green Beret with a chest full of medals and a head full of sawdust, wants those whiny brats to toughen up.

Ditch the mandatory breaks for teen wage slaves; lose the waivers parents must sign; and allow the little punks to work earlier than 6 a.m. and after 11.30 p.m.

On school nights.

The ones who survive the toxic mix of mindless labor and chronic fatigue, managing to stay awake long enough to pass the SAT, and make it to college, might soon be able to pack heat on campus, just as God intended.

Sen. Randy Fine, R-Islamophobia Lakes, has authored a campus-carry bill because students need to protect themselves from “Muslim terror.”

Instances of “Muslim terror” apparently include college students occupying patches of university-maintained grass, sometimes with illicit tents, demonstrating against genocide in Gaza, and occasionally shouting stupid antisemitic slogans.

If those are acts of “terror” so are the rising instances of anti-Muslim “terror” on campus.

Toxicity

Fine seems to imagine Jewish students will get themselves guns.

So will Muslim students.

So will depressed students, alienated students, and anyone who might, at some time, get drunk, stoned, or angry.

What could possibly go wrong?

The combustible Fine is almost certainly on his way out of the Florida Senate, headed to Congress after a special election on April Fool’s Day.

Nevertheless, he’s determined to pass as many hate-fueled bills as possible before he moves up to apply his singular talent for destruction to the entire country.

He was an enthusiastic sponsor of the new law taking in-state tuition away from DACA recipients and other undocumented students. Now he wants to deny them admission to most Florida colleges.

Why? Why not?

Don’t pass up any opportunity to be gratuitously cruel.

In case you have been worried about our not-remotely-beleagured $12 billion+ phosphate industry, the Legislature is on the case, determined to ensure their ability to poison our environment.

The state has 450,000 acres of land where phosphate was, or is still being, mined.

You may have seen these places in west central Florida: huge tracts stripped of plants, animals, water, and soil, and those picturesque gypsum stacks, hundred of feet high and hundreds of acres wide.

Over the past 30 years, the gyp stacks have leaked arsenic, heavy metals, and other carcinogens into Tampa Bay, the Alafia River, and the aquifer.

A couple of citizens who lived on former phosphate land and say they were exposed to dangerous amounts of radiation are suing fertilizer behemoth Mosaic.

Phosphate is radioactive.

But the state may make these tiresome little people go away with bills to shield mining companies, most of which can be counted on to write fat checks come campaign time.

Power and profits trump drinking water.

So much for schools, roads, parks, and police

And while our elected representatives are about the business of wrecking Florida, the governor has decided he wants to abolish property taxes.

Voilà! A bill to “study” what that would mean has magically appeared in the Senate.

To save everybody time, here’s what that would mean: less money for police and firefighters, less money for critical local services (city parks? fixing potholes? running community clinics?), far less money for schools. To begin to make up for that deep revenue hole, Florida would need to generate $43 billion.

Where are we going to get that money? Sky high sales taxes.

Sales taxes are regressive, hitting those least able to pay.

Maybe that’s the idea: Demolish public education, wreck social programs, and create a permanent underclass dependent on low-wage, high-risk jobs.

Ron “Who are you calling irrelevant?” DeSantis is all-in. He’s now concocted a scheme he calls the “DOGE-ing” of Florida, set up to fire hundreds of state workers, root out what he imagines are secret practitioners of DEI, and “audit” (using AI) state universities lest some professor assigns a book on Jim Crow.

You think things at the DMV, the Department of Children and Families, DEP, DOT, etc., are bad now, just wait.

You think institutions of higher ed are sinking in the ratings and getting ridiculed across the country now, just wait.

You think these bills are outrageous and stupid, stay tuned.

These clowns are just getting started.

 

 

ATTACHMENT TEN – FROM MARCA.COM

WHEN IS APRIL FOOLS' DAY AND IN WHICH COUNTRIES IS IT CELEBRATED?

By CALIOPE SMITH  01/04/2025 - 02:13 CDT

 

·         World News. Elon Musk is fed up with attacks on Tesla: "It's time to arrest those who encourage them"

·         World NewsGoodbye to amputations: the bionic implants that could change people's lives

Every year, millions of people around the world participate in harmless pranks and hoaxes to celebrate April Fools' Day, also known as the Day of the Innocents in some English-speaking countries. This date, similar to the December 28th celebration of the Day of the Holy Innocents in Spanish-speaking countries, has a long tradition and is especially popular in nations such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.

Origin and Tradition

Although the exact origin of April Fools' Day is uncertain, some historians link it to the transition from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in the 16th century when France adopted January 1st as the start of the year instead of April 1st. Those who continued to celebrate the New Year in April were mocked and pranked, giving rise to the tradition.

Brutal chase of man who steals truck, crashes into 13 cars

Over the centuries, the custom spread to different countries, becoming a highly anticipated date for media outlets, companies, and individuals looking to make others laugh with fake news and amusing tricks.

When is April Fools' Day?

April Fool's Day is mark on April 1 every year.

Countries Where It Is Celebrated

April Fools' Day is widely celebrated in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. In these countries, both the press and social media actively participate in the holiday by spreading misleading information that is later revealed as a joke.

In France and Belgium, the tradition is known as "Poisson d'Avril" (April Fish) and involves sticking paper cutouts of fish on people's backs as a prank. In Scotland, the celebration lasts two days and is called "Hunt-the-Gowk Day," where pranks play a fundamental role.

Impact on Modern Culture

Brittany Mahomes is back in the gym just weeks after baby no. 3

  Tiger Woods shouts his love for Vanessa Trump fearlessly but she 'half-heartedly' supports him |

Today, April Fools' Day has gained great relevance in the digital age, with companies and brands actively participating in the creation of fake advertising campaigns, incredible news stories, and viral videos that generate thousands of reactions on social media. However, there is also a debate about the limits of these pranks and the spread of fake news in a time when misinformation is a growing concern.

Despite this, the spirit of April Fools' Day remains the same: a day to laugh, surprise, and remember that humor is an essential part of everyday life.

 

 

ATTACHMENT ELEVEN – FROM PARADE

45 BEST APRIL FOOLS' DAY TRIVIA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR KIDS AND ADULTS

Nope, this isn't a prank.

By Morgan McMurrin

 

April may be full of fluffy bunnies, colorful Easter eggs and sweet chocolate, but don’t forget—it’s also the prime time for pranks! As the flowers bloom and the weather warms, the spirit of mischief is in full swing, with April Fools’ Day bringing a whirlwind of surprises with it. But how much do you really know about the playful holiday? To test your knowledge, we put together 45 April Fools’ Day trivia questions that you can answer by yourself or while you’re hanging out with your family and friends.

Whether you’re a seasoned prankster or just someone who enjoys a good laugh, these trivia questions are the perfect way to learn more about the history of April Fools’ Day. From fun facts (like other names it goes by around the world), to some of the most legendary hoaxes and hilarious moments that have defined the holiday over the years, you’ll uncover all sorts of info that will leave you amazed while playing. You may even be shocked to discover how outrageous some of the pranks have been that big brands have pulled off on people throughout history on April 1.

So, what are you waiting on? Gather everyone you know together and get ready to test your skills! You might even be inspired to come up with a few epic pranks of your own afterward or use what you learned to impress others with later on. Check out this trivia about April Fools' Day, below.

Related: Gotcha—The Ultimate List of 30 April Fools' Pranks for Parents

45 April Fools' Day Trivia Questions and Answers

1. What did Wayfair name their fake smart sofa they marketed on April Fools’ Day?
Answer: Sofia

2. What was the name of the pet-friendly version of Amazon’s home assistant device, Amazon Echo, which was an April Fools’ Day joke?
Answer: Petlexa

3. As a prank, what flavor of toothpaste did Burger King claim they launched?
Answer: Whopper

4. While performing in North Carolina, which artist did Usher tell the crowd would be joining him on stage, which was actually an April Fools’ prank?
Answer: Beyoncé

5. In the U.K., what grocery store chain known for selling frozen foods tricked people into believing they were selling frozen flowers?
Answer: Iceland Foods

6. As a prank, what was the name of the feature the home design website Houzz said they added to their app that would let users hold up their phone to a piece of furniture and it would then magically disappear?
Answer: Hide From My Room

7. In 2017, what brand tricked people by saying they were releasing a coffee-flavored creamer?
Answer: Coffee-mate

8. What country calls April Fools’ Day Poisson d’Avril?
Answer: France

9. In a 1980s April Fools’ Day prank, BBC World Service announced that the Big Ben clock tower was going to be changed to what?
Answer: A digital clock

10. In 2017, what movie did director Paul Feig say he was rebooting with an all-female cast, which ended up being a funny April Fools’ Day prank?
Answer: Back to the Future

Related: 28 April Fools' Day Memes To Crack You Up and Make You Side-Eye Your Pals

11. Back in 1962, Sveriges Television’s leading technical expert Kjell Stensson pulled an April Fools’ prank telling people their TVs would appear in color if they covered it with what clothing item?
Answer: A woman’s nylon stocking

12. In Ibi, Alicante, Spain, while celebrating their version of April Fools’ (which takes place in December and is called “El Dia de los Inocentes,”) what messy tradition occurs?
Answer: A massive town-wide food fight.

13. As an April Fools’ prank in 1996, Taco Bell announced it had purchased the Liberty Bell and was planning to name it what?
Answer: The Taco Liberty Bell

14. April Fools’ Day is also known as what?
Answer: All Fools’ Day

15. In which year did the BBC broadcast the famous “spaghetti tree” hoax?
Answer: 1957

16. What sandwich did Burger King advertise they created, which turned out to be an April Fools’ prank?
Answer: Left-Handed Whopper

17. What is the traditional prank-playing time period in the U.K. on April Fools’ Day?
Answer: Until noon

18. As a prank in 2017, which brand announced it was going to be selling signature MH40 Over-Ear Headphones made of solid concrete?
Answer: Master & Dynamic

19. What kind of fish is associated with April Fools’ Day pranks in France?
Answer: A paper fish

20. Which app pranked people by claiming to help dogs learn how to code?
Answer: WonderPaw

21. What was the name of the spoof service Redbox announced where they said they would use drones to fly entire kiosks to customer’s houses?
Answer: Redbox Drops

22. As an April Fools’ prank, what type of plane did Virgin Atlantic announce they would be introducing?
Answer: A glass-bottomed plane

23. What verification did Tinder claim it was adding to its dating app in what turned out to be an April Fools’ hoax?
Answer: Height verification

24. April Fools’ Day is also linked to what ancient Roman festival?
Answer: Festival of Hilaria

25. What was the name of the fake service Hulu announced which would condense your favorite show down to just eight seconds?
Answer: Hu

26. Which American writer said, “The first of April is the day we remember what we are the other 364 days”?
Answer: Mark Twain

27. What is the name for April Fools’ Day in Scotland?
Answer: Hunt the Gowk Day

28. If you successfully prank someone on April 1st in Greece, is it considered to bring you good luck or bad luck?
Answer: Good luck

29. As an April Fools’ Day prank, which soda announced it was releasing a new pop that included a small shot of helium that would create a “squeaky high-pitched effect on the drinker’s voice”?
Answer: Coca-Cola

30. On April 1st of what year did the Berliner Tageblatt break the “news” that all the gold and silver in the U.S. The Federal Treasury had been stolen by thieves who dug tunnels?
Answer: 1905

31. What sweet new product did Bush’s Beans introduce, which turned out to be a prank for April Fools’ Day?
Answer: Jelly Beans

32. What animal did the BBC trick viewers into thinking could suddenly fly in a 2008 April Fools’ prank?
Answer: Penguins

33. What was the name of the fictional ice skating Duolingo show that the app later revealed was an April Fools’ prank?
Answer: Duolingo on Ice

34. What store conned people into thinking they were selling a poop scooping “DooDoo Drone” as an April Fools’ Day prank?
Answer: Petco

35. What year did Google prank the world with a fake product called “Google Nose”?
Answer: 2013

36. What famous structure did the Seattle-based comedy show Almost Live tell viewers had collapsed during a broadcast they aired in 1989?
Answer: The Seattle Space Needle

37. What does Poisson d’Avril mean?
Answer: "April fish"

38. Where did the Milwaukee County Transit System decide to offer customers an option to go on a roundtrip bus service as an early April Fools’ Day prank in 2017?
Answer: Milwaukee to Japan

Facts About April Fools’ Day

39. Every year, April Fools’ Day is celebrated on April 1st in America.

40. April Fools’ Day isn’t just celebrated in the United States, it’s celebrated in countries all over the world.

41. April Fools’ Day and Easter occasionally occur on the same day.

42. Some historians speculate that April Fools’ Day dates back to 1582, but the exact date is unknown.

43. April Fools’ Day is considered a national holiday, but it’s not a federal one.

44. In Scotland, it’s not just for one day, it’s celebrated for two days.

45. The earliest April Fools’ Day prank on record took place in 1698.

 

ATTACHMENT TWELVE – FROM CNET

APRIL FOOLS' DAY 2025 PRANKS: WEARABLE MATTRESS, CAT POO SCENTED CANDLE, SPORTS DRINK SHAMPOO

If you see a weird product this week, don't be so sure it's real.

By Gael Cooper & Amanda Kooser   March 31, 2025 1:38 p.m. PT

 

April Fools' Day might have less of an impact these days, since every text message feels like a scam; magazine editors are being added to government war-plans chats; and even our DNA is at risk. Is there anything left to joke about when real life already feels like fiction?

According to corporate America, the answer is: Yes, definitely. This year's list of weirdness includes at cat poo scented candles, a Gen Z slang translator, wearable mattresses, sports drink flavored shampoo, Flat Earth travel insurance and the practice of "egging" houses with chocolate eggs. There's surely more to come. April Fool's Day is Tuesday.

Last year's April Fools' Day pranks from companies included:

·         Duolingo on Ice

·         Scotch whisky from the makers of Scotch tape

·         Hot-sauce flavored Tic Tacs

·         Flying J truck stop–scented cologne

·         Sour cream and onion Olipop soda

·         A "Rainforest Cafe" atop the Empire State Building, and perhaps the funniest (and grossest):

·         7-Eleven's hot dog water–flavored sparkling water (they really made some cans of it, too)

Don't be an April Fool

 

Check URLs

You're probably always carrying a little healthy skepticism these days, but turn up the disbelief until April 1 has passed. There's a famous journalism cliche: If your mother says she loves you, check it out. If you see a news report that looks... well, weirder than usual, verify that it's from a legit site. Check the URL. The New York Times doesn't misspell its own name in its URL, but joke sites may pick a very similarly named web address to try to trick you.

Consider the calendar

And as for those loopy prank products, be aware that companies sometimes throw a lot of time into their jokes. There may even be videos or order sites that tie in to the gags. If a company picks April Fools' Day, or the days leading up to it, to release or announce a product that sounds too odd to be true, don't be quick to believe in the offering.

Do some searching

Fact-check anything that looks suspicious -- especially before spending any money. Make sure you're on the company's own site, for one thing. Google the name of the product, or information about the item, to see if anyone has called out the product as a prank. Usually, fake products will offer a page to click to, and that page may simply say APRIL FOOL.

Don't believe Facebook friends, either

Don't fall for an April Fools' prank from a random trickster, even if your Facebook friend Lisa swears it's true. It's easy to spread falsehoods and misinformation on Reddit, Facebook, X, TikTok or Instagram, where everyone is a publisher and not everyone can be trusted.

Flat Earth Travel Insurance

Insurance comparison service Insuranceopedia unveiled Flat Earth Travel Insurance, describing it as a "policy created exclusively for travelers who believe the Earth is flat -- and who plan to explore every glorious, uncurved inch of it." The joke coverage addresses potential travel issues like falling off the edge of the Earth, loss of gravity, UFO detainment and rescue from the rogue sea turtles supporting the Earth's underside. Better safe than sorry.

 

7-Eleven mystery doughnut

What flavor is 7-Eleven's 2025 mystery doughnut? No one is sure.

For 7-Eleven, the whole month is worthy of a sweet April Fool's celebration. The convenience store chain unveiled its 2025 mystery doughnut, a Bismark-style confection. But 7-Eleven won't tell you what flavor it is. Good luck figuring it out. Some doughnut fans on social media have already taken a bite and the best they can come up with is that it's vaguely lemony.

 

Cat poo scented candle

The candle is real, but it only pretends to smell like cat poo, and instead smells of roses.

Cat owners love their feline friends, but not this much. Whisker, the maker of Litter-Robot automatic litter boxes, pretends to be offering a very, uh, special candle with the purchase of one of its boxes.  Called Cat Pu/No. 2, it's described as "a composition of all-natural notes," with the company saying that "each and every CAT PÙ / NO. 2 is organically cat-crafted in-houses daily (sometimes multiple times a day) in very small batches." The relevance? Because Litter Robot supposedly keeps your house smelling so good, "this scent may be lost forever." The funny thing is, it's kind of real -- anyone who buys a Litter-Robot on April 1 will get the candle -- but it actually has a rose scent.

 

Egg someone's house with... chocolate eggs

Reese's and Cadbury want to give "egging your house" a whole new meaning.

Maybe you've had your house egged in the past and had to deal with the mess of cleaning it up. An April Fools' prank from candy companies Reese's and Cadbury is that people should instead start a new tradition by "egging" friends and family with the confectioners' tasty eggs. Thankfully, you don't hurl them at your friend's house, you just give your pal a surprise of candy eggs, and leave a sign or note saying, "You've been egged." This might be the tastiest April Fools' prank of the year, and anyone who wants to egg my house in this way is more than welcome.

 

Snooze on the bus with The Odd Company's City Napper, a comfy April Fools' joke.

UK mattress and bedding retailer The Odd Company wants you to get cozy on your morning commute with the City Napper. The wearable mattress comes with a wraparound headrest and quilted poncho for crashing out during your next trip on public transit. Actually, it looks really comfortable. Too bad it's not a real product.

 

Razer Skibidi headset

When you need to understand a Gen Z video-game player, get the Razer Skibidi headset to translate their slang.

 

Razer

"Skibidi toilet" is one of those bizarre expressions associated with Gen Z and Gen Alpha, and those generations play a lot of video games. So Razer's April Fool's Day prank is something called a Razer Skibidi headset, which it calls the world's first AI-powered "brainrot translator" headset. It translates phrases thrown out by young gamers such as, "What the sigma? We're getting mobbed," which means, "Your team needs support." And it translates, "I think you're cute" to become "ni hao fine shyt."

 

Bodyarmor Sports Performance Shampoo

Give your hockey hair a wash with Bodyarmor Sports Performance Shampoo.

Sports drink company Bodyarmor decided to get into the hair business with a Sports Performance Shampoo packed with electrolytes and vitamins. 

The shampoo is a tie-in with the NHL and the legendary locks (often mullets) sported by hockey players. It's not all a joke. The prank leads to a real sweepstakes where a fan can win tickets to the Stanley Cup finals. Just don't drink the faux shampoo.

 

ATTACHMENT THIRTEEN – FROM YAHOO NEWS VIA THE INDIANOPOLIS STAR

APRIL FOOL'S PRANKS FROM COMPANIES THAT BACKFIRED IN SPECTACULAR WAYS

By John Tufts, Indianapolis Star  Mon, March 31, 2025 at 1:58 PM EDT

 

April Fool's Day jokes are fun up until the person telling them becomes the punchline. Some companies have discovered their innocent shenanigans failed to delight audiences and instead tarnished their brands.

That's because for every well-executed hoax advertising a fake product — see "Game of Thrones" actor Thor Bjornsson's commercial for HeavyBubbles — there's an overeager company whose ill-conceived pranks blew up in their faces, sometimes spectacularly.

Elon Musk joked Tesla was 'totally bankrupt' in 2018 days after stock plunge — investors didn't laugh

March of 2018 was not a good month for Tesla. Shares of the electric-car company nosedived to its then-worst levels amid a storm of unflattering headlines, which included factory production issues, an auto recall, an embarrassing downgrade of its credit status, costly legal setbacks and a public row with a federal safety agency investigating a fatal crash that killed a Model X driver in California.

Most company owners buried under the weight of such bad press might steer clear of any potential controversy. Elon Musk, however, announced on April 1, 2018, that Tesla had gone "completely and totally bankrupt."

Musk tweeted that despite a last-ditch effort of selling Easter eggs, Tesla had filed for every chapter of bankruptcy — "including Chapter 14 and a half (the worst one)."

Musk's social media antics were part of an April Fool's prank, but investors weren't laughing. Tesla shares dropped another 5 percent, according to The Washington Post, with business experts openly questioning Musk's ability to lead the multi-billion dollar company.

Fake prize lands California radio station in real legal trouble

In 2005, KBDS-FM radio in Bakersfield announced the station would award a new Hummer to the lucky winner who could guess the correct mileage of the company's own Hummer H2's as they drove around town. Shannon Castillo, according to CBS news, was one of two people who guessed correctly (103.9 miles, matching the radio station's carrier frequency).

Castillo hired a sitter to watch her two children and arrived at KBDS bright and early at 6 a.m. on April 1 to claim her prize, only to discover she was being awarded a toy truck and not a $60,000 vehicle, according to the East Bay Times.

After being handed a fake car from a dubious contest, Castillo filed a real lawsuit against the station for $60,000.

Angry, she was, after Hooters gave a Florida waitress a 'toy Yoda'

A Florida waitress at a Hooters restaurant in Panama City was thrilled after learning she'd won the grand prize following a competition the company held to reward whoever could sell the most beer on April 1, 2001. The winner, according to the Associated Press, was supposed to receive a new Toyota.

Blindfolded, Jodee Berry was led out to the restaurant's parking lot where it was revealed her grand prize was actually a brand new Star Wars doll, a green toy Yoda (complete with light saber), meant as an April Fool's Day prank.

Perhaps the managers at Hooters forgot what Yoda's character had said about anger leading to suffering, because Berry was furious. Devastated, she quit her job and sued Hooters' parent company, Gulf Coast Wings Inc., for fraudulent misrepresentation and breach of contract.

The lawsuit was settled in 2002 for an undisclosed sum of money, according to the Orlando Sentinel, in which an attorney for Berry said she received enough compensation to "pick out whatever type of Toyota she wants."

Google issued an apology after its 'Mic Drop' prank went awry

Google caused more headaches for itself than laughs after an April Fool's Day joke in 2016 backfired, leading the company to issue an apology to dissatisfied users.

The search engine company announced as part of a prank that its newest Gmail feature, called the Mic Drop, was supposed to make "it easier to have the last word on any email" by adding a GIF of a yellow animated minion character (from the animated "Despicable Me" and "Minion" movies) dropping a microphone.

But a coding error from Google's programmers caused the Mic Drop to appear on emails unintentionally and had to be turned off manually. "We love April Fools jokes at Google, and we regret that this joke missed the mark and disappointed you," the company said at the time.

 

ATTACHMENT FOURTEEN – FROM Vanity Fair

Monica Lewinsky’s Guide to Pulling Off the Perfect April Fools’ Day Prank

Laughter may not be the best medicine for what ails us, but for now it’ll have to do. A veteran practical joker shares some tricks of the trade.

By Monica Lewinsky   March 31, 2025

 

Laughter. Oh, how we need laughter these days. The weight of the world is almost too much to bear. The news. The stock market. The price of (fucking) eggs. The fact that the third season of The White Lotus is almost over.

Not that anyone asked, but I think April Fools’ Day 2025 is just what we need. (That and a time machine.) Though I was a sweet but serious kid, I always loved April Fools’ Day. Like Pajama Day at school, or my dad’s green pancakes on St. Patrick’s Day, any departure from the quotidian routine gave me a thrill. And that’s never changed.

The origins of April Fools’ Day are murky. Some think it arose in the Middle Ages, when the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar shifted New Year’s Day from spring to January 1. Not everyone observes the holiday on April 1, but countries from France and Brazil to Iran and India dedicate at least one calendar day to jokes and pranks. (In Spain, they have an annual food fight.)

 

There’s something heartwarming about a global norm, agreed to across cultures, that celebrates playfulness and laughter. We are so often divided, but laughter can bring us together.

But why do I love this day so much? To find out, I did what every good (faux) investigative journalist does: I asked my therapist.

Dr. H’s first impulse was to go dark. She said it could reflect unconscious rage or the desire for power in a relationship, since the goal of a prank is to put one over on someone—and laugh at them. I didn’t want to think that could be true of me. Do I have hidden rage lurking in my subconscious? Probably? (Shrug.) But also, what woman doesn’t? The rage theory didn’t land as a puzzle piece sliding into place.

 

Fortunately, as I gave her some of my examples, she laughed and revised her opinion. For me, she said, it might be about connection. I love to laugh, and thinking deeply about how to laugh at somebody and with them is a way of showing I care.

 

The Clinton impeachment sent the little prankster in me into hibernation (a global scandal will do that to ya). But a few years later, I reclaimed my playful side with the help of a friend and neighbor in NYC, Ann. Now Ann pranked people all year long…and she was good. But April Fools’ Day was her Super Bowl. From her I learned the two keys to success: Always start with a kernel of truth, and always go all in on the joke.

My inability to keep a straight face was an obstacle, but technology eventually fixed that. Pranking over text became my specialty.

So in a feeble attempt to bring some joy to you today, here are Monica Lewinsky’s Greatest April Fools’ Day Hits:

·         This one’s going to sound pretty basic and boring at first: I taped a bunch of essentials to my boss’s desk. But here’s what makes it a little edgy: We worked inside the Pentagon, a wholly appropriate place to play an April Fools’ prank (she said sarcastically), and my boss, Mr. Bacon, was the spokesperson for the Department of Defense.

·         In the days of yore, when you could have a little fun on Twitter, Alan Cumming and I said we were coming out with an album together of Scottish Jewish folk songs. (He later went on to do a fantastic show called Och & Oy! A Considered Cabaret with a better singer than me, Ari Shapiro.)

·         One April 1, I sent a bouquet of “Happy Birthday” balloons to a friend in a busy office. It was not his birthday—a fact he was required to explain all day to the parade of well-wishers who stopped by his desk. Another year, I went a little more personal, sending a bouquet of “It’s a Girl!” balloons to someone I was dating. (That went over less well.)

·         When Farmville was at its peak, with more than 80 million users, I had a dear friend who was something of a star on the game’s platform. I made plans to visit her on April Fools’ Day (preparation is key). I arrived at her door with a package I said the doorman had asked me to carry up from the lobby: a barnful of farm-animal helium balloons and a letter, emblazoned with the Farmville logo, announcing that she had been elected the mayor of Farmville. After all the work I put into this one, I lasted about five seconds before breaking and admitting to the joke.

·         Remember how I said that a kernel of truth—something believable to anchor the story in—is key? Well, on March 31, 2019, I did in fact leave my phone in an Uber. And the driver did very kindly return it to me at the restaurant where he’d dropped me off. The following day—April Fools’—I told my publicist, Dini von Mueffling, that the driver then proceeded to try sexting me and sending inappropriate photos of himself. I said I didn’t know what to do. Surprisingly, before I could even get to round two of the joke, she told me to hold tight—she’d already contacted the head of security at Uber. (Don’t worry: She never even knew his name, so no Uber drivers were harmed in the making of this prank!)

·         Sometimes I really play the long game. I briefly met Boris Johnson at a holiday party in London in 2015. I was with friends who knew him, and somehow we ended up taking a photo together. (I’m less allergic to British politicians.) Come April Fools’, I pranked those same friends by texting them that I had slept with Johnson the night before and was freaking out. One replied instantly, “This time, Monica Lewinsky, do NOT tell anyone else!!!” Nearly 10 years later, they have reminded me of this joke every April 1.

Maybe my best prank came about two weeks after I delivered my TED Talk, The Price of Shame. I hadn’t flopped or even flop-sweat (which, yes, I was worried about). The talk was landing positively in ways I couldn’t have imagined, and I couldn’t have been more grateful. And my family was still buzzing with congratulations and pride

 

ATTACHMENT FIFTEEN – FROM PARK CITY RECORD

MORE DOGS ON MAIN: APRIL FOOL’S NEWS

by Tom Clyde   March 29, 2025

 

Long ago, in a Park City far, far away, this issue of the paper would be the April Fool’s issue. It would be full of the regular news, which was often so shockingly similar to current news that I think we could probably pass off a paper from 1990 as breaking news, and many of you might not notice the difference: “Planners discuss future of Bonanza Park District.” 

Staff members would save up ideas all year long, and no idea was too absurd to make a good April Fool’s story because even the outer reaches of imagination were little match for what was actually happening around town. It was a favorite of staff and readers alike. It wasn’t such a favorite among the publishers.

Through the years, and different ownership, our world changed. Park City was discovered, and an article that was silly and obviously parody would somehow get picked up by national press that didn’t understand it. The Securities and Exchange Commission became interested in piece I did reporting that United Park City Mines was resuming active mining activity, and that people in Deer Valley should get used to the china rattling in the cupboards when they were blasting.

By the time The Park Record was owned by the owners of Backyard Poultry magazine, that fine old tradition had come to an end. In the internet age, where stories are around the world before the coffee is warm, it just doesn’t work. 

But I still keep a clipping file for that kind of story. Things that could never happen in a million years, like:

New cities incorporating despite the fact that almost no one lives there. They are popping up like dog turds in the melting snow — West Hills above Kamas; a plan to despoil the North Fields in Wasatch County as River View on the theory that no riparian habitat is too important to be left unsubdivided; and of course, Dakota-Pacific’s proposed town at Kimball Junction. 

It doesn’t matter under state law that there are few, if any, people living there. A new incorporation gets to write its own zoning laws, put together by the developer, and then turn the bulldozers loose. 

The state has decided to build another liquor store in the Park City area because traffic is so heavy in the existing stores. Finding an affordable location for a liquor store is as tough as finding an affordable location for housing. So they cut a deal with UDOT, and will be building Utah’s first liquor store on a freeway ramp. 

It will be a full-service location with easy freeway access. Roadie cups and ice will be available at the new Maverik across the street, with guns and ammo just down the block at the gun club. All with quick freeway access. It’s really a complete package. You don’t need to drive to Evanston any more. 

And it’s not just here. All over Utah now, you can order groceries for pickup, and the store can deliver them to your car, including orders that contain beer. It’s not clear if you can send your teenager to pick up the groceries or not. You’d hope somebody thought of that.

Another great story would be a completely imaginary scenario in which the Pentagon had decided to blow the Houthi rebels in Yemen to smithereens once and for all.  Enough with the selective pinprick strikes, let’s go big. And they decided to do the planning for the attack in a group text using a somewhat secure commercial service called Signal. 

So we have the secretary of state, the defense secretary, national security advisor, head of the CIA, White House staffers and the vice president all on this group text. 

And nobody thinks to ask who the new guy is, or whether this is the right platform.  Instead, they just kept sending texts to each other’s personal cell phones, wherever they are. 

So people are planning this top secret bombing attack at their kid’s soccer games, on the golf course, and then just for comedic effect, they include a randomly selected reporter. It’s not clear why the vice president was on the call, because technically, when you look at the proper chain of command, his position is “not in it, anywhere.” 

The reporter, Jeff Goldberg, watched the text chain for several days, including the blow-by-blow account of the bombing while he was grocery shopping. They announced the success of the mission with emojis. Hilarious stuff.

Burning a Tesla is now terrorism rather than just stupid, garden-variety arson. The full anti-terrorism unit of what’s left of the FBI is on the case, tracking down the Tesla torcher conspiracy. This is coming from the same people who said that the Jan. 6 assault on the Capitol was “an ordinary tourist visit.” 

Attempts to dismiss the stupid criminality of the Tesla burners as an “ordinary showroom visit” have fallen on deaf ears. Burning an F-150, however, isn’t terrorism.  Burning a cybertruck is a gray area, and most likely is insurance fraud prompted by buyer’s remorse.            

Of course, you can make stuff like that up and have a good laugh, until you wake up and realize that all of those things are in the real news, not April Fool’s stories. We are so screwed.

Tom Clyde practiced law in Park City for many years. He lives on a working ranch in Woodland and has been writing this column since 1986. 

 

 

ATTACHMENT SIXTEEN – (ANOTHER!) FROM VANITY FAIR

“WE’LL GET GREENLAND. YEAH, 100%,” TRUMP TELLS NBC NEWS

By Katie Herchenroeder

 

The morning of April 1, I sent a group text to my mom, dad, stepmom, brother, and sister-in-law, saying:

Morning.

There will be an announcement that comes out today.

I have my reasons which I’ll explain later, but so you’re not shocked, I decided to do ‘Dancing With the Stars’

Love you.

Silence.

Then more silence.

A few minutes later, I got a call from my mom. My brother had called her worried and apoplectic.

“What is she DOING?! She just gave a TED Talk!” (There might have been some expletives in there.)

An hour after that, I got a text from my stepmom: “Please call your dad. He has not figured out this is a joke and is worried because with your bad ankles you’re not a great dancer. He’s called me three times.”

To be clear, there’s nothing wrong with doing DWTS. It’s just not the obvious next step in taking back your narrative after giving a TED Talk!

However you choose to celebrate this April Fools’ Day, I hope you make it a good one and laugh your ass off. Oh, and by the way, since I have this platform here, I was given permission to announce in the pages of Vanity Fair that I’m joining season four of The White Lotus. Location: the White House. Happy April Fools’!

 

ATTACHMENT SEVENTEEN – FROM GUK

THE SIGNAL CHAT EXPOSES THE ADMINISTRATION’S INCOMPETENCE – AND ITS PECKING ORDER

The discussion revealed unserious people who don’t know when to keep quiet, with Stephen Miller as the real boss

By Sidney Blumenthal  Sat 29 Mar 2025 06.00 EDT

 

On 13 March, Donald Trump’s national security adviser, Michael Waltz, who was the policy director for two secretaries of defense and was a member of the House intelligence committee, sent a message on the commercial Signal app: “Team – establishing a principles group for coordination on Houthis, particularly for over the next 72 hours.” “The Houthis PC small group” would oversee a US air attack on the Houthis in Yemen.

Despite Waltz’s extensive professional background, he misspelled “principals” as “principles” – perhaps an ordinary typo, but symptomatic of the shambles to come. Although the secretaries of defense, state and treasury, the director of national intelligence, the CIA director, the vice-president, and the president’s chief of staff were among the 18 people included, neither the chair of the joint chiefs of staff, who is a statutory member of the principals committee of the National Security Council, nor any military designee was invited into this group. Instead, the editor of the Atlantic, Jeffrey Goldberg, was sent a link. Waltz noted: “Joint Staff is sending this am a more specific sequence of events in the coming days.”

The Atlantic’s publication of Goldberg’s article about the Signal group’s exchanges was followed by a spray of attempts to cover it up. Trump and the rest of his administration simply denied that anything classified had been released; there were no “war plans”, it was a “hoax”, Goldberg was “scum”, “a loser” and “discredited”, and what about Joe Biden and Hillary Clinton? Which prompted Goldberg to publish the detailed war plans he had withheld in his first article. He was the only responsible person involved in the incident.

Quite apart from the glaring incompetence and illegality of the whole affair – Goldberg’s careless inclusion, the fact that a provision of the Espionage Act (18 USC § 793) criminalizes “gross negligence” for mishandling classified national security material, and that operating on Signal with timed deletion of messages violates the preservation of records for the National Archives – the conversation pulled back the curtain on the White House.

For all intents and purposes, Stephen Miller acted as the de facto president

The transcript exposed the internal pecking order of the Trump administration and its actual chain of command, if it could be called anything that regular. In the end, the final decision-maker within the group to whom the others deferred was not any cabinet secretary or the chief of staff. They turned to “SM” – Stephen Miller – the deputy chief of staff who is Trump’s zealous enforcer. The chief of staff, Susie Wiles, came across as a cheerleader. Miller was the one who gave the stamp of approval. He conveyed Trump’s word. For all intents and purposes, Stephen Miller acted as the de facto president.

The desultory discussion on Signal also highlighted the juvenile towel-snapping bro culture at the top of the administration. The Fox News personalities in the cabinet and the others who have habituated themselves to blathering forceful opinions appeared in the leaked transcript to have seamlessly carried over their habits of loud and thoughtless talk. Above all, they don’t know when not to speak; nor do they know what they reveal about themselves when they do. They don’t know how to conduct themselves as serious people in the room. Their incompetence comes naturally.

About the military plan on the eve of being executed, JD Vance opined: “I think we are making a mistake.” By venturing his view at this advanced point in the operation, he showed that he had been out of the loop. Vice-presidents since Walter Mondale, under President Jimmy Carter, have been made indispensable figures in important decisions, especially involving national security. But Vance sounded like an outsider, a guest on a podcast.

The Signal fiasco is obscuring an essential question: why are we bombing Yemen?

 

He went on about how the Houthis menacing the trade in the Hormuz Strait affected Europe more than the United States. “I am not sure the president is aware how inconsistent this is with his message on Europe right now,” he said. Vance felt that it was Trump who was out of the loop or assumed Trump’s ignorance. If only Trump understood his own contradictions.

But Vance conceded: “I am willing to support the consensus of the team and keep these concerns to myself.” Where did he think he would voice his dissent, Joe Rogan’s show? He did not know Goldberg was already listening in. Then Vance suggested: “But there is a strong argument for delaying this a month, doing the messaging work on why this matters, seeing where the economy is, etc.”

“There is nothing time sensitive driving the time line,” piped up Joe Kent, the head of the National Counterterrorism Center, lending support to Vance. Kent has been an overlooked figure in the scandal. He has an extensive history of associations with extremist domestic terrorist organizations. As a Republican congressional candidate, he paid a consulting fee to a member of the Proud Boys; he has also been close to the Christian nationalist Patriot Prayer group involved in violent street brawls in Portland; defended the white supremacist Nick Fuentes; and stated: “I don’t think there’s anything wrong with there being a white people special interest group,” during an interview with a group called the American Populist Union. In 2022, after Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, Kent called him “very reasonable”. When Kent ran for the House that year, after his ties to the far right were exposed, he claimed he had distanced himself from such groups. Kent was the deputy of the director of national intelligence, Tulsi Gabbard, on the Signal group.

Waltz joined in the Europe-bashing with talking points to buttress Trump’s zero-sum mercantilist view of the world, explaining: “Per the president’s request we are working with DOD and State to determine how to compile the cost associated and levy them on the Europeans.”

Vance broke in to say that if Hegseth wanted “to do it let’s go. I just hate bailing Europe out again.”

Hegseth agreed: “I fully share your loathing of European free-loading. It’s PATHETIC.” He added: “Question is timing.”

Enter Stephen Miller. “As I heard it,” he said, “the president was clear: green light, but we soon make clear to Egypt and Europe what we expect in return. We also need to figure out how to enforce such a requirement. EG, if Europe doesn’t remunerate, then what? If the US successfully restores freedom of navigation at great cost there needs to be some further economic gain extracted in return.”

The allies are not really allies; they are renters, and the rent should be raised

As I heard it …” Miller spoke as if he were the only one to hear Trump. No one else said they had. Miller was definitive. He was more than the Trump whisperer. He was the voice of Trump.

Miller also chimed in on the chorus of contempt for Europe. It was as though Europe was the enemy. The allies are not really allies; they are renters, and the rent should be raised.

On 15 March, Hegseth returned with an “update” of precise details of the attack. “I will say a prayer for victory,” he wrote. It was a go. As it proceeded, Waltz chronicled the targets hit on Signal.

Susie Wiles weighed in: “Kudos to all – most particularly those in theater and CENTCOM! Really great. God bless.”

Waltz posted three emojis – a fist, a flag and a fire.

“Great work all. Powerful start,” said Miller. He was the one to give the praise. He apparently had the authority.

In Russia, Steve Witkoff, Trump’s envoy, responded with two prayer emojis, a flexed muscle emoji and two American flag emojis.

Afterward, Witkoff, a former New York real estate operator and Trump golfing partner, gave an interview to Tucker Carlson, the far-right podcaster who is highly influential with JD Vance and Hegseth, in which Witkoff said he “liked” Vladimir Putin, who was not “a bad guy”, “straight up”, and had presented him with a portrait of Trump to take home – “such a gracious moment”.

What the accidentally leaked war group chat reveals about the Trump administration

Proclaimed a “success”, the operation itself will do little to quell the Iran-backed Houthis, who resumed their missile attacks on shipping in the Hormuz Strait after Benjamin Netanyahu, seeking to maintain his fragile grasp on power, abandoned the ceasefire in Gaza, which Trump declared he “fully supports” after doing nothing to sustain it. Instead, Trump proposed turning the ravaged Palestinian territory into a beachfront property, a “riviera of the Middle East”. Trump shared an AI-generated video of himself and Netanyahu lolling on the beach with dollars raining down and half-naked dancing women. Trump’s policy, of which the Houthi strike supposedly demonstrates “success”, has further entangled the US in cycles of violence without any clear path forward.

As soon as Goldberg’s article appeared, the cover-up effort began. “I don’t know anything about it. I’m not a big fan of the Atlantic; to me it’s a magazine that is going out of business,” Trump said. “I know nothing about it. You’re saying that they had what?”

Republicans in the Congress stammered or were silent. At last, the senator Roger Wicker, of Mississippi, chair of the Senate intelligence committee, called for an expedited report from the Pentagon’s inspector general. Unfortunately, there is no such inspector general – at least not a permanent one. Trump fired him on 27 January along with 16 others across federal agencies and departments, without reason, contrary to the Inspector General Act of 1978, tightened in 2022. “I don’t know [the fired inspectors general],” Trump said, “but some people thought that some were unfair or were not doing the job.” For now, there is an acting inspector general.

The scandal might have been avoided if Hegseth could have consulted with the Pentagon’s legal authorities, the judge advocate generals. But he fired the top Jag officers of the army, navy and air force three weeks before the Signal group was formed.

Nor did Hegseth, or anyone else, apparently think to include the joint chiefs of staff, who just might have objected to the obvious sloppiness and illegality of the Signal setup. But on 21 February, Trump fired the chair of the joint chiefs, the four-star general CQ Brown Jr, the chief of naval operations and the air force vice-chief of staff. He had already removed the chief of the US Coast Guard.

Brown, the former air force chief, was the first Black person to head a branch of the armed forces. “Was it because of his skin color? Or his skill? We’ll never know, but always doubt,” said Hegseth in dismissing Brown. Adm Christopher Grady, serving as the acting chair of the joint chiefs, was not sent the invitation for the Signal group that Goldberg received.

To replace Brown, Trump has nominated a retired three-star general, Dan Caine, whom Trump insists on calling “Razin’ Caine”. But no one raised Caine to participate in the chat.

He might be grateful to have been ignored. Instead of the three-star general, Waltz mobilized three emojis.

·         Sidney Blumenthal, former senior adviser to President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, has published three books of a projected five-volume political life of Abraham Lincoln: A Self-Made ManWrestling With His Angel and All the Powers of Earth

 

ATTACHMENT EIGHTEEN – FROM GUK

TOP US VACCINE OFFICIAL RESIGNS OVER RFK JR’S ‘MISINFORMATION AND LIES’

Dr Peter Marks was seen as a guardrail against any future politicisation of the FDA’s approval of life-saving vaccines

Stephanie Kirchgaessner in Washington  Sat 29 Mar 2025 07.09 EDT

 

A senior health official in the US, who was seen as a guardrail against any future politicisation of the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of life-saving vaccines, has resigned abruptly, citing the health secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr’s “misinformation and lies”.

Dr Peter Marks served as the FDA’s top vaccine official. He had been lauded by Donald Trump during the US president’s first term for his role in Operation Warp Speed, the initiative that developed, manufactured and helped distribute the Covid-19 vaccines.

Multiple media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal and New York Times, citing people familiar with the matter, reported late on Friday that Marks had been given the choice to resign or be fired by a Health and Human Services (HHS) department official. He chose to resign. The FDA is a key federal agency within HHS.

In a resignation letter, referring to Kennedy, Marks wrote: “It has become clear that truth and transparency are not desired by the secretary, but rather he wishes subservient confirmation of his misinformation and lies.”

Marks also issued a stark warning, according to media outlets who obtained the letter, saying: “Undermining confidence in well-established vaccines that have met the high standards for quality, safety and effectiveness that have been in place for decades at FDA is irresponsible, detrimental to public health and a clear danger to our nation’s health, safety and security.”

The departure follows reports that Kennedy has turned to a noted vaccine sceptic, David Geier, to lead the HHS in a study of potential links between vaccines and autism. Any links between autism and vaccines have long been debunked.

Kennedy has claimed he is not anti-vaccine, but for years he has led a movement to sow doubts about their safety and effectiveness. In 2021, a group then led by Kennedy called for the emergency approval of Covid-19 vaccines to be revoked, saying: “The current risks of serious adverse events or deaths outweigh the benefits.”

Studies later showed that claim was inaccurate. A study by the Commonwealth Fund found that Covid-19 vaccines saved 3.2 million American lives and prevented more than 18m hospitalisations through November 2022.

During his confirmation process, Kennedy ultimately secured the votes of almost all Republican senators, including Dr Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, by promising that he would not change the FDA’s system for approving vaccines.

But that system was overseen by Marks, who has been with the FDA since 2012 and oversaw the division’s approval process for vaccines, biotech and blood products.

 

The Wall Street Journal reported a statement on the resignation by an HHS official: “If Peter Marks does not want to get behind restoring science to its golden standard and promoting radical transparency, then he has no place at FDA under the strong leadership of secretary Kennedy.”

Marks’s departure comes a day after the Trump administration said it was laying off 10,000 employees at HHS. In comments about the move posted on YouTube, Kennedy suggested his office was facing opposition inside the department from “defiant bureaucrats” who had stopped his office from gaining access to “closely guarded databases that might reveal the dangers of certain drugs and medical interventions”.

The Guardian has sought more information about Kennedy’s remarks but has not yet received a comment from HHS. Some experts have warned that Kennedy and other senior Trump-appointed health officials may seek to challenge the authorisation behind the Covid-19 vaccines. Kennedy also said in his confirmation hearings that he had been asked by Trump to study the safety of mifepristone, which is used for medication abortion and has already been extensively investigated for safety.

It is not clear what precise databases Kennedy was referring to in his YouTube statement. When pharmaceutical companies seek FDA approval for drugs they have developed, they disclose proprietary information, which the FDA keeps confidential. That includes information about manufacturing methods and clinical study reports.

 

 

ATTACHMENT NINETEEN – FROM THE BROOKLYN RAIL

THE PARADISE OF FOOLS

By David Levi Strauss   February 23, 2025

 

It turns out that Trump’s blitzkrieg of extreme actions in the first month of his second term is not at all popular with the American people. A number of polls that have come out in the past week all agree on this. In most of these polls, Trump is now six points underwater in favorability, which is fifteen points under any other president in history at the beginning of their terms. Trump is the least popular president in the history of such polls.

In specific areas, the unfavorability ratings are even worse. Handling of Gaza: -40. Tariffs: -11. Cozying up to Putin: -72. Fan-boy Musk being given carte blanche: -12. People opposed to Trump’s blanket pardons of Jan. 6 perpetrators: 83%. In the Washington Post/Ipsos poll, 63% of Americans said they were concerned about their personal data being accessed by Musk and his unvetted minions.

And the favorability ratings in certain age groups are even more precipitous. Gen Z’s approval rating of Trump dropped more than thirty points in the first month of his term.

Trump does not have the support of the American people one month in, which means he’s probably going to have to use force at some point to maintain control, which will further increase the enmity and unrest among the people. And/or he’ll need to create a tremendous distraction. In these early days, the Trump administration has to move as far as they can as fast as they can, and then try to clean up the mess later.

What the Trump regime is trying to do domestically, as codified in the Project 2025 blueprint, is incredibly ambitious. In his State of the State address on February 19, Illinois Governor JB Pritzker pointed out that “It took the Nazis one month, three weeks, two days, eight hours and 40 minutes to dismantle a constitutional republic. All I’m saying is when the five-alarm fire starts to burn, every good person better be ready to man a post with a bucket of water if you want to stop it from raging out of control.”

On Friday, February 21, Trump purged the entire US military leadership, firing the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff. In response, military specialist Tom Nichols wrote in the Atlantic, “Now that Trump has captured the intelligence services, the Justice Department, and the FBI, the military is the last piece he needs to establish the foundations for authoritarian control of the US government.”1

These forces will be used against the American people when they rise up.

In these early stages, the response to Trump’s shock and awe campaign has been lackluster. Elected Democrats, for the most part, seem frozen in place, mesmerized by the flash. The courts, representing the rule of law, have moved too slowly to have much immediate effect. Checks and balances take some time to work, and in the meantime, a lot of damage can be done, especially by a reckless billionaire tech entrepreneur driving a team of young coders and hackers with a rage to break things and no idea what they’re destroying.

Big corporations, including tech corporations, hate and fear the federal government because it wants to regulate and tax them and limit their power. A billionaire taking a chain saw to the federal programs built to limit the power of giant corporations is of course popular with those corporations. But why would it be popular with citizens?

Since a lot of what Musk’s imagineers are destroying involves disproportionate aid to people in red states, the effects of these cuts are beginning to register with MAGA voters, and they don’t like it. Also, it turns out that about a third of all federal workers are veterans, so the jobs being cut by the DOGE interns are disproportionately affecting people who have served in the military.

This may all be eclipsed soon by what Trump is doing internationally. His mixture of utter incompetence and stupefying authoritarian arrogance is wreaking havoc with the post-war liberal world order. Trump has shifted his allegiances from our long-term allies in NATO and elsewhere to Putin’s Russia. He’s sided with Russia in its war of aggression against Ukraine and cozied up to other tyrants around the globe.

Steve Bannon, not to be outdone by his alter ego Elon, flashed a Nazi salute near the end of his speech at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) on February 21, while shouting “Fight, Fight, Fight,” in imitation of Trump. The salute came right after Trump’s Vice President JD Vance supported the neo-Nazi Alternative for Germany (AfD) party in the German elections, and Elon Musk announced that “only the AfD can save Germany.”

But the new centrist conservative chancellor of Germany condemned the support of AfD by Vance and Musk and vowed never to bring the AfD into a coalition government, and he has wondered aloud whether the US will remain a democracy under Trump.

Bannon and Musk flashing the Nazi salute is a signal to the fascist wing of MAGA in the US, making sure that they remain on alert and ready to fight if called upon.

David Levi Strauss is the author of Co-illusion: Dispatches from the End of Communication (The MIT Press, 2020), Photography & Belief (David Zwirner Books, 2020), Words Not Spent Today Buy Smaller Images Tomorrow (Aperture, 2014), From Head to Hand: Art and the Manual (Oxford University Press, 2010), Between the Eyes: Essays on Photography and Politics, with an introduction by John Berger (Aperture 2003, and in a new edition, 2012), and Between Dog & Wolf: Essays on Art and Politics (Autonomedia 1999, and a new edition, 2010). In Case Something Different Happens in the Future: Joseph Beuys and 9/11 was published by Documenta 13, and To Dare Imagining: Rojava Revolution, edited by Strauss, Michael Taussig, Peter Lamborn Wilson, and Dilar Dirik, was published by Autonomedia in 2016, and in an Italian edition in 2017. The Critique of the Image Is the Defense of the Imagination, edited by Strauss, Taussig, and Wilson, was published by Autonomedia in 2020. He is Chair Emeritus of the graduate program in Art Writing at the School of Visual Arts in New York, which he directed from 2007-2021.

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY – FROM the NATIONAL REVIEW

TRUMP REMAINS THE UNDISPUTED RINGMASTER AT THE CARNIVAL OF FOOLS

By Jeffrey Blehar  March 5, 2025 9:17 AM

 

I know that we don’t call the first speech the president traditionally makes to both houses of Congress at the start of their administration a “State of the Union” -- technically it’s just an address to a Joint Session of Congress. The reasoning behind this tradition is that most presidents don’t have much of note to discuss a mere month into their term in office, only a vision to set forth. But it’s fair to argue this doesn’t apply to Donald Trump -- not only because he is returning to office, but because it’s the first month of Trump’s second administration ...

PEANUT GALLERY

KMotamed

Hall of Famer

I don't disagree with Jeff often, but giving Trump style points for his narcissistic buffoonery doesn't make sense. The pathetic creep is basically begging for affirmation.

woke_is_smoked

Hall of Famer

I'd say more like "histrionic" than "narcissistic." You can look it up.

Jengenny

Hall of Famer

I have never voted straight ticket , I have always felt there are good and bad people on both sides . I was not thrilled when Trump was made the Republican candidate, I preferred others . After watching the disgusting display of a party that can’t clap for a child fighting brain cancer I can NOT find a decent democrat let alone one worth voting for so going forward I have vowed not to .

HobNobBob

Hall of Famer

The TDS is strong with this one. Trump is moving fast implementing what he promised, and the public is behind him. The idea that he didn't outline his goals and intentions in his speech is ludicrous. And the Democrats made fools of themselves. MAGA is strong and moving forward, leaving these Never Trumpers at NR behind.

 

JOELLENHOVIS

Rising Star

Oops! I stumbled onto joy Bahar’s page I guess.

LeagueMarshal

VIP

I guess the incoming fascist dictatorship can't be too big a deal, if all you need to resist it is a small signpost that says "no u".

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY ONE – FROM THE NEW YORK POST

JAMES CARVILLE BLASTS JEFF BEZOS AS ‘F—ING FOOL’ FOR WORKING WITH TRUMP: ‘HE WILL NEVER EVER WASH THAT STENCH OFF OF HIM’

By Lindsay Kornick, Fox News   Published March 28, 2025, 10:36 a.m. ET

 

James Carville attacked Washington Post owner Jeff Bezos as one of the “f—ing fools” who will be remembered in history only for collaborating with President Donald Trump.

During his “Politics War Room” podcast on Thursday, the Democratic strategist attacked Tesla CEO Elon Musk for what he believes is ruining his reputation as an innovator to work with Trump. This topic led to him calling out “similarly situated” billionaires like Bezos for willingly working with Trump.

“You have this tremendous economic power,” Carville said. “You have tremendous influence in public opinion. You own one of the legacy, important media operations, and you’re doing nothing f—ing with it. You’re appeasing people.” 

He called both Musk and Bezos “f—ing fools” but focused heavily on Bezos, comparing him to Porsche founder and German engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who helped construct weapons and tanks for the Nazi Party.

“You had a chance to really be studied as a model by children in history books…I think you made a tragic reputational error,” Carville said.

James Carville attacked Washington Post owner Jeff Bezos as one of the “f—ing fools” who will be remembered in history only for collaborating with President Donald Trump.FOX News

 

“You have this tremendous economic power,” Carville said of Bezos (pictured). “You have tremendous influence in public opinion. You own one of the legacy, important media operations, and you’re doing nothing f—ing with it. You’re appeasing people.” WWD via Getty Images

Bezos, who also owns Amazon, has been criticized by progressives and members of his newspaper staff over the last few months for announcing changes to the Washington Post’s opinion pages.

Most notably, he prevented the editorial page from endorsing Vice President Kamala Harris in 2024.

He also supported the Trump administration financially by donating $1 million to his inauguration fund and has even said he was optimistic about Trump’s second term.

Carville also criticized Tesla owner, Elon Musk, during his podcast episode, saying that his ruining his reputation by working with President Trump.

While focusing heavily on Bezos, Carville comparing him to Porsche founder and German engineer Ferdinand Porsche, who helped construct weapons and tanks for the Nazi Party.WireImage for Vanity Fair

Carville echoed Bezos’ critics by insisting he was pandering to Trump and would be forever ruined by it.

“This guy’s not going to be remembered as the greatest retailer who ever lived, of which he is,” Carville said. “He’s going to be remembered as a collaborator. And he will never ever wash that stench off of him. I don’t care how much money he has. I don’t care how much power he has. I don’t care how many people he can terrify. It’s not going to happen. Dude, you’ve locked your place in history down.”

He added, “He’s going to look in the f—ing mirror. It’s coming. It’s around the corner. He’s going to live with his own legacy.”

Bezos (far right) supported the Trump administration financially by donating $1 million to his inauguration fund and has even said he was optimistic about Trump’s second term. 

Trump praised Bezos’s work at the Post and revealed last week that he has been speaking with Bezos about having a working relationship.Chris Kleponis – Pool via CNP / MEGA

Carville made similar comments against Bezos in October for his decision not to endorse a presidential candidate.

“Basically, the argument is, ‘People don’t trust the press anymore, but I’m a billionaire, and people really trust billionaires.’ So – It was dumb on steroids and I think they were acting on the behest of Donald Trump,” Carville said at the time.

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY TWO – FROM DISSENT

THE JIHADISM OF FOOLS

Fred Halliday ▪ Winter 2025

 

Over the last few years, and especially since the American invasion of Iraq in March 2003, there have been indications across the world of a growing convergence between the forces of Islamist militancy, on the one hand, and the “anti-imperialist” left on the other. Leaving aside widespread, if usually unarticulated, sympathy for the attacks of September 11, 2001, justified on the grounds that “the Americans deserved it,” we have seen since 2003 an overt coincidence of policies, with considerable support for the Iraqi “resistance,” which includes strong Islamist elements, and, more recently and even more explicitly, support for Hezbollah in Lebanon. In the Middle East itself, and on parts of the European far left, an overt alliance with Islamists has been established, going back at least to the mass demonstrations in early 2003 that preceded the Iraq War, but also including a convergence of slogans on Palestine—supporting suicide bombings and denying the legitimacy of the Israeli state. Last year, for example, radical Basque demonstrators were preceded by a militant waving a Hezbollah flag. Moreover, since most of those who oppose the U.S. action in Iraq of 2003 also opposed the war in Afghanistan in 2001, this leads, whether clearly recognized or not, to support for the anti-Western Taliban, armed groups now active across that country.

At the same time, some far left-wing politicians in Europe have sought, on issues of “anti-imperialism” and of social exclusion within the West, to find common cause with representatives of Islamist parties. An example of this is the welcome given by the British left, including the mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, to the Muslim Brotherhood leader Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi. More important, of course, and separate from support for Islamist guerrilla groups, has been alignment at the state level: Iran, for example, has received increasing support from Venezuela. Hugo Chávez has been to Tehran no less than five times. This partnership has been made all the easier by the shift noticeable over the past two decades whereby solidarity based, at least formally, on class or socialist grounds has been replaced by identity politics as the basis for political activism. Inchoately perhaps, a new international united front is being created.

This relationship of the radical left to political Islam has a long history, one that should give pause to those who now seek to form an alliance, however “tactical,” with Islamist movements and states. The early Bolsheviks tried to establish just such an alliance: faced with the blocking of the proletarian revolution in Europe after 1917, they turned to the anti-imperialist and sometimes Islamic forces then active in Asia. The first state in the world to recognize the Bolshevik Revolution was the monarchy of Afghanistan, then locked in a conflict with the British. As a result, Lenin gave instructions that Soviet Russia must always pay “particular attention” to Islam.

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY THREE – FROM ALIBABA.COM (CHINA)

100+ HILARIOUS POLITICAL QUOTES THAT WILL MAKE YOU LAUGH

By Emily / 26 March 2025 / 

This article is dedicated to the amusing world of funny political quotes. Politics, often seen as a dry and serious subject, has a surprisingly humorous side that is often overlooked. Through these quotes, we not only witness wit and satire but also the often unintended comedic expressions from politicians around the world. Covering topics from elections to political rivals, this compilation brings light-heartedness to the otherwise heavy realm of politics. As we explore these quotes, we invite readers to enjoy the lighter side of political discourse and appreciate the universal humor found within it.

Election Season Quotes

·         "Politicians are like diapers. They both need to be changed regularly and for the same reason." - Unknown

·         "I have left orders to be awakened at any time in case of national emergency, even if I'm in a Cabinet meeting." - Ronald Reagan

·         "A political promise is one you keep or break to win votes." - Unknown

·         "If voting made any difference they wouldn't let us do it." - Mark Twain

·         "The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter." - Winston Churchill

·         "We've all heard of that politician who is a real zombie...every time they sink their teeth into an issue, they forget to chew." - Unknown

·         "During a campaign, the air is full of speeches and vice versa." - Anonymous

·         "Why do they call it a political race? Because the only place they’re running is away from their promises!" - Unknown

·         "Politicians spend half their time making laws, and the other half helping their friends get around them." - Unknown

·         "The problem with political jokes is that they get elected." - Henry Cate

·         "In politics, the truth is strictly optional and often discouraged." - Unknown

·         "An honest political speech can only be short because it doesn’t exist." - Unknown

 

Rivalry Quotes

·         "I have noticed that politicians who can no longer face their peers in office often turn to writing books. Little do they know that fewer people read books than vote." - Unknown

·         "Politics is the art of looking for trouble, finding it everywhere, diagnosing it incorrectly and applying the wrong remedies." - Groucho Marx

·         "The opposition isn't expecting us, they're just hoping for a plot twist in the political season finale." - Unknown

·         "A politician is a person with whose politics you don't agree; if you agree with him he is a statesman." - David Lloyd George

·         "One has to belong to the intelligentsia to believe things like that: no ordinary man could be such a fool." - George Orwell

·         "Politicians are the same all over. They promise to build a bridge even where there is no river." - Nikita Khrushchev

·         "The only political fight worth having is the one that doesn't involve a public brawl." - Unknown

·         "Comparing politicians to diapers: both should be changed often, and for the same reason." - Unknown

·         "I don’t mind my rival saying bad things about me, as long as he doesn’t say them truthfully." - Unknown

·         "In politics, your enemies can’t be reflected in what you find in the water cooler - only in the dictionary." - Unknown

·         "Never argue with a politician. 'Victory' could be your downfall." - Unknown

·         "Our political conversations would be much shorter if politicians understood each other half as well as they understand their voters." - Unknown

 

Leaders’ Gaffes Quotes

·         "Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people you are, you aren’t." - Margaret Thatcher

·         "I'm devoutly against wanting other people to forget my blunders, particularly when I am running for office." - Unknown

·         "A statesman is a politician who has been dead ten or fifteen years." - Harry S. Truman

·         "I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end." - Margaret Thatcher

·         "We hang the petty thieves and appoint the great ones to public office." - Aesop

·         "When I’m good, I’m very, very good, but when I’m bad and in office, I get reelected." —W. C. Fields

·         "In politics, stupidity is not a handicap." - Napoleon Bonaparte

·         "I'd rather be honest than impressive, and I can be neither." - Unknown

·         "He knows nothing; and he thinks he knows everything. That points clearly to a political career." - George Bernard Shaw

·         "Politicians are like ships: noisiest when lost in fog." - Unknown

·         "I'm unconcerned if my slip-ups happen. What concerns me is if they work." - Unknown

·         "My political career was unintentional, but what a laugh it's been all the same." - Unknown

 

Foreign Relations Quotes

·         "Diplomacy is the art of saying 'Nice doggie' until you can find a rock." - Will Rogers

·         "In foreign relations, the worst thing about the not so subtle jokes is that they are often accompanied by demonstrations." - Unknown

·         "Countries try to maintain peaceful relations by deploying diplomats who utter polite nonsense." - Unknown

·         "Dealing with foreign diplomats is like trying to pet a porcupine without getting pricked." - Unknown

·         "If countries were on social media, foreign diplomacy would be hitting that 'like' button and smiling while eating their last cookie." - Unknown

·         "In politics, madness is the norm. Diplomatic success is just the cherry on top of the cray-cray cake." - Unknown

·         "Diplomats lie for their country, but sometimes they just lie for a good laugh." - Unknown

·         "It takes tact to smooth over foreign relations, but I bet even toddlers have more focus in a candy shop than diplomats in negotiations." - Unknown

·         "Foreign ministers can't afford to be openly funny - it might break the fragile peace they’ve built on their jokes." - Unknown

·         "For most foreign diplomats, their country's net gain from a negotiation is in inverse proportion to their cumulative travels." - Unknown

·         "To err is human, to resolve diplomatically is divine comedy." - Unknown

·         "In diplomacy, the greatest insult of all is to be taken seriously." - Oscar Wilde

 

Bureaucratic Quotes

·         "A bureaucrat is a Democrat who holds some office that a Republican wants." - Harry S. Truman

·         "The only thing more permanent than death and taxes is a new government department." - Unknown

·         "I know that some bureaucrats exist solely to make our lives confusing; more compete with gardening shows on Sunday afternoons." - Unknown

·         "Bureaucracy defends the status quo long past the time when the quo has lost its status." - Laurence J. Peter

·         "The less sense a bureaucrat's statement makes, the more impressive it sounds." - Unknown

·         "The dreadlocks of bureaucracy: once it starts tangling, even Rapunzel can’t comb it out." - Unknown

·         "In a bureaucratic world, you’ll never drive anywhere if you wait for all the lights to turn green." - Unknown

·         "The worse a bureaucrat's handwriting, the more important their job is." - Unknown

·         "I thought my file was lost, but then I realized it just joined a witness protection program." - Unknown

·         "Bureaucrats are taught less about emergency exits and more about revolving doors." - Unknown

·         "The greatest invention in bureaucracy is red tape. It's like stoplights for decision-making." - Unknown

·         "You know you’re deep in bureaucracy when even your calls for help ask you to press one or stay on the line." - Unknown

 

Legislation Laughter Quotes

·         "Laws should be like clothes; made to measure, so they fit perfectly for as long as possible." - Unknown

·         "Good legislation is frequently nipped in the bud by the logic that being sensible is insensible to the opposition." - Unknown

·         "Reading a piece of legislation is like chewing on leather - you grind on, hoping for flavor but left with only a dry taste." - Unknown

·         "If you think nobody cares about you, try skipping a political committee meeting." - Unknown

·         "Why do bills make bad investments? Because there are never any profits left after passage." - Unknown

·         "Remember, a lawmaker is someone who starts a problem that wasn't there until the law was created." - Unknown

·         "For every piece of legislation, expect an equal and opposite uproar." - Parody of Isaac Newton

·         "Legislation is the art of saying 'I wrote this for your own good' without first checking if anyone agrees." - Unknown

·         "In the land of laws, anyone who writes one can claim to be a king - but one must be wise enough to challenge it." - Unknown

·         "Pass a bill today, and worry about its unintended consequences tomorrow!" - Unknown

·         "Legislators are the world's supreme performers. See how they approve legislation with their eyes wide shut." - Unknown

·         "Sometimes I think lawmakers are the original cast for a never-ending sitcom." - Unknown

 

Economic Policy Quotes

·         "Ask five economists and you'll get five different explanations - six if one went to Harvard." - Edgar R. Fiedler

·         "Economics is extremely useful as a form of employment for economists." - John Kenneth Galbraith

·         "Economic policy is simple: take everything complicated and make it sound impossible." - Unknown

·         "The first rule of politics is to forget any math class past algebra." - Unknown

·         "To err is human, to blame it on someone else shows management potential." - Unknown

·         "Blessed are the crafters of economic policies, for they will be misunderstood forever." - Unknown

·         "‘Trickle-down theory’: like suggesting a leaky roof is a design feature!" - Unknown

·         "An economist is an expert who will know tomorrow why the things he predicted yesterday didn’t happen today." - Laurence J. Peter

·         "Inflation is when you pay fifteen dollars for a ten-dollar haircut you used to get for five dollars when you had hair." - Sam Ewing

·         "There’s nothing sinister in so simple a thing as a tax refund—the trouble is that most already spent it." - Unknown

·         "The ultimate wisdom of economics: the only thing growing in a recession is worry." - Unknown

·         "Governments have traditionally responded to economic crises like the ostrich: by burying their heads in an economics textbook." - Unknown

 

Speech Snafus Quotes

·         "A politician's speech is like a baby’s diaper. The more full it is, the more they need to change it." - Unknown

·         "George Washington was the only president who didn’t blame the previous administration for his troubles." - Unknown

·         "When politicians speak, truth quietly exits the auditorium." - Unknown

·         "Humanity will survive as long as they never need politicians' assistance to tie their shoelaces." - Unknown

·         "In politics, effective sound bites do more than tablespoons of wisdom." - Unknown

·         "Giving a politician advice is like teaching a hen to fly - they’ll ignore you, flap around, and miss the point." - Unknown

·         "The real issue isn't whether politicians can keep a speech short, it's whether they can keep it honest." - Unknown

·         "How do you a rationalize a politician's speech? Lower your expectations and buy earplugs." - Unknown

·         "Most political speeches should get Oscars for Best Special Effects." - Unknown

·         "A good political speech is something like a bear hug: warm, strong, and you can’t get out." - Unknown

·         "The ideal speech has a great intro, a riveting ending, and not much in between." - Anonymous

·         "A speech without applause offers a perfect opportunity to spot when an audience nodded off." - Unknown

 

Media Spin Quotes

·         "Some journalists ask hard questions. Most prefer to practice an art form, called spinography." - Unknown

·         "You can't believe everything you hear - that's what political advertisements are for." - Unknown

·         "In politics, one should learn how to tell the truth strategically, like when only a small part is enough." - Unknown

·         "The media will spin a sideshow thrill ride out of a stationary event." - Unknown

·         "There's no rest for the wicked, nor the understudy news anchor post-election." - Unknown

·         "Journalism is a subtle difference between reporting and speculating loudly with a microphone." - Unknown

·         "The pen is mightier than the sword, but TV anchors work out more." - Unknown

·         "Political coverage is mostly clever nonsense, like gossip at a celebrity party." - Unknown

·         "Media and politicians share a secret tryst known only as 'tax breaks'." - Unknown

·         "In the world of spin, what matters isn't what you say - it’s what you still have when the music ends." - Unknown

·         "Political journalism is like gourmet cooking – but sometimes it's just overwrought spaghetti." - Unknown

·         "A spin doctor sees clouds where there are puddles, and a mid-summer rain dance becomes a hurricane warning." - Unknown

 

Political Promises Quotes

·         "Almost any politician is happy to promise you the moon, even while they debate the cost of a return ticket." - Unknown

·         "A campaign promise is like a unicorn; majestic, admired, but ultimately a stick with a fancy sticker." - Unknown

·         "A political promise often feels like hearing your favorite tune backwards: intriguing but ultimately just noise." - Unknown

·         "There’s nothing more fleeting than the promise candidates use right after 'I’m in it for you'." - Unknown

·         "Candidates offer change but spend the rest of their term counting bills." - Unknown

·         "Breaking promises turns tobacco crops into pinocchio noses - the true cost of politics." - Unknown

·         "A candidate’s promises followed me everywhere — even when I moved and left no forwarding address." - Unknown

·         "Political promises are like selling beachfront property in Atlantis; all a pipe dream." - Unknown

·         "A promise in politics isn't worth even half of the loopholes discovered before ink even dries." - Unknown

·         "They say the road to political alignment is paved with good intentions - frequently it’s just bricks of empty proclamations." - Unknown

·         "Candidates spend most of their time giving, but it seems to be only lip service they pass around." - Unknown

·         "Politicians should list 'Olympic gold in promise juggling' in their resumes." - Unknown

Final words

The sphere of politics, intertwined with power, ambition, and governance, is often perceived as an uncharted land shrouded in seriousness. However, as showcased through this compilation of funny political quotes, there exists a realms of humor within politics. These quotes highlight the paradoxes, eccentricities, and absurdities embedded in political language, discourse, and actions. From candidate gaffes to media spins and the intricate dance of diplomacy, the humorous lens offers a refreshing perspective, revealing truth through satire. By dissecting these quotes, it becomes evident that humor has an uncanny ability to present deep insights into the political arena. Humor breaks down walls, draws attention to issues, lightens intense situations, and allows society to critique and understand politics in a more relatable manner. As we reflect upon these humor-clad truths, we are reminded that politics—like life—must balance weighty issues with lighter moments of laughter. Appreciating the lighter side might very well encourage a healthier political dialogue, where we recognize the shared human experience amidst the political theater.

 

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY FOUR – FROM HOAXES.ORG VIA 1440

THE TOP 100 APRIL FOOL'S DAY HOAXES OF ALL TIME

 

We've researched the entire history of April Fool's Day and selected its top 100 hoaxes ever, as judged by creativity, historical significance, the number of people duped, and notoriety. The first version of this list was created in the late 1990s. Over the years it's been revised a number of times, based upon reader feedback and ongoing research. The most recent major revision occurred in March 2015.

Other April Fool resources at the Museum include: the 
April Fool Archive (a year-by-year archive of the entire history of the celebration), the Origin of April Fool's Day, the April Fool FAQ, and the Top 10 Worst April Fools Ever. Also, you can find more info about most of the hoaxes in the Top 100 list by clicking their title or thumbnail.

(The DJI has included only the Top Ten in this Lesson, to check out the other ninety, go here.)

 

#1: The Swiss Spaghetti Harvest

April 1, 1957: The respected BBC news show Panorama announced that thanks to a very mild winter and the virtual elimination of the dreaded spaghetti weevil, Swiss farmers were enjoying a bumper spaghetti crop. It accompanied this announcement with footage of Swiss peasants pulling strands of spaghetti down from trees. Huge numbers of viewers were taken in. Many called the BBC wanting to know how they could grow their own spaghetti tree. To this the BBC diplomatically replied, "place a sprig of spaghetti in a tin of tomato sauce and hope for the best." Even the director-general of the BBC later admitted that after seeing the show he checked in an encyclopedia to find out if that was how spaghetti actually grew (but the encyclopedia had no information on the topic). The broadcast remains, by far, the most popular and widely acclaimed April Fool's Day hoax ever, making it an easy pick for number one. See More...

#2: Instant Color TV

April 1, 1962: Sweden's SVT (Sveriges Television) brought their technical expert, Kjell Stensson, onto the news to inform the public that, thanks to a new technology, viewers could convert their existing sets to display color reception. At the time, there was only the one TV channel in Sweden, and it broadcast in black and white, so this was big news. Stensson explained that all viewers had to do was pull a nylon stocking over their tv screen, and the mesh would cause the light to bend in such a way that it would appear as if the image was in color. He proceeded to demonstrate the process. Thousands of people were taken in. Many Swedes today still report remembering their fathers rushing through the house trying to find stockings to place over the TV set. Regular color broadcasts only commenced in Sweden on April 1, 1970. More...

 

#3: The Eruption of Mount Edgecumbe

April 1, 1974: The residents of Sitka, Alaska woke to a disturbing sight. Clouds of black smoke were rising from the crater of Mount Edgecumbe, the long-dormant volcano neighboring them. People spilled out of their homes onto the streets to gaze up at the volcano, terrified that it was active again and might soon erupt. Luckily it turned out that man, not nature, was responsible for the smoke. A local practical joker named Porky Bickar had flown hundreds of old tires into the volcano's crater and then lit them on fire, all in a (successful) attempt to fool the city dwellers into believing that the volcano was stirring to life. According to local legend, when Mount St. Helens erupted six years later, a Sitka resident wrote to Bickar to tell him, "This time you've gone too far!" See More HERE...

 


 

#4: The Sydney Iceberg

April 1, 1978: A barge towing a giant iceberg appeared in Sydney Harbor. Sydneysiders were expecting it. Dick Smith, a local adventurer and millionaire businessman, had been loudly promoting his scheme to tow an iceberg from Antarctica for quite some time. Now he had apparently succeeded. He said that he was going to carve the berg into small ice cubes, which he would sell to the public for ten cents each. These well-traveled cubes, fresh from the pure waters of Antarctica, were promised to improve the flavor of any drink they cooled. Slowly the iceberg made its way into the harbor. Local radio stations provided blow-by-blow coverage of the scene. Only when the berg was well into the harbor was its secret revealed. It started to rain, and the firefighting foam and shaving cream that the berg was really made of washed away, uncovering the white plastic sheets beneath.  See More here...

 

#5: San Serriffe

April 1, 1977: The Guardian published a special seven-page supplement devoted to San Serriffe, a small republic said to consist of several semi-colon-shaped islands located in the Indian Ocean. A series of articles affectionately described the geography and culture of this obscure nation. Its two main islands were named Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse. Its capital was Bodoni, and its leader was General Pica. The Guardian's phones rang all day as readers sought more information about the idyllic holiday spot. Only a few noticed that everything about the island was named after printer's terminology. The success of this hoax is widely credited with launching the enthusiasm for April Foolery that gripped the British tabloids in subsequent decades. More...

 

#6: Planetary Alignment Decreases Gravity

April 1, 1976: During an early-morning interview on BBC Radio 2, the British astronomer Patrick Moore announced that at 9:47 AM that day a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event was going to occur. Pluto would pass behind Jupiter, and this planetary alignment would temporarily counteract and lessen the Earth's own gravity. Moore told his listeners that if they jumped in the air at the exact moment the alignment occurred, they would experience a strange floating sensation. When 9:47 AM arrived, the station began receiving hundreds of phone calls from listeners claiming to have felt the sensation. One woman reported that she and her friends had risen from their chairs and floated around the room. Moore had intended his annoucement to be a spoof of a pseudoscientific theory that had recently been promoted in a book called The Jupiter Effect, alleging that a rare alignment of the planets was going to cause massive earthquakes and the destruction of Los Angeles in 1982. More...

 

#7: The Taco Liberty Bell

April 1, 1996: The Taco Bell Corporation took out a full-page ad that appeared in six major newspapers announcing it had bought the Liberty Bell and was renaming it the Taco Liberty Bell. Hundreds of outraged citizens called the National Historic Park in Philadelphia where the bell was housed to express their anger. Their nerves were only calmed when Taco Bell revealed, a few hours later, that it was all a practical joke. The best line of the day came when White House press secretary Mike McCurry was asked about the sale. Thinking on his feet, he responded that the Lincoln Memorial had also been sold. It would now be known, he said, as the Ford Lincoln Mercury Memorial. More...

 

#8: UFO Lands in London

March 31, 1989: Thousands of motorists driving on the highway outside London looked up in the air to see a glowing flying saucer descending on their city. Many of them pulled to the side of the road to watch the bizarre craft float through the air. The saucer finally landed in a field on the outskirts of London where local residents immediately called the police to warn them of an alien invasion. Soon the police arrived on the scene, and one brave officer approached the craft with his truncheon extended before him. When a door in the craft popped open, and a small, silver-suited figure emerged, the policeman ran in the opposite direction. The saucer turned out to be a hot-air balloon that had been specially built to look like a UFO by Richard Branson, the 36-year-old chairman of Virgin Records. The stunt combined his passion for ballooning with his love of pranks. His plan was to land the craft in London's Hyde Park on April 1. Unfortunately, the wind blew him off course, and he was forced to land a day early in the wrong location. More...

 

#9: Sidd Finch

The April 1985 issue of Sports Illustrated revealed that the New York Mets had recruited a rookie pitcher named Sidd Finch who could throw a baseball at 168 mph — 65 mph faster than the previous record. Surprisingly, Sidd Finch had never played baseball before, but he had mastered the "art of the pitch" in a Tibetan monastery. Mets fans couldn't believe their good luck and, accepting at face value the peculiarities of Sidd Finch's past, flooded Sports Illustrated with requests for more information. But in reality this amazing player only existed in the imagination of author George Plimpton, who had left a clue in the sub-heading of the article: "He's a pitcher, part yogi and part recluse. Impressively liberated from our opulent life-style, Sidd's deciding about yoga —and his future in baseball." The first letter of each of these words, taken together, spelled "H-a-p-p-y A-p-r-i-l F-o-o-l-s D-a-y — A-h F-i-b". More...

 

#10: Nixon for President

April 1, 1992: National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation revealed that Richard Nixon, in a surprise move, was running for President again. His new campaign slogan was, "I didn't do anything wrong, and I won't do it again." Accompanying this announcement were audio clips of Nixon delivering his candidacy speech. Listeners responded viscerally to the announcement, flooding the show with calls expressing shock and outrage. Only during the second half of the show did the host John Hockenberry reveal that the announcement was a practical joke. Nixon's voice was impersonated by comedian Rich Little. More...

 

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY FIVE – FROM YAHOO NEWS

NO, WARREN BUFFETT DIDN'T BUY TESLA, AND ALL THE OTHER APRIL FOOLS’ DAY JOKES WE’VE CAUGHT TODAY

Happy April Fools’ Day! Here’s what’s actually not happening.

By Katie Mather   Tue, April 1, 2025 at 3:41 PM EDT

Yahoo is using AI to generate takeaways from this article. This means the info may not always match what's in the article. Reporting mistakes helps us improve the experience.

 

It’s April Fools’ Day, and while many people love to pull a prank on their loved ones, in recent years, the celebration has escalated to involve brands joining in on the hoaxes — and even some news outlets.

To keep you in the loop on what’s real and what isn’t, Yahoo News breaks down some of the new, viral pranks that publications, government social accounts and celebrities have put out there.

Warren Buffett did not acquire Tesla for $1 trillion in cash

Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway did not buy Elon Musk’s Tesla for $1 trillion in cash, as GoBankingRates reported in a self-described “satirical” article published for April Fools’ Day.

The outlet joked that Buffett told investors, “While I’ve publicly maintained that I don’t understand tech companies, I’ve secretly been driving a Cybertruck around my Nebraska neighborhood at night.”

In reality, while Musk has publicly recommended that Buffett invest in Tesla, Buffett does not seem interested in the company. At the 2023 Berkshire Hathaway annual meeting, Buffett called Musk a “brilliant, brilliant guy” but added, “We don’t want to compete with Elon in a lot of things.”

The late Charlie Munger, Buffett’s former right-hand man and the vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, added at the time, “We don’t want that much failure.”

Tiger Woods is not playing in the Masters next week

Fifteen-time major golf champion Tiger Woods shared in a post on X this morning, “A few weeks after rupturing my left Achilles, the sleeping in a hyperbaric chamber plus the explosive lifts my doctors and trainers have me ready to play the Masters next week! Can’t wait! See y’all on the course.”

Woods cannot physically play professional golf again until 2026 at the earliest. Golfweek clarified that the only event Woods has planned for next week is the Champions Dinner at Augusta National.

Later, Woods wrote, “P.S. April Fools my Achilles is still a mess.”

DOGE is not sending $1 million stimulus checks to Republicans

The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) is not distributing $1 million stimulus checks to every Republican in the U.S., as GoBankingRates joked in another April Fools’ article.

DOGE is not sending stimulus checks to anyone, regardless of their political affiliation. However, both Musk and President Trump have claimed that DOGE has saved a lot of government spending since the group was established in January. DOGE’s website currently claims to have saved $140 billion, but a Yahoo News analysis found that only $35 billion in savings has been itemized on the site.

In February, Trump suggested that the administration was considering giving 20% of DOGE’s savings to Americans as stimulus checks. The proposal originally came from businessman James Fishback, who posted a four-page suggestion about a $5,000 “DOGE dividend.” Musk replied, “Will check with the President.”

It's unclear whether Americans will receive a stimulus check or dividend from DOGE's "savings" any time soon. According to the Associated Press, budget experts say such checks are highly unlikely.

New Jersey is probably joking about ‘Mount Jonas’

New Jersey’s official Instagram account shared a post this morning claiming that state officials had finalized plans to begin building Mount Jonas — a replica of Mount Rushmore but with the faces of the three Jonas brothers, Kevin, Joe and Nick, who grew up in the state.

"I approve this message," Kevin Jones joked.

Elon Musk is not giving free Teslas to members of Congress

No, Musk is not donating $43,000 Tesla cars to all 535 members of Congress today, as GoBankingRates jokingly reported in another article.

In reality, there is a growing number of public figures who are ditching their Teslas over Musk’s recent actions and involvement in the government, including Arizona Sen. Mark Kelly, a Democrat.

Trump, on the other hand, has promoted Tesla and, during a photo op outside the White House on March 11, announced he would be buying a Tesla himself to support Musk.

New York City is not instituting 1 mph walking speed limits

The official New York City government Instagram account posted a fake announcement that it would be implementing a 1 mph walking speed limit across the entire city.

“It’ll decrease pedestrian-on-tourist collisions and improve New Yorkers’ mental wellbeing,” the city joked in a caption on one of a series of photos in the post.

Duolingo is not cohosting a 5-year cruise

While the video advertisement for Duolingo's fake five-year Carnival cruise looks incredibly fun, it is not real at all.

But imagine visiting 195 countries with the app's famous green owl mascot, Duo, as the captain. What could go wrong?

Yahoo launches a Touch Grass Keyboard — and it’s a real gag gift

Yahoo is advertising an “over-innovated” product to poke fun at the ever-growing tech world. The Touch Grass Keyboard is advertised as a keyboard covered in real grass, an allusion to the internet joke about how chronically online people need to go outside and “touch grass.”

While a gag gift, it will legitimately be available on Yahoo’s TikTok Shop today!

 

PEANUT GALLERY

·         rockinandrollinthe21stcentury

3 hours ago

San Francisco is implementing a new "Speed Safety System Pilot Program" designed to charge people different prices for speed tickets based on income in the name of "equity." Some people will get up to 80% discount on speeding tickets.

Actually, this is real.

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2

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·         pointing out your hypocrisy

4 hours ago

my favorite so far is 'RFK Jr. knows how to handle health and human services'

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21

5

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2 replies

·         Cordoch

1 hour ago

My favorite was that Yahoo announced that their users overwhelmingly like the new design of My yahoo!

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·         bobovino

3 hours ago

My fav was when a dj announced that the phone company was cleaning the lines by blowing air through them, so you were supposed to bag your receiver from 11 an to noon on April 1 1987. Station got sued and the dj fired.

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·         There'sOnlyOneFlag

4 hours ago

The April fools joke has been going on since January 20th. Remember when he said he’d lower grocery prices on day one? Jokes on you America!

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·         rosemary

1 hour ago

Trump is brillont , never lies , never insults people, never threatens people , always follows the law and loves this country yes even more than he loves himself .

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·         Torrian

2 hours ago

I remember when this used to be a huge deal online. Almost all of the big tech companies went all out with elaborate April Fools' gags. It's been a more muted affair lately. I get it. No time for jokes these days. NYC one was funny and well done though...

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ATTACHMENT TWENTY SIX – FROM USA TODAY

APRIL FOOLS' DAY PRANKS: FROM POPEYES NEW PICKLE MENU TO YAHOO'S GRASSY KEYBOARD

 

Remember April Fools' Day as a kid and your biggest worry was having a 'Kick Me' sign taped on your back? These days you're more likely to fall for a fake product.

The early days of spring brings April Fools' Day, a day when brands and companies try to spring some goofy pranks on you – remember last year's “Baby Translator” app and 7-Eleven's hot dog-flavored water?  There's a long history to April Fools' Day, a tradition that may date back to the 15th century. But these days it's mainly about getting attention for your product or brand – despite companies' gags occasionally backfiring; Volkswagen and Google, we are looking at you. 

Why would a brand put itself out there on April Fools' Day? Well, it can pay off, says Guido Campello, co-CEO of lingerie and pajama brand Journelle.

The holiday "presents a unique opportunity for brands like Journelle to engage customers with a playful twist," he told USA TODAY. "By incorporating humor and cheekiness into our marketing, we can create memorable campaigns that stand out in a crowded marketplace."

Back in 2020, Journelle teased men's lace lingerie on April Fools' Day. Later in the year, the company began actually offering men's lingerie and it's become a top-selling category, said Campello, who heads Journelle with his wife and co-CEO, Dr. Sapna Palep.

This year, Journelle's foolish frippery is a new Mood-Matching Lingerie collection, intimate attire that changes color based on your mood just like a mood ring (yes, you can still get those). Not sure which colors tell if you are in the mood or not, however.

Journelle will promote the Mood-Matching collection on its website and app, social media channels, and in email. When customers click to explore, they'll get an April Fools' message and a discount off a purchase.

"This strategy not only attracts new consumers but also fosters a sense of community among existing customers who appreciate a brand that doesn’t take itself too seriously," Campello said. "It allows us to showcase our personality, turning the shopping experience into a delightful adventure."

Here's some more of the pranks looking to give you a laugh today.

 

Omaha Steaks' 'meat-cute' April 1 romance novel

The direct-to-consumer food purveyor last month said it was getting into the literary business, with the first of three planned romance novels, "Certified Tender," arriving in April. "Omaha Steaks is bringing its signature passion for quality and tradition into storytelling, crafting a narrative as rich and satisfying as its world-class steaks," according to the announcement.

Turns out it was a bit of a tease; there's not three books on the burner, but you can download the entire first book, "Certified Tender," for free on OmahaSteaks.com.

You can also take advantage of the $99 Meat Cute Collection, with a deal on a combo of Filet Mignons, Gourmet Steakhouse Fries, and a bottle of Drawbridge Cabernet Sauvignon.  

From "South Patch Kids" to "Just PATCH Kids"

The infamous candy "Sour Patch Kids" announced on March 27 that they were now "JUST Patch Kids," changed their name on X, then had the ultimate identity crisis before announcing on April 1st that, actually, they truly are Sour Patch Kids.

"day 1 no sour. i am not losing it im doing great," the candy brand wrote on its official X account, before posting a poll for its followers to help find itself.

After facing the existential dread of understanding just who it truly is, South Patch Kids realized that would be "sour forever" on April 1st, and changed its name back to "Sour Patch Kids."

The perfect couch for wine lovers from Josh Cellars and Josh & Main

Oenophiles know it's inevitable – wine stains on the furniture. This April Fools' Day you can embrace the spillage with a new collaboration from Josh Cellars and furniture brand Joss & Main.

The collection of "stylish, modern couches and chairs with built-in wine stains" is perfect, the companies say, "because wine spills happen, so why not turn ‘oops’ into ‘ooh la la’ by making them part of the design?" 

Spritz Society's new foolish flavor

Spritz Society, which makes wine-based flavored sparkling cocktails has a new concoction for April Fools' Day, the Grape By Manischewitz, a kosher spritz "sure to knock your yamaka off," the drink maker says.

This trick could turn into a real thing. Back in 2022, Spritz Society teased a Sour Pickle-flavored spritz for April Fools' Day and just more than a year later, actually partnered with Claussen on the real thing.

Reese’s new April Fools' Day bread for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches

A "new" product coming from the makers of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups: Reese's Chocolatey Bread. The chocolate-infused bread would be another way to experience two flavors – peanut butter and chocolate – together and, when paired with peanut butter and jelly gives you "the ultimate PB&J experience," the candy maker says.

Crunch bar's quieter candy caper

This new Crunch bar is quieter, so you can sneak a snack anytime. Supposedly, some consumers said the traditional Crunch bar, made with milk chocolate and crunchy rice, was too loud. So, the chocolatier is making a Crunch Lite bar, made with cooked rice instead.

"Now, fans can enjoy their favorite chocolate candy, in a much quieter way," the company said.

Stay the night with Nutella

Crazy about Nutella? Now – at least in your April Foolish dreams – you can build your summer vacation around it by staying at the Nutella BnB in Lake Placid, New York.

"Created for the ultimate Nutella fans, travelers can immerse themselves in a Nutella-shaped house with furniture, decor and everything in between representing the beloved hazelnut spread," the rental pitch goes.

A new tack for Tic Tac

Tic Tac has teamed with Dr. Pepper on a limited-time offer: Dr. Pepper flavored Tic Tac mints.

"Taste the blend of sweet, spicy and slightly fruity notes of cherry, cola and cinnamon and a unique pepper flavor," according to the description.

And the mints look like mini cans of the soft drink.

Curry and ice cream – together?

Feel guilty when you eat ice cream? Deep Indian Kitchen has some new flavors for you, letting you get your dinner and dessert simultaneously, with an April 1 lineup of limited-edition Indian Ice Cream Flavors including Chicken Curry, Chicken Tikka Masala, Spinach Paneer, Butter Chicken, and Chicken Vindaloo.

Baby gear delivered by drone? Yes, on April Fools' Day

Baby gear delivery service BabyQuip is expanding its services starting April 1 with its new Baby Gear Drone Delivery Service,” which transports all the baby items you need including diapers and snacks in less than 15 minutes.

Here's how it "works": How it works: Simply select the items you need, then set your address and watch for your delivery - 50% faster than any other delivery service, the company professes.

While the Drone Delivery Service is a prank, BabyQuip is a real company and you can get $25 off your order on BabyQuip's website through April 6 with the code APRILFOOLS.

This isn't the first case of April Fools' tomfoolery from BabyQuip. Last year, its “Baby Translator” app promised make parents' lives easier. "Say 'goodbye' to restless nights as you decode your baby's coos and cries instantly, providing you with the understanding you need as a parent, all in one convenient app," the punch line went.

Raising Cane's sauce as a facial?

Raising Cane's cooked up a special April Fools' application with beauty subscription service Ipsy – a new moisturizing sauce "inspired" by Cane's sauce.

Cardi B touted the Raising Cane’s x IPSY Moisturizing Sauce on Instagram saying, "Everyone always asks me how my skin looks so beautiful, so shiny, so amazing at the age of 32 with three kids, a job that stresses me out, and sleepless nights. I’ve been using this new cream – it’s the Cane’s ‘Moisturizing Sauce.’ It’s not greasy, not sticky, and it smells just like chicken.” 

Also in on the joke: beauty blogger Raye Boyce, who got a facial with the sauce slathered on her face. "f your face mask tastes like Raising Cane’s sauce… it just might be," she said on Instagram.

Still, the fast-food chain says its sauce is really better used for dunking chicken tenders and slathered on sandwiches.

Tabañero hot sauce for your body

Hot sauce maker Tabañero wants lovers of spicy flavors to "protect their skin with the same care they give their taste buds" and has a new Tabañero sunscreen, made with aloe, green tea, and coconut oil.

There is a real deal, however. With Tabañero’s new Flavor Protection Program, you can get 50% off its Original Hot Sauce for every new flavor you try – among the options are Sweet & Spicy, Extra-Hot and Curry Habanero, all made with habanero peppers and agave nectar.

BodyArmor's new shampoo and Stanley Cup giveaway

BodyArmor is the official sports drink of the NHL, but it could be skating on thin ice with its new product: BodyArmor Sport Performance Shampoo, made "to hydrate, strengthen, protect, restore, and volumize hair," the company said on April 1.

The shampoo "is scientifically formulated to ensure the perfect balance of electrolytes and vitamins to meet the unique needs of athletes and support healthy hair care," especially hockey players' "iconic hockey hair."

Speaking of hockey, here's a real power play: you can go to the BodyArmor site where you can enter for a chance to win tickets to the Stanley Cup Finals.

Dude Wipes' new manscaping tool for your bum

Here's another interesting skincare "concept" from Dude Wipes and Manscaped – the Dudeman 2.0, a grooming tool for "down-there maintenance," the companies say.

The Dudeman has multiple heads for trimming, buffing and cleaning and uses WipeTech technology and has a suction cup base for … hands-free trimming.

No time to work up a sweat? No problem with new workout gear

Athletic apparel brand Set Active has a new collection of activewear for those busy days when you don't have time to work out but want folks to think you did.

The Wet Set collection comes pre-saturated with its proprietary H2SET technology, "ensuring you start your workout exactly how you’ll finish it: absolutely drenched."

The clothes are guaranteed to maintain wetness for up to 12 hours, however "results may vary based on local humidity levels and personal drip factor," the company said.

Duolingo's April Fools' Day trip tease: a 5-year Carnival cruise

Want to really immerse yourself in learning other languages? Duolingo is partnering with Carnival Cruise Line for a "first of its kind, five-year global voyage" that will have you speaking like a local at every port, "from ordering tapas in Spain to perfecting small talk in Japan," the language education provider says on the official booking page.

“At Duolingo, we help language learners prepare for real-world conversations. So we thought: what if we gave learners even more conversation practice through five years of full immersion, with no hiding from Duo the Owl?” said George Audi, Duolingo's head of global partnerships, in a press release dated April 1.

Once you've accepted the 5-year trip is a trick, you can take advantage of two real deals: a free month of the Super Duolingo language app and special offers on a much shorter Carnival cruise.

And you can order limited-edition Duolingo World Cruise merch – including shorts, shirts, towels and a Duo Owl plushie – in the Duolingo store.

Mini products hint at need for 5% plastic solution

April Fools' Day is about pranks and jokes, but that doesn't mean the gag can't have a message behind it.

Plastic-neutral retailer Grove Collaborative is debuting the 5% Collection, an assortment of its top cleaning formulas but in miniature form. Why only 5% the actual size? Because, only 5% of plastic is recycled, the company says. The rest goes to landfills, the oceans and the rest of the environment, breaking down into microplastics and nanoplastics that have been found throughout the human body.

Guardio's scam-sniffing AI nose device

Tired of worried about falling for an online scam? Cyber protection service Guardio has developed SniffGuard, the world's first scam-detecting nose. A highly sophisticated AI device, the $12 product has the "olfactory power of a thousand security experts," the company says.

"You never have to fall for a scam again," the company says in a video. And SniffGuard ($12.99) also has SniffGPT technology to learn new scams.

Yahoo's 'Touch the Grass' keyboard, available April 1

Just can't get away from your desk? Yahoo has a new productivity tool that brings a bit of the outdoors to your desk: the Yahoo Agricultural Interface, a grass-covered keyboard that allows you to "touch grass" without needing to log off.

The keyboard has "87 hand-placed tufts of turf" allowing you to "experience the great outdoors, and stay grounded, even when you’re at your desk," the product description goes.

"For April Fools’, we're playfully reminding the perpetually online that while Yahoo helps you accomplish your goals efficiently, sometimes the best innovation is stepping away from your screen to touch some actual grass," Sona Iliffe-Moon, Yahoo's chief communications Officer and acting interim chief marketing officer, said in a press release. "We believe in technology that enhances life both on and off the screen.”

The grassy keyboard actually works – it connects via USB and is fully functional – and Yahoo begins selling it at 1 p.m. ET Tuesday for $19.95 (the year Yahoo launched) on Yahoo’s TikTok shop.

Popeyes Pickle Menu: No April Fool, it's the real dill

Popeyes has an April Fools' Day surprise that started out as what looked to be a tease. Last week the fast-food chain posted a video on Instagram with pickle juice being mixed with lemonade and the message: We're in a bit of a pickle rn 🥒 4.1.25.

But it's no joke. Tuesday marks the arrival of the limited-time Popeyes Pickle Menu with dishes including the Pickle Glaze Sandwich, Pickle Glaze Bone-In & Boneless Wings, Fried Pickles, and of course, Pickle Lemonade.

“What started as a playful social tease has now become a full-fledged culinary reality – a Pickled Popeyes,” said Bart LaCount, the chief marketing officer for Popeyes U.S. and Canada, in a press release.

April Fools' Day deals and specials

A few companies are passing on pranks and giving their customers deals or specials:

·         Burger King: Members of its Royal Perks loyalty program get a free order of any size onion rings with their purchase of $1 or more on Tuesday. Get the deal in the BK app or online. "There are no silly pranks attached, just pure deliciousness," the company said in a press alert.

·         Dunkin': On Tuesday, you can win one of one million free Hot or Iced Coffees or Cold Brews of any size to members of the Dunkin' Rewards program; enter the promo code ThisIsNotAJoke in the Dunkin’ app, while supplies last.

·         The Cheesecake Factory: Members of the Cheesecake Rewards loyalty program will want to check their account on April 1 for a special "No Joke" reward. Rewards range from a free slice of cheesecake with any purchase, or perhaps, one slice free per month for the next year. Other awards include a $25 dine-in credit, $10 off a $40 purchase and $5 off $25 purchase (offers good for dine-in, takeout, or delivery). Any new Cheesecake Rewards members who sign up on April Fools' Day will get the “Slice, Slice Baby” reward, a free slice when they buy one (good for dine-in or takeout).

·         Oreo: You can save 50% on personalized OreoID cookies on Tuesday. Use code APRIL.

·         Tacodeli: The Texas-based taco chain is really offering a one-day limited-time menu item on Tuesday, an April Fools' Day burrito ($12) made with refried beans, Mexican red rice, Monterey Jack cheese, sirloin, guac, pico, crema and Arbol salsa.

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY SEVEN – FROM FOX

APRIL FOOLS' DAY IN POLITICS: ON APRIL 1, LAWMAKERS TRADE PUNCHLINES INSTEAD OF POLICY

President Donald Trump and Hunter Biden were frequent targets of Tuesday’s jokes

By Alec Schemmel    Published April 1, 2025 4:35pm EDT

 

While private companies are taking advantage of April Fools' Day to market their products, politicians are using it to take jabs at their enemies across the aisle.   

Colorado Democratic Gov. Jared Polis used the day to poke fun at President Donald Trump over his recent self-portrait snafu, while Republican House Oversight Committee Chairman James Comer used it to take a jab at Hunter Biden's painting skills. House GOP conference Chairwoman Lisa McClain, R-Mich., chose to target all Democrats with her dig from the podium during a press conference Tuesday.

Polis put out a press release early Tuesday morning announcing he had unveiled a new official gubernatorial portrait to be displayed in the State Capitol. The press release included an image of the new "portrait," which was not actually a painting of the governor, but a caricature of himself.

"No one likes an unflattering photo or painting of themselves, which is why I went against the grain for my official portrait," Polis said in his announcement. His timing was right on cue, since, earlier in the week, Trump demanded a portrait of himself be taken down because he did not like the way it made him look, calling it "purposefully distorted." 

"I’m pleased with the final product and want to thank the artists for their vision, and feel that I have never looked better," Polis said. 

The press release included a photo of the caricature, which looked like a character from "South Park," along with various requirements he ostensibly gave to the artist who drew it.

"The Governor must be depicted directly facing the viewer. The Governor’s well-known signature look, specifically his signature blue polo, must not be altered. The portrait must utilize the bright blue hue of the Governor’s iconic tennis shoes. The Governor must be smiling or smizing," the list said.

Republicans got into the action too, with Comer sharing a sarcastic post on X, commissioning Hunter Biden to do some artwork for him. 

"I heard Hunter Biden is facing financial hardship, so I decided to commission him to paint my official chairman portrait," Comer wrote in an X post, which included what appeared to be an AI-generated image of Hunter Biden painting a portrait of Comer. 

"No favors from the Big Guy, I promise," he added.

Hunter Biden faced criticism during his father’s presidency — and amid an ongoing corruption scandal linked to his family — for allegedly leveraging his status to fetch high prices for his amateur artwork, with reported sales ranging from $75,000 to $500,000.

At a GOP press conference on Capitol Hill Tuesday, McClain got in on the action, too. However, her jab sought to target all Democrats, chiding them for lacking unity or a cohesive strategy for taking power back from Republicans. 

"The Democrats, however, have found their vision," McClain said as she blasted the party for disrupting GOP town halls across the country. "The Democrats have found their leader. And the Democrats – oh wait, no April Fools'. I forgot it was April Fools' today. That was my attempt at an April Fools' joke. We know the Democrats have no vision, no message and no leader."      

At the local level and on social media, a state senator from Michigan threw shade at Democratic Gov. Gretchen Whitmer for "playing politics" with a special election in the state, and, in North Carolina, the state's Republican Party created a graphic that referred to Democratic leaders in the state, including newly elected Gov. Josh Stein, as "April Fools." 

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY EIGHT – FROM THE HILL

WHITE HOUSE PRANKS JOURNALISTS ON APRIL FOOLS’ DAY

by Lauren Irwin - 04/01/25 9:32 PM ET

 

The White House played an April Fools’ Day prank on journalists inside the press room Tuesday.

Around 6 p.m. EDT, White House assistant press secretary Taylor Rogers announced over the loudspeaker that there was a “dinner lid until 8:47 [p.m.],” signaling an unexpected later night of work.

“You have a dinner lid until 8:47,” Rogers said in a video shared online by a colleague. “Enjoy your dinner.”  

A short time later, she took the speaker again to say “Happy April Fools!” and the room exploded in laughter.

“Enjoy your evening and Happy Liberation Day eve,” Rogers said, pointing to President Trump’s April 2 tariff deadline.

It’s standard for members of the White House to play a light prank on its staff or the press pool on April Fools’ Day.

In 2021, former first lady Jill Biden dressed up as a flight attendant who wore a black wig and handed out ice cream bars to members of the media from a flight from California to Washington. As second lady, she once crammed her body into an overhead bin on Air Force Two and scared the person attempting to stow their luggage.

 

 

ATTACHMENT TWENTY NINE – FROM ADWEEK.COM

THE WEIRDEST BRAND STUNTS OF APRIL FOOLS' DAY 2025

Here's how Olipop, Dunkin', and Yahoo tried to prank their customers

When it comes to brand April Fools' stunts, the name of the game is weird (and sometimes gross)

By Brittaney Kiefer  April 1, 2025

 

The origins of April Fools’ Day are mysterious, and historians haven’t been able to pinpoint exactly how the annual celebration of hoaxes began. But these days, it’s a bona-fide marketing tradition.

With numerous brands getting in on the joke each April 1, the name of the game is to grab consumer attention with weird, funny, and sometimes gross stunts. ADWEEK rounds up this year’s most unusual April Fools’ Day pranks from brands.

Olipop and Hidden Valley Ranch

Mmm, Garlic Ranch soda Olipop, Hidden Valley Ranch

Prebiotic soda brand Olipop has partnered with Hidden Valley Ranch for a limited-edition “Ranch Lovers Pack,” including soda flavors like the classic salad dressing and Garlic Ranch. While the products themselves are fake, the two brands sent creators real Olipop cans wrapped in the Hidden Valley Ranch branding to create buzz online.

Duolingo is a prank master—remember when it faked the death of its mascot Duo last month? Now, the language-learning app has teamed up with cruise line Carnival to offer the trip of a lifetime: a five-year global voyage at sea, complete with full language immersion, cultural exploration, and an “unreasonable amount of shrimp.” If cruisers don’t keep up with their language lessons—during each of the 1,826 days on the ship—“the owl will deny you the knowledge of eternal peace,” according to the video’s narration.

If five years sounds like a long time to be at sea, don’t worry—you could just opt for the free month of Super Duolingo, special offers on a shorter Carnival cruise, or a piece of the Duolingo World Cruise merch. 

Yahoo

Touch grass, literally, thanks to Yahoo’s keyboardYahoo

In a world of endless meeting invites, video calls, and “circling back” over email, many people are looking for a way to escape the digital noise. With the Yahoo Agricultural Interface, you can touch grass—literally—without ever logging off. The tech giant’s grassy keyboard really works and is available to purchase on Yahoo’s TikTok shop for a limited time. The stunt reminds those who are chronically online to take a break and ground themselves. 

Nutella

Imagine a vacation where you can immerse yourself in a Nutella-shaped house, complete with hazelnut and cocoa scented sheets, croissant pillows, Nutella pool floaties, a waffle maker, and a machine that dispenses the chocolate hazelnut spread. The brand teased the Nutella BnB, a home rental in Lake Placid, NY. But sadly for sweet tooths, the rental is not actually taking bookings.

Whisker

Welcome guests into your home with a candle that smells like a litter boxWhisker

Pet tech company Whisker, maker of the automatic litter box Litter-Robot, is offering a CAT PÙ / NO. 2 candle to anyone who places an order on April 1. While the candle promises a primal, litter box-inspired scent, it actually just smells like roses—a tongue-in-cheek nod to how Litter-Robot eliminates odors. 

Dude Wipes and Manscaped promise to take men’s grooming to a “hole” new level (sorry). The two brands released a faux grooming tool, called the Dudeman 2.0, that claims to “revolutionize butt tech” with interchangeable heads for optimal trimming, buffing, and cleansing. The brands are calling it a “hole in one” (again, we can only apologize).

Mr. T’s Pierogies 

Skincare, but make it dumpling themed Mr. T’s Pierogies

For your next self-care night, lather your skin in mashed potato face cream and kick back with a pair of mini pierogi eye patches. Food brand Mr. T’s Pierogies has released a fake pampering kit. Honestly, though? Pierogi skin cream sounds kind of soothing.

GlassesUSA.com

Look cute and also be able to clean your glasses at anytimeGlassesUSA.com

Hands up if you’ve ever struggled to clean your glasses and resorted to the corner of a T-shirt, which is exactly what you’re not supposed to do. But what if your whole outfit doubled as a cleaning cloth—and was fashionable, too? Enter the Microfiber Collection from GlassesUSA.com. Is this the next wave of athleisure?

Dunkin’

Dunkin’ knows some people have trust issues on April 1Dunkin’

After years of brands playing April Fools’ pranks, Dunkin’ recognizes that consumers may have some trust issues. Though Dunkin’ has gotten in on the joke before, this time around it’s skipping the tricks and offering a real deal. The brand will give away 1 million free hot or iced coffees or cold brews to Dunkin’ Rewards members who enter the code “ThisIsNotAJoke” on the app.

 

 

ATTACHMENT THIRTY – FROM MALWAREBYTES.COM

WHY WE’RE NO LONGER DOING APRIL FOOLS’ DAY 

Posted: March 31, 2025 by Mark Beare

 

The internet is filled with falsehoods

We’re forever investigating new scams here at Malwarebytes, and so we get how hard it is to know what—or who—to trust online.  

There’s the scam that takes advantage of grieving people and tricks them into paying for a funeral live stream. 

There’s the fake CAPTCHA that hijacks clipboards and tricks users into installing malware. 

There’s the many, many, many scams that use Google ads to trick people into granting remote access to their machinehanding over money, or installing malware. 

And we’re being tricked constantly by AI, take the Texan restaurant with its dino croissant and photos of Jeff Bezos at the bar. Or the scam that uses an AI replica of a loved one’s voice to trick a family member into handing over money. 

It’s hard to know what to believe any day of the year online and so, while we used to participate in April Fools, it just hits different these days. 

Especially when things go wrong when it comes to April Fools’ pranks. Last year a burger restaurant sent customers into a spin after sending them a fake order confirmation email, which led to customers fearing that their accounts had been hacked. All in good faith, but it no doubt hit a nerve for the affected customers. 

So go ahead and order your Hot Dog Sparkling Water, eat your crust only pizza, or have a snooze in your banana sleeping bag. We love that. But as a cybersecurity brand we want you to feel like you can trust us—every single day of the year. If we say something is fake, then it’s fake. If we say it’s real, then it’s real. No exceptions. 

 

 

ATTACHMENT “A” – FROM ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITTANICA

APRIL FOOLS’ DAY - SOCIAL CUSTOM

Also known as: All Fools’ Day

This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen    Mar 27, 2025

 

April Fools’ Day, in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from the custom of playing practical jokes on this day—for example, telling friends that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools’ errands. Although the day has been observed for centuries, its true origins are unknown and effectively unknowable. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of ancient Rome, held on March 25, and the Holi celebration in India, which ends on March 31.

 

How did April Fools' Day start?

 

Some have proposed that the modern custom originated in France, officially with the Edict of Roussillon (promulgated in August 1564), in which Charles IX decreed that the new year would no longer begin on Easter, as had been common throughout Christendom, but rather on January 1. Because Easter was a lunar and therefore moveable date, those who clung to the old ways were the “April Fools.”

Others have suggested that the timing of the day may be related to the vernal equinox (March 21), a time when people are fooled by sudden changes in the weather.

There are variations between countries in the celebration of April Fools’ Day, but all have in common an excuse to make someone play the fool. In France, for example, the fooled person is called poisson d’avril (“April fish”), perhaps in reference to a young fish and hence to one that is easily caught; it is common for French children to pin a paper fish to the backs of unsuspecting friends. In Scotland the day is Gowkie Day or Hunt the Gowk; the gowk, or cuckoo, is a symbol of the fool. On the following day (Tailie Day) signs reading “kick me” are pinned to friends’ backs. In many countries newspapers and the other media participate—for example, with false headlines or news stories.

 

Notable April Fools’ Day pranks

 

In what may be the first televised April Fools’ Day hoax, the BBC aired a segment in 1957 that featured spaghetti-growing trees in Switzerland. The broadcast claimed that the dreaded spaghetti weevil had been eradicated, leading to a bumper crop of spaghetti. The BBC even aired clips of people “harvesting” the spaghetti. CNN later called it “undoubtedly the biggest hoax that any reputable news establishment ever pulled.”

The BBC was back at it in 1965 when it interviewed a professor who had invented “Smellovision,” a new technology that allowed for the transmission of aromas through a television screen. Following a demonstration, numerous viewers called the BBC to confirm that they had detected the scents.

In 1996 Taco Bell announced that it had purchased the Liberty Bell and renamed it the Taco Liberty Bell. The restaurant chain claimed that the acquisition was to help with the U.S. debt. (The Liberty Bell is actually owned by the city of Philadelphia, though the National Park Service [NPS] maintains it.) The news upset many Americans, and the NPS was forced to hold a press conference that refuted Taco Bell’s claim.

In 1977 The Guardian newspaper printed a travel supplement on San Serriffe, an island republic in the tropics. The text was filled with printing and typesetting terms—from the name of the island (inspired by sans serif typeface) to the shape of the island (a semicolon) to the island’s dictator, General M.J. Pica (the last name was a reference to a unit of typographic measurement).

In 1992 NPR declared that Richard Nixon, who resigned as president in 1974 amid the Watergate scandal, was entering that year’s presidential race. The radio network said his slogan was “I never did anything wrong, and I won’t do it again.”

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

 

 

Table of Contents

 

Introduction

Early history

The Great Moon Hoax, the Cardiff Giant, and P.T. Barnum

The 20th century and beyond

References & Edit History

Related Topics

Images & Videos (Google website or download the article from Brittanica)

P.T. Barnum

Know about fake news propaganda and how to sort fake news from the real

 

 

Definition: “hoax”

Hoax - a falsehood generally intended to fool and to entertain. A hoax is often a parody of some occurrence or a play upon topics that are newsworthy. Media hoaxes are among the most common type.

 

Early history

Recorded cases of hoaxes can be found from at least the 1600s, when the nature of information dispersal and news gathering made the creation and dissemination of hoaxes relatively easy. In most cases, information was presented without comment. Readers were left to determine validity on what seemed plausible to them based on conventional wisdom, religious beliefs, or scientific discovery. Much of what was known scientifically, however, was built upon speculation, not upon scientific inquiry. As a result, what might be considered hoaxes based on present understanding was simply the passing on of information. When Benjamin Franklin, for example, reported in the October 17, 1745, edition of the Pennsylvania Gazette that a medicine made from a substance called "Chinese Stones" could cure rabies, cancer, and a host of other ailments, verification of the medicine’s potency was based on personal testimony. A letter to the Gazette the next week, however, revealed that the stones were made from deer antlers and contained no medicinal value. Similar hoaxes passed regularly as news stories or in advertising for patent medicine until the creation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration curtailed many of them in the early 20th century.

 

Author Jonathan Swift used hoaxes to tell stories. Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World (1726), more commonly known as Gulliver’s Travels, purported to be the true story of the travels of Lemuel Gulliver. In 1708 Swift predicted the death of a famous astrologer in an almanac using the fictitious name Isaac Bickerstaff. On the appointed day, Swift printed a black-bordered elegy to the astronomer. Two days later, he published a pamphlet extolling the prediction. Swift later said that he created the hoax to discredit the man’s astrological predictions. Swift’s hoax was set to coincide with April Fools’ Day, and ever since the media and others have regularly created fictitious, nonharmful hoaxes for the day.

 

Edgar Allan Poe also often employed the hoax as a tool for storytelling. As editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond, Virginia, he notably published (1835) “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall,” in which he presented as a news account the story of a man who, he claimed, had flown in a hot-air balloon to the Moon and stayed there for five years.

 

Stories of human abnormalities and oddities regularly appeared in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1765 a story about the possible existence of giants swept Britain and then the American colonies. The account, which appeared in the Maryland Gazette, told of a tomb in France that contained “a human Skeleton entire, 25 Feet and a Half long, 10 Feet wide across the Shoulders, and five Feet deep from the Breast Bone to the Back.”

 

 

The Great Moon Hoax, the Cardiff Giant, and P.T. Barnum

The bases for creating hoaxes grew tremendously in the first half of the 19th century. In the 18th century, only two scientific societies existed in the United States. By the 1820s, dozens operated, 26 in New York City alone. These societies turned to the press to announce their discoveries. Twenty-four different societies regularly published findings in journals by the mid-1820s, and a number of these articles also appeared in newspapers.

Subject to widespread hoax treatment were astronomical “discoveries,” and one of the most notable was the Great Moon Hoax. In 1835 New York’s The Sun ran a series of news accounts that falsely attributed discoveries to Sir John Herschel, the son of Sir William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranus. A Sun reporter alleged that the younger Herschel had observed all sorts of life on the Moon, including winged human creatures about four feet tall, covered with short and glossy copper-colored hair. The news accounts were widely believed, due in part to certain truthful elements—Herschel was a noted British astronomer, and the article referenced The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, an actual periodical. In addition, the science of the day assumed that extraterrestrial life existed; life on the moon was taken for granted by many. Once the elaborate hoax was revealed, people blasted the Sun and its owner, Benjamin Day. However, neither Day nor the Sun ever admitted that the story was a fabrication. Indeed, Day published illustrated pamphlets on the topic a couple of months after the story first appeared.

 

Perhaps the greatest hoax in terms of human discovery occurred in 1869 with the unearthing of the Cardiff Giant in upstate New York. Reports described the Cardiff Giant as a complete man, “A human form of huge proportions, entirely petrified.” The figure was approximately 10 feet (3-metres) tall, according to a story in the Daily National Intelligencer and Washington Express. In reality, the giant was the creation of George Hull. The story was, in part, an outgrowth of the growing debate on biblical literalism versus the evolutionary concepts introduced by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species (1859). The discovery, news reports said, proved Genesis 6:4, which said that at one time “the Nephilim (giants) were on the earth.” Hull sold his giant to a group of entrepreneurs who put it on public display. Scientists studied the remains, and many, notably paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, determined that it was a fraud. Despite such denunciations, throngs of people paid to see the original Cardiff Giant, and others, including P.T. Barnum, created their own versions. Thanks to the massive interest in the “discovery,” the Cardiff Giant has been dubbed the greatest hoax in newspaper history.

 

Not all 19th-century hoaxes were harmless. On November 9, 1874, James Gordon Bennett, Jr., ran a story on the front page of the New York Herald saying that animals had escaped from the city’s zoo and had killed 49 people and injured hundreds. Many readers never finished the story, which stated at the end that it was “pure fabrication.” Instead, people ran into the streets with guns or fired them randomly from windows.

 

Advertising in the 19th century created some of the most elaborate hoaxes, and a number of them were the work of Barnum. In 1835 he purchased a slave named Joice Heth and promoted her as the 161-year-old nurse of George Washington. Seven years later Barnum presented the Feejee (or Fiji) Mermaid by tricking dozens of papers to run stories about it simultaneously. In reality, the mermaid had been created by sewing the tail of a fish to a monkey’s upper body. The stories tripled the number of people who paid to visit Barnum’s New York City exhibit.

 

Early in 1860 Barnum created another elaborate hoax, this one based in current events. Just months after the release of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species, Barnum introduced "What Is It?" Promoted as the missing link between ape and man, the exhibit really featured one William Henry Johnson, a native of Bound Brook, New Jersey. This so-called evolutionary missing link became a tool in the 1860 presidential race with editorial cartoons claiming that the election of Abraham Lincoln would ensure that an African American would soon become president.

 

The 20th century and beyond

Broadcast hoaxes have been less common than those in print. The rush to break important information, however, ensures that some hoaxes will be broadcast. For example, on November 5, 1991, the ABC program World News Tonight with Peter Jennings reported the impending sale of Vladimir Lenin’s corpse in a Russian effort to raise money. USA Today also ran the story, which was later discounted.

Internet hoaxes are easier to create than those on traditional media as anyone can create a webpage or post information to blogs. Countless posts on the Internet and sent via e-mail have carried inaccurate news stories and columns, let alone purposeful hoaxes.

 

Robert Dardenne

 

 

 

“A”.1 MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION

Table of Contents

Introduction

What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?

Mis- and disinformation in the 21st century’s increasingly complex information landscape

Why people spread mis- and disinformation and why people fall for it

Free speech and the liar’s dividend

The emerging role of AI and what we can do in response

References & Edit History

Misinformation is the inadvertent spread of false information without intent to harm, while disinformation is false information designed to mislead others and is deliberately spread with the intent to confuse fact and fiction. Identifying and combating the spread of mis- and disinformation is a major challenge in the increasingly complex information landscape of the 21st century.

 

What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?

Misinformation can occur when individuals or organizations unwittingly get the facts wrong. Misinformation often surfaces when a breaking news story is unfolding and details have not yet been confirmed. Another instance of misinformation is when people share false information as a fact without thoroughly checking that the information they are sharing is accurate. In 2018 Dictionary.com deemed misinformation its word of the year. The term was first used in the late 16th century. In his 1756 work, Memoirs of the King of Prussia, Part I, the English critic Samuel Johnson employed the concept in writing about Frederick II, stating that the king had professed himself strongly opposed to the use of torture. However, Johnson suggested that the king was misinformed in accusing the English of still employing torture at that time:

 

He declares himself with great ardour against the use of torture; and by some misinformation, charges the English that they still retain it.

 

Misinformation can spread easily despite a lack of malicious intent. A 2018 study of Twitter (now known as X) users by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that false information spreads more quickly than accurate information. Take, for example, a rapidly spreading social media post about a new celebrity couple that is shared repeatedly before being debunked as a rumor, a joke, or gossip. For someone scrolling through an app, a quick “one click” can easily share the false information, unintentionally causing the fake claim to spread like wildfire. Even if the original post or claim is modified, if people have already shared the information in separate posts, the misinformation can be actively and repeatedly spread with no accountability for those sharing the false rumor.

 

Misinformation is false information spread inadvertently without intent to harm.

 

While the consequences of spreading misinformation can have varying degrees of impact, misinformation can lead to decreased trust in all information on the Internet. In turn, this mistrust can erode democratic systems and undermine the news ecosystem. As in the case of the common fable of the “boy who cried wolf,” if people find that the information they consume on a common basis is often false, it will lead them to distrust or not believe crucial and important information that is true.

 

Unlike misinformation, disinformation is false information that is designed to mislead others and is deliberately spread with the intent to manipulate truth and facts. The term disinformation is derived from the Russian word dezinformácija. The Russian government first began using disinformation as a political tactic with its establishment in 1923 of a special office for the purpose of spreading false propaganda. Disinformation did not appear in English dictionaries until the late 1980s, a few years after the United States began responding to an international disinformation campaign involving a fabricated September 1980 Presidential Review Memorandum on Africa. The false document claimed that America supported the system of apartheid in South Africa and persecuted Black Americans, accusations that U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter could not let stand.

 

Everyone is susceptible to disinformation; it is easy to spread disinformation without ill intentions. Unlike misinformation, though, the foundation of disinformation is malicious and deceptive. It is initially shared with the intent to mislead even if those who subsequently share it do so unwittingly. Disinformation is commonly shared in the form of conspiracy theories, manipulated images, and videos or audio clips. Propaganda and disinformation often go hand in hand.

 

 

 

The spread of mis- and disinformation creates challenges for society, including for democracy. Deliberately creating and spreading disinformation has become a key tactic for those who wish to affect elections. Elected officials, political candidates, activists, corporations, and others acting in bad faith for their own interest and gain can use mis- or disinformation. For example, there is a new and widening partisan gap in approval of mail-in and absentee voting, largely driven by misinformation related to the perceived prevalence of voter fraud in the U.S. presidential election of 2020. Some political candidates asserted that elections could not be trusted because of the number of votes supposedly cast on behalf of dead people. A study by Stanford University researchers, however, showed that instances of dead people voting were extremely rare in recent United States elections—a mere 14 possible instances of dead people allegedly voting out of a universe of 4.5 million voters in one state over an eight-year period, or 0.0003 percent, not enough to make any kind of effect on any election outcome. There are now large swaths of the American electorate who do not trust that U.S. elections are free, fair, and secure. Throughout 2020 and 2021, bad actors leveraged these claims to generate campaign funds and interest in future campaigns by connecting past disinformation narratives to new incidents.

 

Mis- and disinformation about health became a major issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. With many people confused and concerned about the risks related to COVID-19, a relatively small group of people began pushing a wide variety of misinformation about untested cures and treatments and later risks related to the COVID-19 vaccines, as well as disinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus’s origins. These claims circulated widely online before being amplified by mainstream political and cultural commentators around the world. Like many instances of viral misinformation, these groups took advantage of an information vacuum that formed as many governments were still actively working to understand and communicate the disease’s risks.

 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the agency responsible for coordinating the United States’ response to pandemics and other disease events, acknowledged in its own 2022 internal review that it made messaging missteps that left people feeling “overwhelmed and confused.” One effect of this confusion was a lower likelihood of people getting vaccinated in the United States than in other wealthy countries, leading to deaths that might have been prevented if the misinformation had not spread. A Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) 2023 study found that one-third of COVID-19 deaths in the United States could have been prevented by following public health recommendations. Mis- and disinformation can lead to severe health consequences and even contribute to a higher likelihood of someone dying from a disease, such as COVID-19. This risk is ongoing.

 

 

Mis- and disinformation in the 21st century’s increasingly complex information landscape

While not a new problem, the emergence of our hyper-networked media ecosystem has accelerated the spread of mis- and disinformation. Prior to the Internet, mobile technologies, and social media platforms, people often relied on widely trusted sources such as local and regional media, national publications, and nightly broadcast news programs to receive information. Today we are hyperconnected. From Snapchat articles that resemble salacious clickbait content to microblogging posts on X, TikTok videos, and Instagram infographics, anyone with a digital device holds the power to disseminate news and information. When consuming information this way, it can be hard to track claims to their original source or verify whether the information is based on fact.

 

 

At the same time, information shared online is often free to consume, unlike fact-based articles and stories that trusted news sources publish. Today people are more reluctant to pay for news, as they can source what they perceive as quality information online. This dynamic has significantly impacted local news outlets—the most trusted source of news across all political affiliations. Partly as a consequence, local news outlets are shutting down, decreasing their workforce, or being bought out by corporate companies.

 

Bad actors have leveraged this new information ecosystem by deliberately spreading disinformation to influence public opinion regarding vaccines, the COVID-19 pandemic, international affairs, political candidates, U.S. democracy, and other critical topics. These attempts at sowing distrust in our institutions have fueled vaccine hesitancy and skepticism, leading to major public health challenges. Disinformation has contributed to a rise of hate speech and political violence and initiated a revolving cycle of voter challenges and the introduction of voter suppression laws that have made it harder for voters—particularly older voters, voters of color, and voters with disabilities—to participate in democracy.

 

 

Some experts have warned that the rampant spread of mis- and disinformation has contributed to what they call a “post-truth” society, defined by Oxford Dictionaries as “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.” While media literacy skills can help people critically assess the accuracy of information, this influx of false information, matched with cognitive tendencies, is what drives sustainable false narratives. Research in cognitive science shows that when people repeatedly see or hear fabricated information, it can significantly distort their beliefs, even after being debunked. This is especially true if viewers see the information as novel, surprising, unique, or out of the ordinary.

 

 

WHY PEOPLE SPREAD MIS- AND DISINFORMATION AND WHY PEOPLE FALL FOR IT

 

A 2022 Nature Reviews Psychology study, “The Psychological Drivers of Misinformation Belief and Its Resistance to Correction,” found that mental shortcuts, motivated reasoning, and emotional influences allow misinformation to take hold and persist despite counters to its validity. Research also suggests that people latch onto information that aligns with their existing worldview or beliefs, whether or not that information is true. Political partisanship and personal views skew perceptions of what some accept as truth, and our emotions also affect our judgment—both the emotions that a claim evokes and one’s own emotional state when receiving the information. People also sometimes spread mis- and disinformation simply to connect with other people, especially during periods of cognitive decline. Sometimes even the most salacious of untrue statements leads to more clicks and likes online, providing a positive feedback loop for the person spreading the misinformation.

 

 

Content including mis- and disinformation that invokes fear, anger, or positive emotions can increase gullibility and belief. This fact explains how the spread and amplification of mis- and disinformation can worsen over time. The algorithms that power social media platforms are designed to generate engagement. When a social media user engages with mis- and disinformation online, social media algorithms may continue to promote similar false narratives to keep the user engaged on its platform. This feedback loop can accelerate the speed at which mis- and disinformation spreads—not just by malign actors or audiences primed for false information but also by individuals and media who inadvertently amplify it in an effort to debunk it.

 

 

Provocateurs spread disinformation for different reasons (political, financial, ideological, and so forth), but they share a common goal, which is to see their false narratives reach a wide audience. Oftentimes, this extended reach occurs through mention of the misleading information via the mainstream media. The media’s efforts to expose and counter online mis- and disinformation can end up having the opposite effect—amplifying its reach and adding to its legitimacy. Researchers have found that amplification, or giving any attention to false content, can provide oxygen to the fire of mis- and disinformation. A 2018 Journal of Experimental Psychology study on the “perceived accuracy of fake news” found that even corrections to mis- and disinformation can often fail to fully erase reliance on false information because of continued influence effects. Mis- and disinformation also persist in memory and compete with corrections during reasoning, even when people recall and accept corrections.

 

 

Free speech and the liar’s dividend

One of the biggest challenges related to addressing mis- and disinformation is the risks related to people’s right to free speech (or free expression). Another big concern is the phenomenon of the “liar’s dividend,” which is when bad actors use the threat of mis- and disinformation to delegitimize real facts and information.

 

In the United States, people have a right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Though it is a complicated topic, this right generally allows people to express opinions and ideas, even if they are not true, with very limited government restrictions and exceptions. There have been instances in countries without freedom of speech where governments have used threats of misinformation to retaliate against political opponents. For this reason, many are careful to avoid even the appearance of curtailing someone’s right to free speech so as to not be accused of political interference.

 

 

The liar’s dividend refers to cases where people will claim that real information is mis- and disinformation. This approach has the benefit of muddying the waters so that people, especially those who traffic in misinformation, are able to evade or blunt scrutiny embedded in accurate words or actions that are then not believed by others. Here is how it works: in a world in which information can easily be falsified, a politician might claim that they did not do or say what they in fact did or said. The mistrust in the mainstream news media, for instance, allows political actors around the world to evade or blunt legitimate scrutiny of their words, decisions, or actions. The liar’s dividend pays off for those who sow mistrust and then use that same mistrust to their own advantage.

 

 

The emerging role of AI and what we can do in response

New tactics are under development to undermine confidence in elections and exploit information gaps using machine learning, a key form of artificial intelligence (AI). While the sharing of false information, regardless of nefarious intent, has always been a part of political campaigns, the rise of AI has allowed for new forms of information manipulation and presents new potential for false claims to mislead voters. One type of artificially generated mis- or disinformation is the deepfake—a picture, video, or audio clip that is created or digitally altered to deceive an audience. The expansion of AI also allows bad actors to refine existing voter suppression tactics, such as mass voter challenges, records requests, and flat-out election denialism. These efforts, particularly as they relate to U.S. democracy, are often aimed at harming communities of color and vulnerable groups, such as older adults and people with disabilities, attempting to scare or dissuade them from voting or tapping into deep political fears and spreading false information about specific candidates to sway their opinion—and, ultimately, their votes. During the lead-up to the U.S. presidential election of 2024, experts and organizations that are focused on protecting voters from disinformation anticipate encountering the same disinformation trends (such as inaccurate polling locations, falsehoods about voting machines and mail-in ballots, and misrepresentation of candidate positions) that were thrust into the mainstream during the 2020 and 2022 election cycles. Those experts also warn that the 2024 cycle could see more sophisticated disinformation campaigns and tactics at a much larger scale than in recent elections.

 

 

Others are working on long-term efforts to build trust and faith in elections and the general democratic process by developing news and media literacy for students, starting in elementary school and continuing through high school. Efforts that are well underway to develop media literacy standards in schools will help people from a young age learn to flag and address mis- and disinformation. In 2021 Illinois became the first state in the country to require all public high schools to have a news literacy course to ensure that students are equipped to deal with the increasing amount of false or fabricated information online.

 

 

Media Literacy 101: Mis- and Disinformation Checklist

When you see information presented as fact online, always pause to check its veracity.

If you are not sure whether the information you are seeing is true, look for trusted leaders and national or local news sources to see whether they are reporting or sharing the same information.

Check the author by doing a quick search to validate his or her credibility and existence. This is especially important when consuming information on X, because the platform has made it more difficult to verify individual profiles and has even removed verification for some—including people, organizations, news sites, and corporate companies—unless they pay to maintain their verification badges.

If you are still not sure, do not engage or share the content until you receive more information to verify a claim.

Satire is a particularly challenging example of the line between misinformation and legitimate expression. If a posting you read online is too outlandish, it is possible that it is being shared as a joke or commentary. This is common with satire outlets, such as The Onion. While this content is not always considered disinformation, it can still impact perceptions of reality without proper due diligence. Above all, when you see mis- and disinformation, avoid amplifying it. Do not name peddlers of disinformation or use language that furthers their narrative—even in an effort to debunk it. Many people think that resharing a post with disinformation on social media to debunk or counter that false information is helpful, but, in general, that only leads to it being spread further. Instead of sharing false online information, share as much truthful information as you can to drown out the disinformation and fill online data voids.

 

Misinformation and disinformation in our highly networked world will continue to present challenges in fields as diverse as public health, international relations, and even celebrity culture. These issues raise fundamental questions about people’s right to free expression that must be carefully considered while also addressing the harmful impact that mis- and disinformation have on democracy.

 

John Palfrey

 

 

CONSPIRACY THEORY

Table of Contents

Introduction

Effects of belief in conspiracy theories

Explanations of conspiracy theories

Disproving conspiracies

.

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2025 • Article History

Related Topics: persuasion replacement theory flat Earth false flag birther movement

conspiracy theory, an attempt to explain harmful or tragic events as the result of the actions of a small powerful group. Such explanations reject the accepted narrative surrounding those events; indeed, the official version may be seen as further proof of the conspiracy.

 

 

Conspiracy theories increase in prevalence in periods of widespread anxiety, uncertainty, or hardship, as during wars and economic depressions and in the aftermath of natural disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, and pandemics. This fact is evidenced by the profusion of conspiracy theories that emerged in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and by the more than 2,000 volumes on U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy’s assassination. This suggests that conspiratorial thinking is driven by a strong human desire to make sense of social forces that are self-relevant, important, and threatening.

 

The content of conspiracy theories is emotionally laden and its alleged discovery can be gratifying. The evidentiary standards for corroborating conspiracy theories are typically weak, and they are usually resistant to falsification. The survivability of conspiracy theories may be aided by psychological biases and by distrust of official sources.

 

Effects of belief in conspiracy theories

Exposure to media that endorse conspiracies increases belief. There is evidence that viewing the Oliver Stone movie JFK (1991) increased belief in a conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy and decreased belief in the official account that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. A further outcome was that, compared with people who were about to view the movie, those who had seen it expressed less interest in political participation. It may be that distrust of those in power predicts and is caused by belief in government conspiracies.

 

 

Researchers have investigated belief in AIDS conspiracies—the belief that AIDS was created by the U.S. government to kill homosexuals and African Americans—and attitudes toward condom use. This research has shown that the more strongly African American males believe in this conspiracy, the less favourable their attitudes toward condom use are, and in turn the less likely they are to use condoms. There is also evidence that these beliefs lead to distrust of research institutions and are a significant barrier to getting African Americans to participate in AIDS clinical trials.

 

Such distrust did not develop in a vacuum. Starting in 1932 and continuing for 40 years, the U.S. Public Health Service working with the Tuskegee Institute studied the effect of syphilis on 399 African American men. The researchers conducting the Tuskegee syphilis study withheld treatment and allowed more than 100 men to die, despite the discovery of penicillin as a standard cure in 1947. It is clearly worth noting that governments do at least occasionally conspire against their own citizens.

 

 

Explanations of conspiracy theories

American historian Richard Hofstadter explored the emergence of conspiracy theorizing by proposing a consensus view of democracy. Competing groups would represent the interests of individuals, but they would do so within a political system that everyone agreed would frame the bounds of conflict. For Hofstadter, those who felt unable to channel their political interests into representative groups would become alienated from this system. These individuals would not accept the statements of opposition parties as representing a fair disagreement; rather, differences in views would be regarded with deep suspicion. Such alienated people would develop a paranoid fear of conspiracy, thus making them vulnerable to charismatic rather than practical and rational leadership. This would undermine democracy and lead to totalitarian rule.

 

In The Paranoid Style in American Politics (1965), Hofstadter proposed that this is not an individual pathology but instead originates in social conflict that raises fears and anxieties, which leads to status struggles between opposed groups. The resulting conspiracy theorizing derives from a collective sense of threat to one’s group, culture, way of life, and so on. Extremists at either end of the political spectrum could be expected to develop a paranoid style. On the right, McCarthyism promoted paranoid notions of communist infiltration of American institutions; QAnon, popular among fanatical supporters of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump (2017–21), alleged that prominent Democrats were part of an international cabal of Satan-worshipping pedophiles, cannibals, and child murderers; and replacement theory claimed that prominent Democrats and other elites were attempting to replace America’s white population with nonwhite immigrants. On the left was the belief that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were an “inside job” perpetrated by government and corporate interests. Hofstadter’s approach is notable because it places the root of conspiracies in intergroup processes, which means that his theory can account for the ebb and flow of conspiracy theories over time.

 

 

Disproving conspiracies

A 1995 study by American psychologist John McHoskey attempted to provide an explanation for the difficulty of falsifying conspiracy theories. McHoskey gave advocates and opponents of the Kennedy conspiracy a balanced description of arguments for and against a conspiracy to assassinate the president. McHoskey’s prediction was that those who favoured and those who opposed the conspiracy theory would both regard that very same statement as evidence in favour of their position. McHoskey believed that this would occur because proponents on both sides engaged in biased assimilation, whereby information that supports one’s position is uncritically accepted, whereas contrary information is scrutinized and discredited. Further, because of attitude polarization, when people encounter ambiguous information, they tend to endorse their original position even more strongly than they did prior to encountering the information. This proved to be the case for both advocates and opponents of the Kennedy conspiracy.

 

Australian philosopher Steve Clarke proposed that conspiratorial thinking is maintained by the fundamental attribution error, which states that people overestimate the importance of dispositions—such as individual motivations or personality traits—while underestimating the importance of situational factors—such as random chance and social norms—in explaining the behaviour of others. Clarke observed that this error is typical of conspiratorial thinking. People maintain adherence to their conspiratorial beliefs because to dispense with the conspiracy would be to discount human motives in events. Clarke further suggested that the ultimate reason people make the fundamental attribution error is because they have evolved to do so. Humans evolved in tightly knit groups where understanding the motives of others was critical for the detection of malevolent intentions. The cost of making an error in identifying others’ insidious motives was small relative to the cost of not identifying such motives. Clarke proposed that people are psychologically attuned to discount situational factors over dispositional factors in explaining others’ behaviour.

 

Scott A. Reid

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

 

 

 

PROPAGANDA

Table of Contents

Introduction & Top Questions

Propaganda and related concepts

Evolution of the theory of propaganda

The components of propaganda

Social control of propaganda

References & Edit History

 

Last Updated: Feb 21, 2025 •

Key People: Kim Yo-Jong Adolf Hitler Germaine de Staël Joseph Goebbels Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe

Related Topics: sportswashing agitprop big lie propagandistic art canard

Top Questions

What is propaganda?

When was propaganda first used?

Where is propaganda used?

News • Humiliation as Propaganda: Videos of Shackled Detainees Have History in El Salvador • Mar. 20, 2025, 5:47 AM ET (New York Times)

Know about fake news propaganda and how to sort fake news from the real

Know about fake news propaganda and how to sort fake news from the realFake news: learn what it is and how to cope with it.

 

Propaganda is the more or less systematic effort to manipulate other people’s beliefs, attitudes, or actions by means of symbols (words, gestures, banners, monuments, music, clothing, insignia, hairstyles, designs on coins and postage stamps, and so forth). Deliberateness and a relatively heavy emphasis on manipulation distinguish propaganda from casual conversation or the free and easy exchange of ideas. Propagandists have a specified goal or set of goals. To achieve these, they deliberately select facts, arguments, and displays of symbols and present them in ways they think will have the most effect. To maximize effect, they may omit or distort pertinent facts or simply lie, and they may try to divert the attention of the reactors (the people they are trying to sway) from everything but their own propaganda.

 

Comparatively deliberate selectivity and manipulation also distinguish propaganda from education. Educators try to present various sides of an issue—the grounds for doubting as well as the grounds for believing the statements they make, and the disadvantages as well as the advantages of every conceivable course of action. Education aims to induce reactors to collect and evaluate evidence for themselves and assists them in learning the techniques for doing so. It must be noted, however, that some propagandists may look upon themselves as educators and may believe that they are uttering the purest truth, that they are emphasizing or distorting certain aspects of the truth only to make a valid message more persuasive, or that the courses of action that they recommend are in fact the best actions that the reactor could take. By the same token, the reactor who regards the propagandist’s message as self-evident truth may think of it as educational; this often seems to be the case with “true believers”—dogmatic reactors to dogmatic religious, social, or political propaganda. “Education” for one person may be “propaganda” for another.

 

Propaganda and related concepts

Connotations of the term propaganda

The word propaganda itself, as used in recent centuries, apparently derives from the title and work of the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for Propagation of the Faith), an organization of Roman Catholic cardinals founded in 1622 to carry on missionary work. To many Roman Catholics the word may therefore have, at least in missionary or ecclesiastical terms, a highly respectable connotation. But even to these persons, and certainly to many others, the term is often a pejorative one tending to connote such things as the discredited atrocity stories and deceptively stated war aims of World Wars I and II, the operations of the Nazis’ Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, and the broken campaign promises of a thousand politicians. Also, it is reminiscent of countless instances of false and misleading advertising (especially in countries using Latin languages, in which propagande commerciale or some equivalent is a common term for commercial advertising).

 

Vladimir Lenin

To informed students of the history of communism, the term propaganda has yet another connotation, associated with the term agitation. The two terms were first used by the Russian theorist of Marxism Georgy Plekhanov and later elaborated upon by Vladimir Ilich Lenin in a pamphlet What Is to Be Done? (1902), in which he defined “propaganda” as the reasoned use of historical and scientific arguments to indoctrinate the educated and enlightened (the attentive and informed publics, in the language of today’s social sciences); he defined “agitation” as the use of slogans, parables, and half-truths to exploit the grievances of the uneducated and the unreasonable. Since he regarded both strategies as absolutely essential to political victory, he combined them in the term agitprop. Every unit of historical communist parties had an agitprop section, and to the communist the use of propaganda in Lenin’s sense was commendable and honest. Thus, a standard Soviet manual for teachers of social sciences was entitled Propagandistu politekonomii (For the Propagandist of Political Economy), and a pocket-sized booklet issued weekly to suggest timely slogans and brief arguments to be used in speeches and conversations among the masses was called Bloknot agitatora (The Agitator’s Notebook).

 

 

Related terms

Related to the general sense of propaganda is the concept of “propaganda of the deed.” This denotes taking nonsymbolic action (such as economic or coercive action), not for its direct effects but for its possible propagandistic effects. Examples of propaganda of the deed would include staging an atomic “test” or the public torture of a criminal for its presumable deterrent effect on others, or giving foreign “economic aid” primarily to influence the recipient’s opinions or actions and without much intention of building up the recipient’s economy.

 

Distinctions are sometimes made between overt propaganda, in which the propagandists and perhaps their backers are made known to the reactors, and covert propaganda, in which the sources are secret or disguised. Covert propaganda might include such things as political advertisements that are unsigned or signed with false names, clandestine radio stations using false names, and statements by editors, politicians, or others who have been secretly bribed by governments, political backers, or business firms. Sophisticated diplomatic negotiation, legal argument, collective bargaining, commercial advertising, and political campaigns are of course quite likely to include considerable amounts of both overt and covert propaganda, accompanied by propaganda of the deed.

 

Another term related to propaganda is psychological warfare (sometimes abbreviated to psychwar), which is the prewar or wartime use of propaganda directed primarily at confusing or demoralizing enemy populations or troops, putting them off guard in the face of coming attacks, or inducing them to surrender. The related concept of political warfare encompasses the use of propaganda, among many other techniques, during peacetime to intensify social and political divisions and to sow confusion within the societies of adversary states.

 

Still another related concept is that of brainwashing. The term usually means intensive political indoctrination. It may involve long political lectures or discussions, long compulsory reading assignments, and so forth, sometimes in conjunction with efforts to reduce the reactor’s resistance by exhausting him either physically through torture, overwork, or denial of sleep or psychologically through solitary confinement, threats, emotionally disturbing confrontations with interrogators or defected comrades, humiliation in front of fellow citizens, and the like. The term brainwashing was widely used in sensational journalism to refer to such activities (and to many other activities) as they were allegedly conducted by Maoists in China and elsewhere.

 

Another related word, advertising, has mainly commercial connotations, though it need not be restricted to this; political candidates, party programs, and positions on political issues may be “packaged” and “marketed” by advertising firms. The words promotion and public relations have wider, vaguer connotations and are often used to avoid the implications of “advertising” or “propaganda.” “Publicity” and “publicism” often imply merely making a subject known to a public, without educational, propagandistic, or commercial intent.

 

 

Signs, symbols, and media used in contemporary propaganda

Contemporary propagandists with money and imagination can use a very wide range of signs, symbols, and media to convey their messages. Signs are simply stimuli—“information bits” capable of stimulating, in some way, the human organism. These include sounds, such as words, music, or a 21-gun salvo; gestures (a military salute, a thumbed nose); postures (a weary slump, folded arms, a sit-down, an aristocratic bearing); structures (a monument, a building); items of clothing (a uniform, a civilian suit); visual signs (a poster, a flag, a picket sign, a badge, a printed page, a commemorative postage stamp, a swastika scrawled on a wall); and so on and on.

 

 

A symbol is a sign having a particular meaning for a given reactor. Two or more reactors may of course attach quite different meanings to the same symbol. Thus, to Nazis the swastika was a symbol of racial superiority and the crushing military might of the German Volk; to some Asiatic and North American peoples it is a symbol of universal peace and happiness. Some Christians who find a cross reassuring may find a hammer and sickle displeasing and may derive no religious satisfaction at all from a Muslim crescent, a Hindu cow, or a Buddhist lotus.

 

The contemporary propagandist can employ elaborate social-scientific research facilities, unknown in previous epochs, to conduct opinion surveys and psychological interviews in efforts to learn the symbolic meanings of given signs for given reactors around the world and to discover what signs leave given reactors indifferent because, to them, these signs are without meaning.

 

Media are the means—the channels—used to convey signs and symbols to the intended reactor or reactors. A comprehensive inventory of media used in 20th- and 21st-century propaganda could cover many pages. Electronic media include e-mail, blogs, Web- or application (app)-based social networking platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and electronic versions of originally printed media such as newspapers, magazines, and books. Printed media include, in addition to those just mentioned, letters, handbills, posters, billboards, and handwriting on walls and streets. Among audiovisual media, the Internet and television may be the most powerful for many purposes. Both can convey a great many types of signs simultaneously; they can gain heavy impact from mutually reinforcing gestures, words, postures, and sounds and a background of symbolically significant leaders, celebrities, historic settings, architectures, flags, music, placards, maps, uniforms, insignia, cheering or jeering mobs or studio audiences, and staged assemblies of prestigious or powerful people. Other audiovisual media include public speakers, movies, theatrical productions, marching bands, mass demonstrations, picketing, face-to-face conversations between individuals, and “talking” exhibits at fairs, expositions, and art shows.

 

 

The larger the propaganda enterprise, the more important are such mass media as the Internet and television and also the organizational media—that is, pressure groups set up under leaders and technicians who are skilled in using many sorts of signs and media to convey messages to particular reactors. Vast systems of diverse organizations can be established in the hope of reaching leaders and followers of all groups (organized and unorganized) in a given area, such as a city, region, nation or coalition of nations, or the entire world. Pressure organizations are especially necessary, for example, in closely fought sales campaigns or political elections, especially in socially heterogeneous areas that have extremely divergent regional traditions, ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, and educational levels and very unequal income distributions. Diversities of these sorts make it necessary for products to be marketed in local terms and for political candidates to appear to be friends of each of perhaps a dozen or more mutually hostile ethnic groups, of the educated and the uneducated, and of the very wealthy as well as the poverty-stricken.

 

Evolution of the theory of propaganda

Early commentators and theories

The archaeological remains of ancient civilizations indicate that dazzling clothing and palaces, impressive statues and temples, magic tokens and insignia, and elaborate legal and religious arguments have been used for thousands of years, presumably to convince the common people of the purported greatness and supernatural prowess of kings and priests. Instructive legends and parables, easily memorized proverbs and lists of commandments—such as the Ten Commandments of Judaism and Christianity and the Hindu Manu-smriti (Laws of Manu)—and highly selective chronicles of rulers’ achievements have been used to enlist mass support for particular social and religious systems. Very probably, much of what was said in antiquity was sincere, in the sense that the underlying religious and social assumptions were so fully accepted that the warlords’ spokespersons, the pharaohs’ priests, and their audiences believed all or most of what was communicated and hence did not deliberate or theorize very much about alternative arguments or means of persuasion.

 

 

The systematic, detached, and deliberate analysis of propaganda—in the West, at least—may have begun in Athens about 500 bce, as the study of rhetoric (Greek: “the technique of orators”). The tricks of using sonorous and solemn language, carefully gauged humour, artful congeniality, appropriate mixtures of logical and illogical argument, and flattery of a jury or a mob were formulated from the actual practices of successful lawyers, demagogues, and politicians. Relatively ethical teachers such as Isocrates, Plato, and Aristotle compiled rules of rhetoric (1) to make their own arguments and those of their students more persuasive and (2) to design counterpropaganda against opponents and also (3) to teach their students how to detect the logical fallacies and emotional appeals of demagogues.

 

Early students of rhetoric also examined what contemporary analysts would call the problem of source credibility—what speakers can say or do to convince their hearers that they are telling the truth, are well-intentioned, are public-spirited, and so forth. For example, an Athenian lawyer defending an undersized man on trial for murder might instruct him to say to a jury: “Is it likely that an undersized man like me, so often ridiculed for being clumsy with a sword, would have attacked and killed this very tall war veteran who is famous everywhere for his swordsmanship?” But a tall and strong defendant might be told to invert the plea: “Would any man of my unusual height, who is rather well known to have slain 300 Persians in sword fights, have allowed himself to be drawn into a quarrel with this puny man—knowing full well that a jury of reasonable Athenians would be inclined from the start to hold me guilty if someone killed him?” So well did Greek rhetoricians analyze the arts of legal sophistry and political demagoguery that their efforts were imitated and further developed in Rome by such figures as Cicero and Quintilian. Aristotle’s Rhetoric and similar works by others have, indeed, served as model texts for Western scholars and students from antiquity to the present day.

 

 

There have been similar lines of thought in other major civilizations. The Buddha in ancient India and Confucius in ancient China, both advocated, much as Plato had, the use of truthfulness, “good” rhetoric, and “proper” forms of speech and writing as means of persuading people, by both precept and example, to live the good life. In the 4th century bce in India, Kautilya, a Brahman believed to have been chief minister to the emperor Chandragupta, reputedly wrote the Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a book of advice for rulers that has often been compared with Plato’s Republic and Niccolò Machiavelli’s much later work The Prince (1513). Kautilya discussed, in some detail, the use of psychological warfare, both overt and clandestine, in efforts to disrupt an enemy’s army and capture his capital. Overtly, he said, the propagandists of a king should proclaim that he can do magic, that God and the wisest men are on his side, and that all who support his war aims will reap benefits. Covertly, his agents should infiltrate his enemies’ and potential enemies’ kingdoms, spreading defeatism and misleading news among their people, especially in capital cities, among leaders, and among the armed forces. In particular, a king should employ only Brahmans, unquestionably the holiest and wisest of men, as propagandists and diplomatic negotiators. These morally irreproachable experts should cultivate the goodwill of their king’s friends, and of friends of his friends, and also should woo the enemies of his enemies. A king should not hesitate, however, to break any friendships or alliances that are later found to be disadvantageous.

 

Similar advice is found in Bingfa (The Art of War) by the Chinese theorist Sunzi, who wrote at about the same time. “All warfare,” he said, “is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe that we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.”

 

The spread of all complex political systems and religions probably has been very largely due to a combination of earnest conviction and the deliberate use of propaganda. This mixture can be detected in the recasting in various times and places of the legends of the messiah in Christianity and Judaism, of heroes of the Hindu Mahabharata, of the Buddha, of the ancestral Japanese sun goddess, of the lives of Muhammad and his relatives, of the Christian saints, of such Marxist heroes as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Ilich Lenin, and Joseph Stalin, and even in the story of George Washington and the cherry tree.

 

Scattered and sometimes enlightening comment on political and religious propaganda has occurred in all major civilizations. In ancient Greece and Rome there was much writing on election tactics. In 16th-century Italy, Machiavelli discussed, very much like Kautilya and Sunzi, the uses of calculated piety and duplicity in peace and war. In Shakespeare’s plays, Mark Antony (in Julius Caesar) and the Duke of Buckingham (Richard III) display the principles of propaganda and discuss them in words and concepts that anticipate 20th-century behavioral scientists. They refer to such propaganda stratagems as the seizure and monopolization of propaganda initiatives, the displacement of guilt onto others (scapegoating), the presentation of oneself as morally superior, and the coordination of propaganda with violence and bribery.

 

 

Modern research and the evolution of current theories

After the decline of the ancient world, no elaborate systematic study of propaganda appeared for centuries—not until the Industrial Revolution had brought about mass production and raised hopes of immensely high profits through mass marketing. Near the beginning of the 20th century, researchers began to undertake studies of the motivations of many types of consumers and of their responses to various kinds of salesmanship, advertising, and other marketing techniques. From the early 1930s on, there have been “consumer surveys” much in the manner of public opinion surveys. Almost every conceivable variable affecting consumers’ opinions, beliefs, suggestibilities, and behaviour has been investigated for every kind of group, subgroup, and culture in the major capitalist nations. Consumers’ wants and habits were studied for a limited time in the same ways in the socialist countries—partly to promote economic efficiency and partly to prevent political unrest. Data on the wants and habits of voters as well as consumers are now being gathered in the same elaborate ways in many parts of the world. Beginning in the early 21st century, many Web sites (especially social networking platforms) and Internet service providers, as well as thousands of applications developed for use with browsers and smartphones, collected massive amounts of personal data about the consumers who used them, generally without their informed consent. Such data potentially included consumers’ ages, genders, marital status, medical histories, employment histories and other financial information, personal and professional interests, political affiliations and opinions, and even geographic locations on a minute-by-minute basis. The collected data was then sold to information or data brokers, who aggregated it and sold it to advertising firms, who in turn used it to identify potential customers for their corporate clients and to make their commercial messages more effective.

 

 

Large quantities of such information were also collected about voters and drawn upon for nationwide political advertising campaigns costing billions of dollars annually. Such messages have taken up a high percentage of advertising space or time on social networking platforms and other popular Web sites, in newspapers and magazines (both electronic and printed), and on radio and television. Critics have argued that advertising expenditures on such a scale, whether for deodorants or presidents, tend to waste society’s resources and also to preclude effective competition by rival producers or politicians who cannot raise equally large amounts of money. A rising tide of consumer resistance and voter skepticism has led to various attempts at consumer education, voter education, counterpropaganda, and proposals for regulatory legislation. Most such proposals in the United States have been unavailing.

 

As far back as the early 1920s, there developed an awareness among many social critics that the extension of the vote and of enlarged purchasing power to more and more of the ignorant or ill-educated meant larger and larger opportunities for both demagogic and public-spirited propagandists to make headway by using fictions and myths, utopian appeals, and “the noble lie.” Interest was aroused not only by the lingering horror of World War I and of the postwar settlements but also by publication of Ivan Pavlov’s experiments on conditioned reflexes and of analyses of human motivations by various psychoanalysts. Sigmund Freud’s Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1922) was particularly relevant to the study of leaders, propagandists, and followers, as were Walter Lippmann’s Public Opinion (1922) and The Phantom Public (1925).

 

In 1927, an American political scientist, Harold D. Lasswell, published a now-famous book, Propaganda Technique in the World War, a dispassionate description and analysis of the massive propaganda campaigns conducted by all the major belligerents in World War I. This he followed with studies of communist propaganda and of many other forms of communication. Within a few years, a great many other social scientists, along with historians, journalists, and psychologists, were producing a wide variety of publications purporting to analyze military, political, and commercial propaganda of many types. During the Nazi period and during World War II and the subsequent Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, a great many researchers and writers, both skilled and unskilled, scholarly and unscholarly, were employed by governments, political movements, and business firms to conduct propaganda. Some of those who had scientific training designed very carefully controlled experiments or intelligence operations, attempting to quantify data on appeals of various types of propaganda to given reactors.

 

 

In the course of this theory building and research, the study of propaganda advanced a long way on the road from lore to science. By the second half of the 20th century, several hundred more or less scholarly books and thousands of articles had shed substantial light on the psychology, techniques, and effects of propaganda campaigns, major and minor.

 

Eventually nearly every significant government, political party, interest group, social movement, and large business firm in the advanced countries developed its own corps of specialized researchers, propagandists, or “opinion managers” (sometimes referred to as information specialists, lobbyists, legislative representatives, or vice presidents in charge of public relations). Some have become members of parliaments, cabinets, and corporate boards of directors. The most expert among them sometimes are highly skilled or trained, or both, in history, psychiatry, politics, social psychology, survey research, and statistical inference.

 

Many of the bigger and wealthier propaganda agencies conduct (overtly and covertly) elaborate observations and opinion surveys, among samples of the leaders, the middle strata, and the rank and file of all social groups, big and little, whom they hope to influence. They tabulate many kinds of data concerning those contents of the Internet, the press, films, television, and organizational media that reach given groups. They chart the responses of reactors, through time, by statistical formulas. They conduct “symbol campaigns” and “image-building” operations with mathematical calculation, using large quantities of data. To the ancient art of rhetoric, the “technique of orators,” have been added the techniques of the psychopolitical analyst and the media specialist and the know-how of the administrators of giant advertising agencies, public relations firms, and governmental ministries of information that employ armies of analytic specialists and “symbol-handlers.”

 

 

It is a commonplace among the highly educated that people in the mass—and even people on high educational and social levels—often react more favourably to utopian myths, wishful thinking, and nonrational residues of earlier experiences than they do to the sober analysis of facts. Unfortunately, average citizens who may be aware of being duped are not likely to have enough education, time, or economic means to defend themselves against the massive organizations of opinion managers and hidden persuaders. Indeed, to affect them they would have to act through large organizations themselves and to use, to some extent, the very means used by those they seek to control. The still greater “curse of bigness” that may evolve in the future is viewed with increasing concern by many politically conscious people.

 

The components of propaganda

Contemporary propagandists employing behavioral theory tend to analyze their problem in terms of at least 10 questions:

 

 

1. What are the goals of the propaganda? (What changes are to be brought about? In whom? And when?)

 

2. What are the present and expected conditions in the world social system?

 

3. What are the present and expected conditions in each of the subsystems of the world social system (such as international regions, nations, lesser territories, interest groups)?

 

4. Who should distribute the propaganda—the propagandists or their agents?

 

5. What symbols should be used?

 

6. What media should be used?

 

7. Which reactors should the propaganda be aimed at?

 

8. How can the effects of the propaganda be measured?

 

9. By what countermeasures can opponents neutralize or suppress the propaganda?

 

10. How can such countermeasures be measured and dealt with?

 

In the present state of social science, this 10-part problem can be solved with only moderate confidence with respect to any really major propaganda campaign, even if one has a great deal of money for research. Yet if propagandists are to proceed as rationally as possible, they need the best answers that are available.

 

Goals

Goals are fairly easy to define if propagandists simply want to sell a relatively safe, useful, and simple good or service. When propagandists aim to convert great numbers of people to a religion or a new social order or to induce extremely dangerous collective action like a war or revolution, however, the definition of goals becomes highly complex. It is complicated further by problems about “means–goals” or intermediate goals: probably the campaign will have to go on for a long time and will have to be planned in stages, phases, or waves. Propagandists may find it hard to specify, even to themselves, exactly what beliefs, values, or actions they want to bring about, by what points in time, among different sorts of people. Very large and firmly held complexes of values are involved, such as prestige, peace of mind, income, and even life itself or the military security of entire nations or regions—even, in modern times, the annihilation of all humankind. In such a situation, a mass of intricate and thorny value dilemmas arises: Is military or revolutionary victory worth the price of economic ruin? Can a desired degree of individual liberty be achieved without too much loss of social equality? Is a much quicker achievement of goals worth a much greater amount of human suffering? Are war crimes to be committed in order to win a battle? In short: What are the propagandists willing to risk, for what, across what periods of time?

 

 

Present and expected conditions in the world social system

Under modern conditions, each act of propaganda is apt to have effects in several parts of the world. Some of these may boomerang unexpectedly against the propagandists themselves unless they can visualize the global system and its components and anticipate the problems that may arise. The global system, moreover, is inexorably changing. As population, trade, travel, education, and technology evolve, new centres of political, cultural, and economic power emerge. This social evolution, extremely rapid in current times, tends on balance to limit the use of more simplistic and parochial kinds of propaganda and increases the need for more sophisticated, scientifically formulated, and universalistic (world-oriented) types.

 

Present and expected conditions in subsystems

In many times and places in the past and in certain circumstances in the present, propagandists have profited handsomely by ignoring the welfare of a nation or the world and appealing to extremes of religious, racial, political, or economic fanaticism. This has paid off very well, in the short run at least, within many subsystems. But it has also been successful within whole nations, particularly when the propagandists’ goal was to sow discord and confusion rather than to influence opinion across a broad population. Prudent propagandists must therefore decide what mix of universalistic and particularistic symbolism will best serve their purposes at given times in given places. The choice is never an easy one: parochial or class-conscious or national groups may be aroused to the highest passions, and they are numerous and diverse and often highly incompatible with one another and with the imperatives of the nation or the world.

 

 

Propagandists and their agents

The use of seemingly reputable, selfless, or neutral agents or so-called front organizations, while propagandists themselves remain behind the scenes, may greatly aid the propagandists. If the authorities are after the propagandists, seeking to suppress their activities, the propagandists must stay underground and work through agents. But even in freer circumstances, the propagandists may wish someone else to speak for them. For instance, propagandists may not speak the reactors’ language or idiom fluently. They may not know what reactors associate with given symbols. Or the reactors’ cultural, racial, or religious feelings may bias them against propagandists and thus tend to deny them a favourable hearing. In such cases the use of agents is inescapable. Furthermore, if the propaganda fails or is exposed for what it is, the agents can be publicly scapegoated while the real propagandists continue to operate and develop new stratagems. The prince, said Machiavelli, may openly and conspicuously bestow awards and honours and public offices, but he should have his agents carry out all actions that make a man unpopular, such as punishments, denunciations, dismissals, and assassinations.

 

 

A complicated modern campaign on a major scale is likely to be planned most successfully by a collective leadership—a team of broadly educated and skilled people who have had both practical experience in public affairs and extensive training in history, psychology, and the social sciences. The detachment, skepticism, and secularism of such persons may, however, cause them to be viewed with great suspicion by many reactors. It may be important, therefore, to keep the planners behind the scenes and to select intermediaries—“front men,” Trojan horses, and “dummy leaders” whom the reactors are more likely to listen to or appreciate.

 

Modern social-psychological research, dating from Freud’s Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921), makes clear the wisdom of traditional insights concerning the supreme importance of leadership in any group—be it the family, the nation, or the world social system. The rank and file of any group, especially a big one, have been shown to be remarkably passive until aroused by quasi-parental leaders whom members of the group admire and trust. It is hard to imagine the Gallic wars without Julius Caesar, the psychoanalytic movement without Freud, the Nazis without Adolf Hitler, or the major communist revolutions without Lenin and Mao Zedong and their politburos. These leaders were real—not dummies invented and packaged by image makers from an advertising agency or public relations firm. In the age of massive opinion researches, however, and with the aid of speech coaches and makeup artists and the magic impact of the Internet and television, it has become increasingly possible for image makers to create figureheads who can affect the votes and other behaviour of very large percentages of a national audience.

 

Selection and presentation of symbols

Propagandists must realize that neither rational arguments nor catchy slogans can, by themselves, do much to influence human behaviour. The behaviour of reactors is also affected by at least four other variables. The first is the reactors’ predispositions—that is, their stored memories of, and their past associations with, related symbols. These often cause reactors to ignore the current inflow of symbols, to perceive them very selectively, or to rationalize them away. The second is the set of economic inducements (gifts, bribery, pay raises, threats of job loss, and so forth) which the propagandist or others may apply in conjunction with the symbols. The third is the set of physical inducements (love, violence, protection from violence) used by the propagandist or others. The fourth is the array of social pressures that may either encourage or inhibit reactors in thinking or doing what the propagandist advocates. Even those who are well led and are predisposed to do what the propagandist wants may be prevented from acting by counterpressures within the surrounding social systems or groups of which they are a part.

 

 

In view of these predispositions and pressures, skilled propagandists are careful to advocate chiefly those acts that they believe the reactor already wants to perform and is in fact able to perform. It is fruitless to call upon most people to perform acts that may involve a total loss of income or terrible physical danger—for example, to act openly upon democratic leanings in a totalitarian fascist country. To call upon reactors to do something extremely dangerous or hard is to risk having the propaganda branded as unrealistic. In such cases, it may be better to point to actions that reactors can avoid taking—that is, to encourage them in acts of passive resistance. The propagandists will thereby both seem and be realistic in their demands upon the reactor, and the reactor will not be left with the feeling, “I agree with this message, but just what am I supposed to do about it?”

 

For maximum effect, the symbolic content of propaganda must be active, not passive, in tone. It must explicitly or implicitly recommend fairly specific actions to be performed by the reactor (“buy this,” “boycott that,” “vote for X,” “join Group Y,” “withdraw from Group Z”). Furthermore, because the ability of the human organism to receive and process symbols is strictly limited, skillful propagandists attempt to substitute quality for quantity in their choice of symbols. A brief slogan or a picture or a pithy comment on some symbol that is emotion laden for the reactors may be worth ten thousand other words and cost much less. In efforts to economize symbol inputs, propagandists attempt to make full use of the findings of all the behavioral sciences. They draw upon the psychoanalysts’ studies of the bottled-up impulses in the unconscious mind, they consult the elaborate vocabulary counts produced by professors of education, they follow the headline news to determine what events and symbols probably are salient in reactors’ minds at the moment, and they analyze the information polls and attitude studies conducted by survey researchers.

 

 

There is substantial agreement among psychoanalysts that the psychological power of propaganda increases with use of what Lasswell termed the triple-appeal principle. This principle states that a set of symbols is apt to be most persuasive if it appeals simultaneously to three elements of an individual’s personality—elements that Freud labelled the ego, id, and superego. To appeal to the ego, skilled propagandists will present the acts and thoughts that they desire to induce as if they were rational, advisable, wise, prudent, and expedient; in the same breath they say or imply that they are sure to produce pleasure and a sense of strength (an appeal to the id); concurrently they suggest that they are moral, righteous, and—if not altogether legal—decidedly more justifiable and humane than the law itself (an appeal to the superego, or conscience). Within any social system, the optimal blend of these components varies from individual to individual and from subgroup to subgroup: some individuals and subgroups love pleasure intensely and show few traces of guilt; others are quite pained by guilt; few are continuously eager to be rational or to take the trouble to become well informed. Some cautious individuals and subgroups like to believe that they never make a move without preanalyzing it; others enjoy throwing prudence to the winds. There are also changes in these blends through time: personalities change, as do the morals and customs of groups. In large collectivities like social classes, ethnic groups, or nations, the particular blends of these predispositions may vary greatly from stratum to stratum and subculture to subculture. Only the study of history and behavioral research can give the propagandist much guidance about such variations.

 

Propagandists are wise if, in addition to reiterating their support of ideas and policies that they know the reactor already believes in, they include among their images a variety of symbols associated with parents and parent surrogates. The child lives on in every adult, eternally seeking a loving father and mother. Hence the appeal of such familistic symbolisms as “the fatherland,” “the mother country,” “the Mother Church,” “the Holy Father,” “Mother Russia,” and the large number of statesmen who are known as the “fathers of their countries.” Also valuable are reassuring maternal figures like Queen Victoria of England, the Virgin Mary, and the Japanese sun goddess. In addition to parent symbols, it is usually well to associate one’s propaganda with symbols of parent substitutes, who in some cases exert a more profound effect on children than do disappointing or nondescript parents: affectionate or amiable uncles (Uncle Sam, Uncle Ho Chi Minh); admired scholars and physicians (Karl Marx, Dr. Sun Yat-sen); politico-military heroes and role models (Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, Mao, “the wise, mighty, and fatherly Stalin”); and, of course, saintly persons (Joan of Arc, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., the Buddha). A talented and well-symbolized leader or role model may achieve a parental or even godlike ascendancy (charisma) and magnify the impact of a message many times.

 

 

Media of propaganda

There are literally thousands of electronic, written, audiovisual, and organizational media that a contemporary propagandist might use. All human groupings are potential organizational media, from the family and other small organizations through advertising and public relations firms, trade unions, churches and temples, theatres, readers of novels and poetry, special-interest groups, political parties and front organizations to the governmental structures of nations, international coalitions, and universal organizations like the United Nations and its agencies. From all this variety of media, propagandists must choose those few media (especially leaders, role models, and organizations) to whose messages they think the intended reactors are especially attentive and receptive.

 

 

In recent years the advent of personal computers and mobile phones and the development of the Internet has brought about a massive, worldwide proliferation of systems and facilities for news gathering, publishing, broadcasting, holding meetings, and speechmaking. At present, almost everyone’s mind is bombarded daily by far more media, symbols, and messages than the human organism can possibly pay attention to. The mind reels under noisy assortments of information bits about rival politicians, rival political programs and doctrines, new technical discoveries, insistently advertised commercial products, and new views on morality, ecological horrors, and military nightmares. This sort of communication overload already has resulted in the alienation of millions of people from much of modern life. Overload and alienation can be expected to reach even higher levels in coming generations as still higher densities of population, intercultural contacts, and communication facilities cause economic, political, doctrinal, and commercial rivalries to become still more intense.

 

Research has demonstrated repeatedly that most reactors attempt, consciously or unconsciously, to cope with severe communication overload by developing three mechanisms: selective attention, selective perception, and selective recall. That is, they pay attention to only a few media; they fail (often unconsciously) to perceive therein any large proportion of the messages that they find uncongenial; and, having perceived, even after this screening, a certain number of unpleasing messages, they repress these in whole or in part (i.e., cannot readily remember them). Contemporary propagandists therefore try to find out: (1) what formative experiences and styles of education have predisposed their intended audiences to their current “media preferences”; (2) which of all the Web sites, electronic or printed publications, television shows, leaders, and role models in the world they do in fact pay attention to; and (3) by which of these they are most influenced. These topics have thus become the subjects of vast amounts of commercial and academic research.

 

 

In most cases, reactors are found to pay the most attention to the Web sites, publications, shows, leaders, and role models with whose views they already agree. People as a rule attend to communications not because they want to learn something new or reconsider their own philosophies of life but because they seek psychological reassurance about their existing beliefs and prejudices. When propagandists do get people’s attention by putting messages into the few media the people heed, they may discover that, to hold people’s attention, they must draft a message that does not depart very far from what people already want to believe. Despite the popular stereotypes about geniuses of politics, religion, or advertising whose brilliant propaganda converts the multitudes overnight, the plain fact is that even the most skilled propagandist must usually content himself with a very modest goal: packaging a message in such a way that much of it is familiar and reassuring to the intended reactors and only a little is so novel or true as to threaten them psychologically. Thus, revivalists have an a priori advantage over spokespersons of a modernized ethic, and conservative politicians an advantage over progressives. Propaganda that aims to induce major changes is certain to take great amounts of time, resources, patience, and indirection, except in times of revolutionary crisis when old beliefs have been shattered and new ones have not yet been provided. In ordinary periods (intercrisis periods), propaganda for changes, however worthy, is likely to be, in the words of the German sociologist Max Weber, “a slow boring of hard boards.”

 

For reasons just indicated, the most effective media as a rule (for messages other than the simplest of commercial advertising) are not the impersonal mass media like electronic and printed newspapers and news services and television but rather those few associations or organizations (reference groups) with which individuals feel identified or to which they aspire to relate their identity. Quite often, ordinary people not only avoid but actively distrust the mass media or fail to understand their messages, but in the warmth of a reference group they feel at home, assume that they understand what is going on, and feel that they are sure to receive a certain degree of emotional response and personal protection. The foremost reference group, of course, is the family. But many other groups perform analogous functions—for instance, the group of sports fans, the church, the trade union, the club, the alumni group, the clique or gang. By influencing the key members of such a group, propagandists may establish a “social relay” channel that can amplify their message. By thus concentrating on the few, they increase their chances of reaching the many—often far more effectively than they could through a plethora of communications aimed at larger audiences. Therefore, one important stratagem involves the combined use of mass media and reference-group channels—preparing materials for such media as news releases or broadcasts in ways designed specifically to reach certain groups (and especially their elites and leaders), who can then relay the messages to other sets of reactors.

 

The reactors (audiences)

The audiences for the propagandist can be classified into: (1) those who are initially predisposed to react as the propagandist wishes, (2) those who are neutral or indifferent, and (3) those who are in opposition or perhaps even hostile.

 

As already indicated, propaganda is most apt to evoke the desired responses among those already in agreement with the propagandist’s message. Neutrals or opponents are not apt to be much affected even by an intensive barrage of propaganda unless it is reinforced by nonpropagandistic inducements (economic or coercive acts) or by favourable social pressures. These facts, of course, are recognized by advocates of civil disobedience; their propagandists would contend that sloganeering and reasoned persuasion must be accompanied by sit-ins and other overt acts of passive resistance; they aim for a new climate of social pressure.

 

 

Measurement of the effects of propaganda

The modern world is overrun with all kinds of competing propaganda and counterpropaganda and a vast variety of other symbolic activities, such as education, publishing, news reporting, and patriotic and religious observances. The problem of distinguishing between the effects of one’s own propaganda and the effects of these other activities is often extremely difficult.

 

 

The ideal scientific method of measurement is the controlled experiment. Carefully selected samples of members of the intended audiences can be subjected to the propaganda while equivalent samples are not. Or the same message, clothed in different symbols—different mixes of sober argument and “casual” humour, different proportions of patriotic, ethnic, and religious rationalizations, different mixes of truth and the “noble lie,” different proportions of propaganda and coercion—can be tested on comparable samples. Also, different media can be tested to determine, for example, whether results are better when reactors read the message on Facebook, observe it in a spot commercial on television, or hear it wrapped snugly in a sermon. Obviously the number of possible variables and permutations in symbolism, media use, subgrouping of the audience, and so forth is extremely great in any complicated or long-drawn-out campaign. Therefore, the costs for the research experts and the fieldwork that are needed for thorough experimental pretests are often very high. Such pretests, however, may save money in the end.

 

An alternative to controlled experimentation in the field is controlled experimentation in the laboratory. But it may be impossible to induce reactors who are truly representative of the intended audience to come to the laboratory at all. Moreover, in such an artificial environment their reactions may differ widely from the reactions that they would have to the same propaganda if reacting un-self-consciously in their customary environment. For these and many other obvious reasons, the validity of laboratory pretests of propaganda must be viewed with the greatest caution.

 

Whether in the field or the laboratory, the value of all controlled experiments is seriously limited by the problem of “sleeper effects.” These are long-delayed reactions that may not become visible until the propaganda has penetrated resistances and insinuated itself deep down into the reactor’s mind—by which time the experiment may have been over for a long time. Another problem is that most people acutely dislike being guinea pigs and also dislike the word propaganda. If they find out that they are subjects of a propagandistic experiment, the entire research program, and possibly the entire campaign of propaganda of which it is a part, may backfire.

 

 

Another research device is the panel interview—repeated interviewing, over a considerable period of time, of small sets of individuals considered more or less representative of the intended audiences. The object is to obtain (if possible, without their knowing it) a great deal of information about their life-styles, belief systems, value systems, media habits, opinion changes, heroes, role models, reference groups, and so forth. The propagandist hopes to use this information in planning ways to influence a much larger audience. Panel interviewing, if kept up long enough, may help in discovering sleeper effects and other delayed reactions. The very process of being “panel interviewed,” however, produces an artificial environment that may induce defensiveness, suspicion, and even attempts to deceive the interviewer.

 

For many practical purposes, the best means of measuring—or perhaps one had better say estimating—the effects of propaganda is apt to be the method of extensive observation, guided of course by well-reasoned theory and inference. “Participant observers” can be stationed unobtrusively among the reactors. Voting statistics, market statistics, press reports, police reports, editorials, and the speeches or other activities of affected or potentially affected leaders can also give clues. Evidence on the size, composition, and behaviour of the intermediate audiences (such as elites) and the ultimate audiences (such as their followers) can be obtained from these various sources and from sample surveys. The statistics of readership or listenership for electronic, printed, and telecommunications media may be available. If the media include public meetings, the number of people attending and the noise level and symbolic contents of cheering (and jeering) can be measured. Observers may also report their impressions of the moods of the audience and record comments overheard after the meeting. To some extent, symbols and leaders can be varied, and the different results compared.

 

 

Using methods known in recent years as content analysis, propagandists can at least make reasonably dependable quantitative measurements of the symbolic contents of their own propaganda and of communications put out by others. They can count the numbers of words given to the propaganda in an electronic or printed news source or the seconds devoted to it in a radio or television broadcast. They can categorize and tabulate the symbols and themes in the propaganda. To estimate the implications of the propaganda for social policy, they can tabulate the relative numbers of expressed or implied demands for actions or attitude changes of various kinds.

 

By quantifying their data about contents, propagandists can bring a high degree of precision into experiments using different propaganda contents aimed at the same results. They can also increase the accuracy of their research on the relative acceptability of information, advice, and opinion attributed to different sources. (Will given reactors be more impressed if they hear 50, 100, or 200 times that a given policy is endorsed—or denounced—by the president of the United States, the president of Russia, or the pope?)

 

Very elaborate means of coding and of statistical analysis have been developed by various content analysts. Some count symbols, some count headlines, some count themes (sentences, propositions), some tabulate the frequencies with which various categories of “events data” (news accounts of actual happenings) appear in some or all of the leading news publications (“prestige papers”) or television programs of the world. Some of these events data can be counted as supporting or reinforcing the propaganda, some as opposing or counteracting it. Whatever the methodology, content analysis in its more refined forms is an expensive process, demanding long and rigorous training of well-educated and extremely patient coders and analysts. And there remains the intricate problem of developing relevant measurements of the effects of different contents upon different reactors.

 

Countermeasures by opponents

Some countermeasures against propaganda include simply suppressing it by eliminating or jailing the propagandists, burning down their premises, intimidating their employees, buying them off, depriving them of their use of the media or the money that they need for the media or for necessary research, and applying countless other coercive or economic pressures. It is also possible to use counterpropaganda, hoping that the truth (or at least some artful bit of counterpropaganda) will prevail.

 

One special type of counterpropaganda is “source exposure”—informing the audience that the propagandists are ill-informed, are criminals, or belong to some group that is sure to be regarded by the audience as subversive, thereby undermining their credibility and perhaps their economic support. In the 1930s there was in the U.S. an Institute for Propaganda Analysis that tried to expose such propaganda techniques as “glittering generalities” or “name-calling” that certain propagandists were using. This countermeasure may have failed, however, because it was too intellectual and abstract and because it offered the audience no alternative leaders to follow or ideas to believe.

 

In many cases opponents of certain propagandists have succeeded in getting laws passed that have censored or suppressed propaganda or required registration and disclosure of the propagandists and of those who have paid them.

 

 

Measures against countermeasures

It is clear, then, that opponents may try to offset propaganda by taking direct action or by invoking covert pressures or community sanctions to bring it under control. Propagandists must therefore try to estimate in advance their opponents’ intentions and capabilities and invent measures against their countermeasures. If the opponents rely only on counterpropaganda, the propagandists can try to outwit them. If they think that their opponents will withdraw advertising from their news publication or radio station, they may try to get alternative supporters. If they expect vigilantes or police persecution, they can go underground and rely, as the Russian communists did before 1917 and the Chinese before 1949, primarily on agitation through organizational media.

 

Social control of propaganda

Democratic control of propaganda

Different sorts of polities, ranging from the democratic to the authoritarian, have attempted a variety of social controls over propaganda. In an ideal democracy, everyone would be free to make propaganda and free to oppose propaganda habitually through peaceful counterpropaganda. The democratic ideal assumes that, if a variety of propagandists are free to compete continuously and publicly, the ideas best for society will win out in the long run. This outcome would require that a majority of the general populace be reasonably well-educated, intelligent, public-spirited, and patient, and that they not be greatly confused or alienated by an excess of communication. A democratic system also presupposes that large quantities of dependable and relevant information will be inexpensively disseminated by relatively well-financed, public-spirited, and uncensored news gathering and educational agencies. The extent to which any existing national society actually conforms to this model is decidedly an open question. That the world social system does not is self-evident.

 

In efforts to guard against “pernicious” propaganda by hidden persuaders, modern democracies sometimes require that such propagandists as lobbyists and publishers register with public authorities and that propaganda and advertising be clearly labelled as such. The success of such measures, however, is only partial. In the U.S., for instance, publishers of journals using the second-class mails are required to issue periodic statements of ownership, circulation, and other information; thereby, at least the nominal owners and publishers become known—but those who subsidize or otherwise control them may not. In many places, paid political advertisements in news publications or on television are required to include the name of a sponsor—but the declared sponsor may be a “dummy” individual or organization whose actual backers remain undisclosed. Furthermore, agents of foreign governments or organizations engaged in propaganda in the U.S. are required to file forms with the U.S. Department of Justice, naming their principals and listing their own activities and finances—but it is impossible to know whether the data so filed are correct, complete, or significant. In many Western industrial nations, similar registrations and disclosures are required of those who circulate brochures inviting investors to buy stocks and bonds. This principle of disclosure, which appears so useful with respect to foreign agents and securities salesmen, is not often applied, however, to other media of propaganda. (In the U.S. the disclosure of certain types of political campaign advertisements and contributions is required, but the requirement is easily circumvented.) In many countries, claims made in propaganda (including advertising) about the contents or characteristics of foods and drugs and some other products are also subject to registration and to requirements of “plain labelling.” In some places, consumer research organizations, privately or publicly supported, examine these claims rigorously and sometimes publish scientifically based counterpropaganda. In view of the apparently massive effects and the certainly massive expenses of political propaganda on the Internet and television, there are many movements afoot in democracies to limit expenditures on campaign propaganda and to require networks to give time free of charge for even the minor parties, especially in the weeks immediately preceding elections. There have also been movements to require that political propaganda be halted for a specified number of days before the holding of an election—the idea being that a cooling-off period would allow voters to rest and reflect after the communication overload of the campaign period and would prevent politicians and their backers from using last-minute slander and sensationalism.

 

 

Authoritarian control of propaganda

In a highly authoritarian polity, the regime tries to monopolize for itself all opportunities to engage in propaganda, and often it will stop at nothing to crush any kind of counterpropaganda. How long and how completely such a policy can be implemented depends, among other things, on the amount of force that the regime can muster, on the thoroughness of its police work, and, perhaps most of all, on the level, type, and distribution of secular higher education. Secular higher education invariably promotes skepticism about claims that sound dogmatic or are made without evidence; and if such education is of a type that emphasizes humane and universalistic values, an ignorant or unreasonable authoritarian regime is not likely to please the educated for very long. If the educated engage in discreet counterpropaganda, they may in the end modify the regime.

 

World-level control of propaganda

One of the most serious and least understood problems of social control is above the national level, at the level of the world social system. At the world level there is an extremely dangerous lack of means of restraining or counteracting propaganda that fans the flames of international, interracial, and interreligious wars. The global system consists at present of a highly chaotic mixture of democratic, semidemocratic, and authoritarian subsystems. Many of these are controlled by leaders who are ill educated, ultranationalistic, and religiously, racially, or doctrinally fanatical. At present, every national regime asserts that its national sovereignty gives it the right to conduct any propaganda it cares to, however untrue such propaganda may be and however contradictory to the requirements of the world system. The most inflammatory of such propaganda usually takes the form of statements by prominent national leaders, often sensationalized and amplified by their own international broadcasts and sensationalized and amplified still further by media in the receiving countries. The only major remedy would lie, of course, in the slow spread of education for universalist humanism. A first step toward this might be taken through the fostering of an energetic and highly enlightened press corps and educational establishment, doing all it can to provide the world’s broadcasters, news publications, and schools with factual information and illuminating editorials that could increase awareness of the world system as a whole. Informed leaders in world affairs are therefore becoming increasingly interested in the creation of world-level media and multinational bodies of reporters, researchers, editors, teachers, and other intellectuals committed to the unity of humankind.

 

Bruce Lannes Smith

 

CRITICAL THINKING

Last Updated: Mar 1, 2025 • Article History

Related Topics: What is news literacy (and why does it matter)? media literacy soft skills reason empathy

On the Web: CiteSeerX - Demystifying critical thinking (PDF) (Mar. 01, 2025)

Critical thinking, in educational theory, mode of cognition using deliberative reasoning and impartial scrutiny of information to arrive at a possible solution to a problem. From the perspective of educators, critical thinking encompasses both a set of logical skills that can be taught and a disposition toward reflective open inquiry that can be cultivated. The term critical thinking was coined by American philosopher and educator John Dewey in the book How We Think (1910) and was adopted by the progressive education movement as a core instructional goal that offered a dynamic modern alternative to traditional educational methods such as rote memorization.

 

 

Critical thinking is characterized by a broad set of related skills usually including the abilities to break down a problem into its constituent parts to reveal its underlying logic and assumptions

recognize and account for one’s own biases in judgment and experience

collect and assess relevant evidence from either personal observations and experimentation or by gathering external information

adjust and reevaluate one’s own thinking in response to what one has learned

form a reasoned assessment in order to propose a solution to a problem or a more accurate understanding of the topic at hand

Theorists have noted that such skills are only valuable insofar as a person is inclined to use them. Consequently, they emphasize that certain habits of mind are necessary components of critical thinking. This disposition may include curiosity, open-mindedness, self-awareness, empathy, and persistence.

Although there is a generally accepted set of qualities that are associated with critical thinking, scholarly writing about the term has highlighted disagreements over its exact definition and whether and how it differs from related concepts such as problem solving. In addition, some theorists have insisted that critical thinking be regarded and valued as a process and not as a goal-oriented skill set to be used to solve problems. Critical-thinking theory has also been accused of reflecting patriarchal assumptions about knowledge and ways of knowing that are inherently biased against women.

 

 

Dewey, who also used the term reflective thinking, connected critical thinking to a tradition of rational inquiry associated with modern science. From the turn of the 20th century, he and others working in the overlapping fields of psychology, philosophy, and educational theory sought to rigorously apply the scientific method to understand and define the process of thinking. They conceived critical thinking to be related to the scientific method but more open, flexible, and self-correcting; instead of a recipe or a series of steps, critical thinking would be a wider set of skills, patterns, and strategies that allow someone to reason through an intellectual topic, constantly reassessing assumptions and potential explanations in order to arrive at a sound judgment and understanding.

 

In the progressive education movement in the United States, critical thinking was seen as a crucial component of raising citizens in a democratic society. Instead of imparting a particular series of lessons or teaching only canonical subject matter, theorists thought that teachers should train students in how to think. As critical thinkers, such students would be equipped to be productive and engaged citizens who could cooperate and rationally overcome differences inherent in a pluralistic society.

 

Beginning in the 1970s and ’80s, critical thinking as a key outcome of school and university curriculum leapt to the forefront of U.S. education policy. In an atmosphere of renewed Cold War competition and amid reports of declining U.S. test scores, there were growing fears that the quality of education in the United States was falling and that students were unprepared. In response, a concerted effort was made to systematically define curriculum goals and implement standardized testing regimens, and critical-thinking skills were frequently included as a crucially important outcome of a successful education. A notable event in this movement was the release of the 1980 report of the Rockefeller Commission on the Humanities that called for the U.S. Department of Education to include critical thinking on its list of “basic skills.” Three years later the California State University system implemented a policy that required every undergraduate student to complete a course in critical thinking.

Critical thinking continued to be put forward as a central goal of education in the early 21st century. Its ubiquity in the language of education policy and in such guidelines as the Common Core State Standards in the United States generated some criticism that the concept itself was both overused and ill-defined. In addition, an argument was made by teachers, theorists, and others that educators were not being adequately trained to teach critical thinking.

 

Will Gosner

 

 

MEDIA LITERACY

Table of Contents

Introduction

Basic assumptions

Development

Different approaches

References & Edit History

Related Topics

Related Topics: What is news literacy (and why does it matter)? critical thinking mass media

(The term “media literacy”), use of critical thinking to parse or create mass media, especially as a consumer in an age of online misinformation and disinformation is drawn from an analogy with reading literacy: just as the latter refers to an ability to read, write, and understand words and phrases, the former refers to an ability to analyze, evaluate, and produce various kinds of media. Media literacy is often used interchangeably with media education, which refers to the creation, primarily by teachers, of the necessary conditions for developing media literacy.

 

 

The vagueness of the term media literacy also characterizes the movement associated with it, as different media educators base their work on different theoretical perspectives. However, virtually all media literacy schools of thought agree that media is a prominent force in people’s everyday lives, which highlights the importance of developing critical thinking skills for parsing content.

 

Basic assumptions

The field of media literacy has evolved steadily around several commonly held beliefs. Arguably, the most important is that all media messages are constructed: TV newscasts, social media posts, and online ads are all created by actors working within particular social, political, historical, and economic institutions and seeking to evoke particular reactions from their audiences. Media educators seek to deconstruct these effects, especially as mediated messages largely define people’s sense of reality.

 

Journalist reporting for NY1 News

Journalist reporting for NY1 NewsMedia literacy researchers hope that journalists might alter their messages to develop a more informed and critical audience.

In traditional communication theory, a mediated event (such as a viewer watching a news clip on YouTube) has three main components: the sender (the news organization), the receiver or audience (the viewer), and the message (for example, the latest news about the Olympics). The vast majority of media researchers and teachers seek to educate the receiver or audience, but the sender and the message are also valuable components of the process. While focusing on helping people understand where media messages come from, many media literacy researchers also hope that entertainers and journalists might modify their messages to create a more informed and critical audience.

 

Because (according to media literacy educators) the media have a mostly negative influence on people, and because young people are the most susceptible to this influence, the most elaborate programs are in elementary and middle schools. Elementary schools especially have received attention in an attempt to familiarize children with media that they will continue to encounter throughout their lives. In the absence of a nationwide media literacy program, media educators in the United States are often English or social studies teachers who subtly incorporate media knowledge into their curriculum.

 

Media used as examples in a classroom include contemporary music and movies and social media such as Facebook and Instagram. Elementary school students, for example, might watch five minutes of an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants and count the instances of violence and note the consequences (or lack thereof). The students’ observations might then be applied to a wider discussion of violence as a solution to social conflict, media representation of reality, and so on. High-school students might watch a TV news segment and then discuss how newscasters identify people in terms of ethnicity. Indeed, media representations of violence and race relations are two of the most frequent themes addressed in media literacy programs, alongside images of the “ideal” male or female body type, consumer values, and messages related to sexual and gender norms.

 

 

Development

Media literacy has its roots in British literary criticism of the 1930s and the subsequent tradition of cultural studies. To identify relationships among various institutions of power and sociocultural products, cultural-studies scholars of the 1970s began paying special attention to film and television. Britain remains a media literacy powerhouse, promoting nationwide media literacy programs.

 

 

In North America the media literacy movement was spearheaded in Ontario, Canada, which in the late 1970s created and implemented wide-ranging media education curricula. Various school districts in the U.S. followed suit throughout the 1990s. However, as individual school districts are autonomous in the U.S., no single media literacy program has been applied nationwide. Some states have media literacy legislation in the works, and Delaware and New Jersey have mandated that media literacy be part of elementary school curricula. This is perceived as especially necessary with the increase in works created by artificial intelligence (AI) programs and software, such as deepfakes, which can spread false images on a wide scale.

 

 

Different approaches

One major aspect of teaching media literacy lies in how individual educators use their classrooms. The first, and most prominent, debate centers on the relationship between teachers and students. Instructors in the U.S. tend to warn students about the negative effects of prolonged media consumption (the “protectionist” approach). In contrast, the British “cultural studies” perspective (called the “celebrationist” position in the U.S.) favors a companionship model, whereby students are invited to discover at their own pace how media work. Protectionist media literacy tends to be black-and-white, assuming that all young people consume media messages the same way and therefore require the same protections. This approach has come under fire for being both elitist and clueless. The competing cultural-studies perspective on media literacy has faced criticism as well, mainly for emphasizing the pleasure associated with media consumption, to the detriment of media criticism.

 

A second important difference in media literacy approaches concerns whether students should create their own media. That is, should students be encouraged to conceive and produce media such as TikTok videos and websites, or should they simply analyze and evaluate existing media texts? On the one hand, despite the supposed harmlessness of learning how to make a TikTok video or build a website, students may re-create the dominant discourse. On the other hand, supporters of media production point to the need for students to experience firsthand how media messages are crafted if the students are to genuinely appreciate the messages’ “constructedness.”

 

Another issue in media literacy centers on what form it should take: should it be a stand-alone discipline, such as history or math, or a supplemental program incorporated into other disciplines. The proponents of the stand-alone option argue that students will take media literacy programs seriously only if the programs have the symbolic capital associated with an autonomous academic discipline. Supporters of incorporating media literacy into various subjects argue that the pervasiveness of media means that subjects such as history, health, and English should include a media literacy component, rendering a stand-alone module superfluous.

 

 

Razvan Sibii

 

 

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Table of Contents

Introduction

Research methods

Social perception

Interaction processes

Small social groups

Social organizations

20th-century approaches

References & Edit History

Last Updated: Mar 8, 2025 • Article History

Key People: Harry Allen Overstreet Frantz Fanon Erich Fromm Margaret Floy Washburn William McDougall

Related Topics: social identity theory frustration-aggression hypothesis Milgram experiment thanatology consumer psychology

Social psychology (is) the scientific study of the behaviour of individuals in their social and cultural setting. Although the term may be taken to include the social activity of laboratory animals or those in the wild, the emphasis here is on human social behaviour.

 

 

Once a relatively speculative, intuitive enterprise, social psychology has become an active form of empirical investigation, the volume of research literature having risen rapidly after about 1925. Social psychologists now have a substantial volume of observation data covering a range of topics; the evidence remains loosely coordinated, however, and the field is beset by many different theories and conceptual schemes.

 

Early impetus in research came from the United States, and much work in other countries has followed U.S. tradition, though independent research efforts are being made elsewhere in the world. Social psychology is being actively pursued in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Scandinavia, Japan, and Russia. Most social psychologists are members of university departments of psychology; others are in departments of sociology or work in such applied settings as industry and government.

 

Much research in social psychology has consisted of laboratory experiments on social behaviour, but this approach has been criticized in recent years as being too stultifying, artificial, and unrealistic. Much of the conceptual background of research in social psychology derives from other fields of psychology. While learning theory and psychoanalysis were once most influential, cognitive and linguistic approaches to research have become more popular; sociological contributions also have been influential.

 

Social psychologists are employed, or used as consultants, in setting up the social organization of businesses and psychiatric communities; some work to reduce conflict between ethnic groups, to design mass communications (e.g., advertising), and to advise on child rearing. They have helped in the treatment of mental patients and in the rehabilitation of convicts. Fundamental research in social psychology has been brought to the attention of the public through popular books and in the periodical press.

 

Research methods

Laboratory experiments, often using volunteer students as subjects, omit many features of daily social life. Such experiments also have been criticized as being subject to bias, since the experimenters themselves may influence the results. Research workers who are concerned more with realistic settings than with rigour tend to leave the laboratory to perform field studies, as do those who come from sociological traditions. Field research, however, also can be experimental, and the effectiveness of each approach may be enhanced by the use of the methods of the other.

 

 

Many colleges and universities have a social-psychology laboratory equipped with observation rooms permitting one-way vision of subjects. Sound and video recorders and other devices record ongoing social interaction; computing equipment and other paraphernalia may be employed for specific studies.

 

 

Social behaviour is understood to be the product of innate biological factors resulting from evolution and of cultural factors that have emerged in the course of history. Early writers (e.g., William McDougall, a psychologist) emphasized instinctive roots of social behaviour. Later research and writing that tended to stress learning theory emphasized the influence of environmental factors in social behaviour. In the 1960s and ’70s field studies of nonhuman primates (such as baboons) drew attention to a number of similarities to human social behaviour, while research in cultural anthropology has shown that many features of human social behaviour are the same regardless of the culture studied. It is coming to be a widely accepted view that human social behaviour seems to have a biological basis and to reflect the operation of evolution as in the case of patterns of emotional expression and other nonverbal communication, the structure of language, and aspects of group behaviour.

 

Much research has been done on socialization (the process of learning from a culture), and learning has been found to interact with innate factors. An innate capacity for language, for example, makes it possible to learn a local language. Culture consists of patterns of behaviour and ways of organizing experience; it develops over the course of history as new elements are introduced from a variety of sources, only some of which are retained. Many aspects of social behaviour can be partly accounted for in terms of their history.

 

 

Social perception

In some laboratory experiments, subjects watch stills or moving pictures, listen to tape recordings, or directly observe or interact with another person. Subjects may be asked to reveal their social perception of such persons on rating scales, to give free descriptions of them, or to respond evaluatively in other ways. Although such studies can produce results that do not correspond to those in real-life settings, they can provide useful information on the perception of personality, social roles, emotions, and interpersonal attitudes or responses during ongoing social interaction.

 

Research has been directed to how social perception is affected by cultural stereotypes (e.g., racial prejudice), by inferences from different verbal and nonverbal cues, by the pattern of perceptual activity during social interaction, and by the general personality structure of the perceiver. The work has found practical application in the assessment of employees and of candidates for positions.

 

There also has been research on the ways in which perception of objects and people is affected by social factors such as culture and group membership. It has been shown, for example, how coins, colours, and other physical cues are categorized differently by people as a result of their group membership and of the categories provided by language. Other studies have shown the effect of group pressures on perception.

 

Interaction processes

The different verbal and nonverbal signals used in conversation have been studied, and the functions of such factors as gaze, gesture, and tone of voice are analyzed in social-interaction studies. Social interaction is thus seen to consist of closely related sequences of nonverbal signals and verbal utterances. Gaze has been found to perform several important functions. Laboratory and field studies have examined helping behaviour, imitation, friendship formation, and social interaction in psychotherapy.

 

 

Among the theoretical models developed to describe the nature of social behaviour, the stimulus–response model (in which every social act is seen as a response to the preceding act of another individual) has been generally found helpful but incomplete. Linguistic models that view social behaviour as being governed by principles analogous to the rules of a game or specifically to the grammar of a language have also attracted adherents. Others see social behaviour as a kind of motor skill that is goal-directed and modified by feedback (or learning), while other models have been based on the theory of games, which emphasizes the pursuit and exchange of rewards and has led to experiments based on laboratory games.

 

Small social groups

All small social groups do not function according to the same principles, and, indeed, modes of social activity vary for particular kinds of groups (e.g., for families, groups of friends, work groups, and committees).

 

Earlier research was concerned with whether small groups did better than individuals at various tasks (e.g., factory work), while later research has been directed more toward the study of interaction patterns among members of such groups. In the method known as sociometry, members nominate others (e.g., as best friends) to yield measures of preference and rejection in groups. Others have studied the effects of democratic and authoritarian leadership in groups and have greatly extended this work in industrial settings. In research on how people respond to group norms (e.g., of morality or of behaviour), most conformity has been found to the norms of reference groups (e.g., to such groups as families or close friends that are most important for people). The emergence and functioning of informal group hierarchies, the playing of social roles (e.g., leader, follower, scapegoat), and cohesiveness (the level of attraction of members to the group) have all been extensively studied. Experiments have been done on processes of group problem solving and decision making, the social conditions that produce the best results, and the tendency for groups to make risky decisions. Statistical field studies of industrial work groups have sought the conditions for greatest production effectiveness and job satisfaction.

 

 

Social organizations

Such organizations as businesses and armies have been studied by social surveys, statistical field studies, field experiments, and laboratory experiments on replicas of their social hierarchies and communication networks. Although they yield the most direct evidence, field experiments present difficulties, since the leaders and members of such organizations may effectively resist the intervention of experimenters. Clearly, efforts to try out democratic methods in a dictatorship are likely to be severely punished. Investigators can study the effects of role conflict resulting from conflicting demands (e.g., those from above and below) and topics such as communication patterns in social organizations. Researchers also have studied the sources of power and how it can be used and resisted. They consider the effectiveness of different organizational structures, studying variations in size, span of control, and the amount of power delegation and consultation. In factories, social psychologists study the effects of technology and the design of alternative work-flow systems. They investigate methods of bringing about organizational change (e.g., in the direction of improving the social skills of people and introducing industrial democracy).

 

20th-century approaches

Ways of looking at working organizations have changed considerably since 1900. Classical organization theory was criticized for its emphasis on social hierarchy, economic motivation, division of labour, and rigid and impersonal social relations. Later investigators emphasized the importance of flexibly organized groups, leadership skills, and job satisfaction based on less tangible rewards than salary alone. There has been a rather uneasy balance in the industrial social psychologist’s concern with production and concern with people.

 

Personality

It is evident that there are individual differences in social behaviour; thus, people traditionally have been distinguished in terms of such personality traits as extroversion or dominance (see personality). Some personality tests are used to predict how an individual is likely to behave in laboratory discussion groups, but usually the predictive efficiency is very small. Whether or not an individual becomes a leader of a group, for example, is found to depend very little on what such personality tests measure and more on his skills in handling the group task compared with the skills of others. Indeed, the same person may be a leader in some groups and a follower in others. Similar considerations apply to other aspects of social behaviour, such as conformity, persuasibility, and dependency. Although people usually perceive others as being consistent in exhibiting personality traits, the evidence indicates that each individual may behave very differently, depending on the social circumstances.

 

 

Socialization

The process by which personality is formed as the result of social influences is called socialization. Early research methods employed case studies of individuals and of individual societies (e.g., primitive tribes). Later research has made statistical comparisons of numbers of persons or of different societies; differences in child-rearing methods from one society to another, for example, have been shown to be related to the subsequent behaviour of the infants when they become adults. Such statistical approaches are limited, since they fail to discern whether both the personality of the child and the child-rearing methods used by the parents are the result of inherited factors or whether the parents are affected by the behaviour of their children.

 

Problems in the process of socialization that have been studied by experimental methods include the analysis of mother–child interaction in infancy; the effects of parental patterns of behaviour on the development of intelligence, moral behaviour, mental health, delinquency, self-image, and other aspects of the personality of the child; the effects of birth order (e.g., being the first-born or second-born child) on the individual; and changes of personality during adolescence. Investigators have also studied the origins and functioning of achievement motivation and other social drives (e.g., as measured with personality tests).

 

Several theories have stimulated research into socialization; Freudian theory led to some of the earliest studies on such activities as oral and anal behaviour (e.g., the effect of the toilet training of children on obsessional and other “anal” behaviour). Learning theory led to the study of the effects of rewards and punishments on simple social behaviour and was extended to more complex processes such as imitation and morality (e.g., the analysis of conscience).

 

The self

Such concepts as self-esteem, self-image, and ego-involvement have been regarded by some social psychologists as useful, while others have regarded them as superfluous. There is a considerable amount of research on such topics as embarrassment and behaviour in front of audiences, in which self-image and self-esteem have been assessed by various self-rating methods. The origin of awareness of self has been studied in relation to the reactions of others and to the child’s comparisons of himself with other children. Particular attention has been paid to the so-called identity crisis that is observed at various stages of life (e.g., in adolescence) as the person struggles to discern the social role that best fits his self-concept.

 

 

Attitudes and beliefs

Research into the origins, dynamics, and changes of attitudes and beliefs has been carried out by laboratory experiments (studying relatively minor effects), by social surveys and other statistical field studies, by psychometric studies, and occasionally by field experiments. The origins of these socially important predispositions have been sought in the study of parental attitudes, group norms, social influence and propaganda, and in various aspects of personality. The influence of personality has been studied by correlating measured attitudes with individual personality traits and by clinical studies of cognitive and motivational processes; so-called authoritarian behaviour, for example, has been found to be deeply embedded in the personality of the individual. Early research based on statistical analyses of social attitudes revealed correlations with such factors as radicalism–conservatism. Later research on consistency provided extensive laboratory evidence of consistency but little evidence of it in actual political behaviour (e.g., in attitudes on different political issues).

 

 

Research on attitude change has studied the effects of the mass media, the optimum design of persuasive messages, the effects of motivational arousal, and the role of opinion leaders (e.g., teachers and ministers). Research has been carried out into the origins, functioning, and change of particular attitudes (e.g., racial, international, political, and religious), each of which is affected by special factors. Attitudes toward racial minority groups, for example, are affected by social conditions, such as the local housing, employment, and the political situation; political attitudes are affected by social class and age; and religious attitudes and beliefs strongly reflect such factors as inner personality conflict.

 

Various specialties in social psychology

Many social psychologists are concerned with such aspects of public opinion (social survey) research as the design of standardized interviews and questionnaires. Forms of questions have been devised to compensate for errors that arise from the efforts to respond in a socially approved manner; some are designed to detect lying. Mass communications have been devised on the basis of research into persuasion. Use is also still made of Freudian symbolism and theory.

 

Research into the causes of mental disorders has shown the importance of social factors in the family and elsewhere. Mental patients often show deficiencies in social performance that may be the cause of other symptoms. Many social psychologists hold that social factors may also apply to such disorders as schizophrenia, which also seem to have hereditary and chemical bases. There has been a corresponding growth in the use of various kinds of social therapy in psychiatry (e.g., group therapy, therapeutic communities, and social-skills training).

 

 

Considerable research has been devoted to industrial productivity, absenteeism, labour turnover, accidents, and job satisfaction. Factors that have been found to be important include the style of supervision and management, the size and composition of working groups, the technology and the work-flow systems, the span of control, and other features of the organizational structure. Research results point strongly toward the advantages of a less rigid hierarchical structure of authority, with more delegation of authority and consultation, training in supervisory skills, small and cooperative work teams, and interesting and varied work.

A major application of research in social interaction and group behaviour is in training in social skills, as in the T-groups, or sensitivity training, noted above. Role playing with video-tape playback and training in the imitation of other persons who serve as behavioral models are used in teaching people new skills. Actual training on the job has the advantage that there is no gap between the training and the work itself. All of these methods have been shown to be effective, depending on the job and the teacher. Social-skills training has been given successfully to industrial managers and supervisors, social workers and clergymen, interviewers, public speakers, mental patients, and juvenile delinquents.

 

A great deal of research has been done on factors underlying racial prejudice, but the understanding thus obtained has not had much effect upon the social problems involved. Similarly, the causes of delinquency and crime have been extensively studied, but it is not feasible to manipulate the factors influencing crime, such as genetic factors, methods of upbringing, and inequalities of opportunity. Social psychology has made some contribution to education; sociometry is quite widely practiced as a means of grouping children, and evidence is growing about the optimum styles of teacher behaviour.

 

Michael Argyle

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

 

 

TRUTH

Table of Contents

Introduction

The correspondence theory

Coherence and pragmatist theories

Tarski and truth conditions

Deflationism

References & Edit History

Key People: Saul Kripke Josiah Royce Simon Foucher

Related Topics: truth-value coherentism correspondence theory of truth logical truth deception

 

Truth, in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what is the case... is the aim of belief; falsity is a fault. People need the truth about the world in order to thrive. Truth is important. Believing what is not true is apt to spoil people’s plans and may even cost them their lives. Telling what is not true may result in legal and social penalties. Conversely, a dedicated pursuit of truth characterizes the good scientist, the good historian, and the good detective. So what is truth, that it should have such gravity and such a central place in people’s lives?

 

The correspondence theory

The classic suggestion comes from Aristotle (384–322 bce): “To say of what is that it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true.” In other words, the world provides “what is” or “what is not,” and the true saying or thought corresponds to the fact so provided. This idea appeals to common sense and is the germ of what is called the correspondence theory of truth. As it stands, however, it is little more than a platitude and far less than a theory. Indeed, it may amount to merely a wordy paraphrase, whereby, instead of saying “that’s true” of some assertion, one says “that corresponds with the facts.” Only if the notions of fact and correspondence can be further developed will it be possible to understand truth in these terms.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Unfortunately, many philosophers doubt whether an acceptable explanation of facts and correspondence can be given. Facts, as they point out, are strange entities. It is tempting to think of them as structures or arrangements of things in the world. However, as the Austrian-born philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein observed, structures have spatial locations, but facts do not. The Eiffel Tower can be moved from Paris to Rome, but the fact that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris cannot be moved anywhere. Furthermore, critics urge, the very idea of what the facts are in a given case is nothing apart from people’s sincere beliefs about the case, which means those beliefs that people take to be true. Thus, there is no enterprise of first forming a belief or theory about some matter and then in some new process stepping outside the belief or theory to assess whether it corresponds with the facts. There are, indeed, processes of checking and verifying beliefs, but they work by bringing up further beliefs and perceptions and assessing the original in light of those. In actual investigations, what tells people what to believe is not the world or the facts but how they interpret the world or select and conceptualize the facts.

 

 

Coherence and pragmatist theories

F.H. Bradley

Starting in the mid-19th century, this line of criticism led some philosophers to think that they should concentrate on larger theories, rather than sentences or assertions taken one at a time. Truth, on this view, must be a feature of the overall body of belief considered as a system of logically interrelated components—what is called the “web of belief.” It might be, for example, an entire physical theory that earns its keep by making predictions or enabling people to control things or by simplifying and unifying otherwise disconnected phenomena. An individual belief in such a system is true if it sufficiently coheres with, or makes rational sense within, enough other beliefs; alternatively, a belief system is true if it is sufficiently internally coherent. Such were the views of the British idealists, including F.H. Bradley and H.H. Joachim, who, like all idealists, rejected the existence of mind-independent facts against which the truth of beliefs could be determined (see also realism: realism and truth).

 

Yet coherentism too seems inadequate, since it suggests that human beings are trapped in the sealed compartment of their own beliefs, unable to know anything of the world beyond. Moreover, as the English philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell pointed out, nothing seems to prevent there being many equally coherent but incompatible belief systems. Yet at best only one of them can be true.

 

 

Peirce, Charles Sanders

Some theorists have suggested that belief systems can be compared in pragmatic or utilitarian terms. According to this idea, even if many different systems can be internally coherent, it is likely that some will be much more useful than others. Thus, one can expect that, in a process akin to Darwinian natural selection, the more useful systems will survive while the others gradually go extinct. The replacement of Newtonian mechanics by relativity theory is an example of this process. It was in this spirit that the 19th-century American pragmatist philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce said:

The opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all who investigate, is what we mean by the truth, and the object represented in this opinion is the real.

 

In effect, Peirce’s view places primary importance on scientific curiosity, experimentation, and theorizing and identifies truth as the imagined ideal limit of their ongoing progress. Although this approach may seem appealingly hard-headed, it has prompted worries about how a society, or humanity as a whole, could know at a given moment whether it is following the path toward such an ideal. In practice it has opened the door to varying degrees of skepticism about the notion of truth. In the late 20th century philosophers such as Richard Rorty advocated retiring the notion of truth in favour of a more open-minded and open-ended process of indefinite adjustment of beliefs. Such a process, it was felt, would have its own utility, even though it lacked any final or absolute endpoint.

 

 

Tarski and truth conditions, Epimenides

The rise of formal logic (the abstract study of assertions and deductive arguments) and the growth of interest in formal systems (formal or mathematical languages) among many Anglo-American philosophers in the early 20th century led to new attempts to define truth in logically or scientifically acceptable terms. It also led to a renewed respect for the ancient liar paradox (attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Epimenides), in which a sentence says of itself that it is false, thereby apparently being true if it is false and false if it is true. Logicians set themselves the task of developing systems of mathematical reasoning that would be free of the kinds of self-reference that give rise to paradoxes such as that of the liar. However, this proved difficult to do without at the same time making some legitimate proof procedures impossible. There is good self-reference (“All sentences, including this, are of finite length”) and bad self-reference (“This sentence is false”) but no generally agreed-upon principle for distinguishing them.

 

These efforts culminated in the work of the Polish-born logician Alfred Tarski, who in the 1930s showed how to construct a definition of truth for a formal or mathematical language by means of a theory that would assign truth conditions (the conditions in which a given sentence is true) to each sentence in the language without making use of any semantic terms, notably including truth, in that language. Truth conditions were identified by means of “T-sentences.” For example, the English-language T-sentence for the German sentence Schnee ist weiss is: “Schnee ist weiss” is true if and only if snow is white. A T-sentence says of some sentence (S) in the object language (the language for which truth is being defined) that S is true if and only if…, where the ellipsis is replaced by a translation of S into the language used to construct the theory (the metalanguage). Since no metalanguage translation of any S (in this case, snow is white) will contain the term true, Tarski could claim that each T-sentence provides a “partial definition” of truth for the object language and that their sum total provides the complete definition.

 

While the technical aspects of Tarski’s work were much admired and have been much discussed, its philosophical significance remained unclear, in part because T-sentences struck many theorists as less than illuminating. But the weight of philosophical opinion gradually shifted, and eventually this platitudinous appearance was regarded as a virtue and indeed as indicative of the whole truth about truth. The idea was that, instead of staring at the abstract question “What is truth?,” philosophers should content themselves with the particular question “What does the truth of S amount to?”; and for any well-specified sentence, a humble T-sentence will provide the answer.

 

 

Deflationism: Gottlob Frege

Philosophers before Tarski, including Gottlob Frege and Frank Ramsey, had suspected that the key to understanding truth lay in the odd fact that putting “It is true that…” in front of an assertion changes almost nothing. It is true that snow is white if and only if snow is white. At most there might be an added emphasis, but no change of topic. The theory that built on this insight is known as “deflationism” or “minimalism” (an older term is “the redundancy theory”).

 

 

Yet, if truth is essentially redundant, why should talk of truth be so common? What purpose does the truth predicate serve? The answer, according to most deflationists, is that true is a highly useful device for making generalizations over large numbers of sayings or assertions. For example, suppose that Winston Churchill said many things (S1, S2, S3,…Sn). One could express total agreement with him by asserting, for each of these sayings in turn, “Churchill said S, and S,” and then asserting, “And that is all he said.” But even if one could do this—which would involve knowing and repeating every single saying Churchill made—it would be much more economical just to say, “Everything Churchill said was true.” Similarly, “Every indicative sentence is either true or false” is a way of insisting, for each such sentence (S), S or not S.

 

Despite their contention that the truth predicate is essentially redundant, deflationists can allow that truth is important and that it should be the aim of rational inquiry. Indeed, the paraphrases into which the deflationary view renders such claims help to explain why this is so. Thus, “It is important to believe that some individuals are ill only if it is true that they are” becomes “It is important to believe that some individuals are ill only if they are.” Other broad claims that appeal to the notion of truth can likewise be paraphrased in illuminating ways, according to deflationists. “Science is useful because what it says is is true” is a way of simultaneously asserting an indefinitely large number of sentences such as “Science is useful because it says that cholera is caused by a bacterium, and it is” and “Science is useful because it says that smoking causes cancer, and it does” and so on.

 

While deflationism has been an influential view since the 1970s, it has not escaped criticism. One objection is that it takes the meanings of sentences too much for granted. According to many theorists, including the American philosopher Donald Davidson, the meaning of a sentence is equivalent to its truth conditions (see semantics: truth-conditional semantics). If deflationism is correct, however, then this approach to sentence meaning might have to be abandoned (because no statement of the truth conditions of a sentence could be any more informative than the sentence itself). But this in turn is contestable, since deflationists can reply that the best model of what it is to “give the truth conditions” of a sentence is simply that of Tarski, and Tarski uses nothing beyond the deflationists’ own notion of truth. If this is right, then saying what a sentence means by giving its truth conditions comes to nothing more than saying what a sentence means.

 

 

As indicated above, the realm of truth bearers has been populated in different ways in different theories. In some it consists of sentences, in others sayings, assertions, beliefs, or propositions. Although assertions and related speech acts are featured in many theories, much work remains to be done on the nature of assertion in different areas of discourse. The danger, according to Wittgenstein and many others, is that the smooth notion of an assertion conceals many different functions of language underneath its bland surface. For example, some theorists hold that some assertions are not truth bearers but are rather put forward as useful fictions, as instruments, or as expressions of attitudes of approval or disapproval or of dispositions to act in certain ways. A familiar example of such a view is expressivism in ethics, which holds that ethical assertions (e.g., “Vanity is bad”) function as expressions of attitude (“Tsk tsk”) or as prescriptions (“Do not be vain!”) (see ethics: Irrealist views: projectivism and expressivism). Another example is the constructive empiricism of the Dutch-born philosopher Bas van Fraassen, according to which some scientific assertions are not expressions of belief so much as expressions of a lesser state of mind, “acceptance.” Accordingly, assertions such as “Quarks exist” are put forward not as true but merely as “empirically adequate.” If some such views are correct, however, then an adequate theory of truth will require some means of distinguishing the kinds of assertion to which it should apply—some account, in other words, of what “asserting as true” consists of and how it contrasts, if it does, with other kinds of commitment.

 

Even if there is this much diversity in the human linguistic repertoire, however, it does not necessarily follow that deflationism—according to which the truth predicate applies redundantly to all assertions—is wrong. The diversity might be identifiable without holding the truth predicate responsible. “Vanity is bad” or “Quarks exist” might contrast with “Snow is white” in important respects without the difference entailing that the first two sentences are without truth value (neither true nor false) or at best true in other senses.

 

Simon W. Blackburn

 

 

FLAT EARTH

Table of Contents

Introduction

Traditional conceptualizations

Contemporary revival

References & Edit History

Related Topics: conspiracy theory spherical Earth geodesy

Flat Earth, the perception that Earth exists as a flat disk, either circular or square-shaped. This view persisted in the ancient world until empirical observations revealed that Earth’s shape was spherical or ellipsoidal. In modern times, however, the notion of a flat Earth has been revived and promoted on social media despite scientific evidence to the contrary.

 

Traditional conceptualizations

To observe Earth’s curved horizon, one must be at least 10,668 metres (about 35,000 feet) above its surface. Since the technology of ancient cultures was insufficient to allow people to reach such heights, the world around them appeared to be flat and stationary. Their perceptions were further reinforced by the movements of the Sun and the Moon, which appear to rise in the east and set in the west relative to a flat horizon, and of the stars, which appear to rotate in a dome overhead.

Different descriptions of a flat Earth can be found in the annals of ancient civilizations worldwide. For example, ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian records describe the world as a disk in the ocean with the heavens arching above it. An Iraqi tablet dated to 1000 bce shows Babylon at the centre of a flat disk, and the Greek philosopher Anaximander (610–546 bce) perceived Earth as a flat disk perched at the top of a cylinder. In Norse cosmology, Earth’s flat plane is encircled by an ocean, with a world tree or pillar at the centre. In India some sacred texts describe the planet as a series of stacked flat disks, while others describe it as a horizontal wheel set on a vertical axle. In China Earth was described as flat and square into the 17th century, at which time Western science introduced evidence for the planet’s spherical shape (see also spherical Earth).

 

Contemporary revival

The idea that Earth is flat seems to have an enduring hold on human imagination. In the 1830s a commune in Britain, led by British writer Samuel Birley Rowbotham, resurrected the concept as backlash against rapid scientific progress. Members believed that Earth was a circular disk with the North Pole at the centre and a wall of ice surrounding the edges of the disk to contain the oceans. The group was regarded as a harmless symbol of British eccentricity.

 

What would become the modern flat Earth concept emerged modestly in the 1950s as the Flat Earth Society, a small fringe group in Britain with a membership of fewer than 4,000 people. However, largely due to the rising influence of the Internet and social media in the early 2000s, the organization launched itself worldwide in October 2009, and annual conferences followed and catered to a variety of worldviews. Some of the society’s models echo the ancient view of Earth as a disk with a dome of stars rotating above it. The models of other groups, however, claim that the Sun and the Moon are only 50 km (31 miles) in diameter and that they circle the disk at a height of 5,500 km (3,417 miles). Others envision a world hemmed in by Antarctica (which is believed to extend infinitely in all directions), or they reject conventional laws of gravity, explaining that Earth exists as a disk that accelerates upward in order to give the illusion of gravity.

 

Scientists and researchers who study this growing movement have found that its appeal is rooted in four trends: the public’s mistrust of official scientific sources, the perpetuation of conspiracy theories, loyalty to the groups and community they identify with, and the use of social media to spread misinformation. Flat Earth ideas have gained a large enough audience worldwide to alarm some scientists, who have launched their own social media campaigns to debunk the flat Earth models promoted online. Other researchers are working to overcome these perceptions by combining the teaching of rigorous evidence-based science with a restoration of public trust in scientific institutions attained by taking the questions of flat Earth adherents seriously and refraining from taking aloof and dismissive positions.

 

 

ATTACHMENT “B” – FROM THE BBC

LIST of TARIFFS IMPOSED, by COUNTRIES

 

See the Trump tariffs list by country

On Wednesday, President Trump unveiled new tariffs on imports to the US which will form a central part of his government's new trade policy.

In his speech, he listed the new tariffs to be imposed on a number of countries, including the country's biggest trading partners, and a more complete list was released later by the White House.

No further tariffs were announced for Canada or Mexico. Both countries had already seen tariffs imposed in February - though these have since been partially rolled back.

China will now see an effective tariff of 54%, as the new 34% tariff will be added to the 20% tariff already in place.

Here are all the new tariffs by trading partner, with those with the highest share of imports into the US at the top. Use the arrows at the bottom of the table to move to the next page.

 

Which countries have been hit by latest US tariffs?

 

Country

Share of US imports

Tariff

European Union

18.5%

20%

China

13.4%

54%   34%

Japan

4.5%

24%

Vietnam

4.2%

46%

South Korea*

4%

26%

Taiwan

3.6%

32%

India*

2.7%

27%

UK

2.1%

10%

Switzerland*

1.9%

32%

Thailand*

1.9%

37%

Malaysia

1.6%

24%

Brazil

1.3%

10%

Singapore

1.3%

10%

Afghanistan

<1%

10%

Albania

<1%

10%

Algeria

<1%

30%

Andorra

<1%

10%

Angola

<1%

32%

Anguilla

<1%

10%

Antigua and Barbuda

<1%

10%

Argentina

<1%

10%

Armenia

<1%

10%

Aruba

<1%

10%

Australia

<1%

10%

Azerbaijan

<1%

10%

Bahamas

<1%

10%

Bahrain

<1%

10%

Bangladesh

<1%

37%

Barbados

<1%

10%

Belize

<1%

10%

Benin

<1%

10%

Bermuda

<1%

10%

Bhutan

<1%

10%

Bolivia

<1%

10%

Bosnia & Herzegovina*

<1%

36%

Botswana*

<1%

38%

British Indian Ocean Territory

<1%

10%

British Virgin Islands

<1%

10%

Brunei

<1%

24%

Burundi

<1%

10%

Cambodia

<1%

49%

Cameroon*

<1%

12%

Cape Verde

<1%

10%

Cayman Islands

<1%

10%

Central African Republic

<1%

10%

Chad

<1%

13%

Chile

<1%

10%

Christmas Island

<1%

10%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

<1%

10%

Colombia

<1%

10%

Comoros

<1%

10%

 

Cook Islands

<1%

10%

 

Costa Rica

<1%

10%

 

Côte d'Ivoire

<1%

21%

 

Curaçao

<1%

10%

 

Democratic Republic

 of the Congo

<1%

11%

 

Djibouti

<1%

10%

 

Dominica

<1%

10%

 

Dominican Republic

<1%

10%

 

Ecuador

<1%

10%

 

Egypt

<1%

10%

 

El Salvador

<1%

10%

 

Equatorial Guinea

<1%

13%

 

Eritrea

<1%

10%

 

Eswatini (Swaziland)

<1%

10%

 

Ethiopia

<1%

10%

 

Falkland Islands*

<1%

42%

 

Fiji

<1%

32%

 

French Guiana

<1%

10%

 

French Polynesia

<1%

10%

 

Gabon

<1%

10%

 

Gambia

<1%

10%

 

Georgia

<1%

10%

 

Ghana

<1%

10%

 

Gibraltar

<1%

10%

 

Grenada

<1%

10%

 

Guadeloupe

<1%

10%

 

Guatemala

<1%

10%

 

Guinea

<1%

10%

 

Guinea-Bissau

<1%

10%

 

Guyana

<1%

38%

 

Haiti

<1%

10%

 

Honduras

<1%

10%

 

Iceland

<1%

10%

 

Indonesia

<1%

32%

 

Iran

<1%

10%

 

Iraq

<1%

39%

 

Israel

<1%

17%

 

Jamaica

<1%

10%

 

Jordan

<1%

20%

 

Kazakhstan

<1%

27%

 

Kenya

<1%

10%

 

Kiribati

<1%

10%

 

Kosovo

<1%

10%

 

Kuwait

<1%

10%

 

Kyrgyzstan

<1%

10%

 

Laos

<1%

48%

 

Lebanon

<1%

10%

 

Lesotho

<1%

50%

 

Liberia

<1%

10%

 

Libya

<1%

31%

 

Liechtenstein

<1%

37%

 

Madagascar

<1%

47%

 

Malawi*

<1%

18%

 

Maldives

<1%

10%

 

Mali

<1%

10%

 

Marshall Islands

<1%

10%

 

Martinique

<1%

10%

 

Mauritania

<1%

10%

 

Mauritius

<1%

40%

 

Mayotte

<1%

10%

 

Micronesia

<1%

10%

 

Moldova

<1%

31%

 

Monaco

<1%

10%

 

Mongolia

<1%

10%

 

Montenegro

<1%

10%

 

Montserrat

<1%

10%

 

Morocco

<1%

10%

 

Mozambique

<1%

16%

 

Myanmar*

<1%

45%

 

Namibia

<1%

21%

 

Nauru

<1%

30%

 

Nepal

<1%

10%

 

New Zealand

<1%

10%

 

Nicaragua

<1%

19%

 

Niger

<1%

10%

 

Nigeria

<1%

14%

 

Norfolk Island

<1%

29%

 

North Macedonia

<1%

33%

 

Norway

<1%

16%

 

Oman

<1%

10%

 

Pakistan*

<1%

30%

 

Panama

<1%

10%

 

Papua New Guinea

<1%

10%

 

Paraguay

<1%

10%

 

Peru

<1%

10%

 

Philippines*

<1%

18%

 

Qatar

<1%

10%

 

Republic of the Congo

<1%

10%

 

Reunion

<1%

37%

 

Rwanda

<1%

10%

 

Saint Helena

<1%

10%

 

Saint Kitts and Nevis

<1%

10%

 

Saint Lucia

<1%

10%

 

Saint Pierre & Miquelon

<1%

50%

 

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

<1%

10%

 

Samoa

<1%

10%

 

San Marino

<1%

10%

 

São Tomé and Príncipe

<1%

10%

 

Saudi Arabia

<1%

10%

 

Senegal

<1%

10%

Serbia*

<1%

38%

Sierra Leone

<1%

10%

Sint Maarten

<1%

10%

Solomon Islands

<1%

10%

South Africa*

<1%

31%

South Sudan

<1%

10%

Sri Lanka

<1%

44%

Sudan

<1%

10%

Suriname

<1%

10%

Syria

<1%

41%

Tajikistan

<1%

10%

Tanzania

<1%

10%

Timor-Leste

<1%

10%

Togo

<1%

10%

Tokelau

<1%

10%

Tonga

<1%

10%

Trinidad and Tobago

<1%

10%

Tunisia

<1%

28%

Turkey

<1%

10%

Turkmenistan

<1%

10%

Turks and Caicos Islands

<1%

10%

Tuvalu

<1%

10%

Uganda

<1%

10%

Ukraine

<1%

10%

United Arab Emirates

<1%

10%

Uruguay

<1%

10%

Uzbekistan

<1%

10%

Vanuatu

<1%

23%

Venezuela

<1%

15%

Yemen

<1%

10%

Zambia

<1%

17%

Zimbabwe

<1%

18%

Heard and McDonald Islands

NA

10%

Svalbard and Jan Mayen

NA

10%

 

 

Source: White House / US Census Bureau • Includes all countries and territories listed as affected by the so-called reciprocal tariffs. Imports data for 2024. *Tariffs given for these countries are those on the White House website and are 1% higher than those given by the White House on X.