the DON JONES INDEX…
	GAINS POSTED in GREEN LOSSES POSTED in RED 5/1/25... 14,735.47 4/24/25... 14,733.62 6/27/13... 15,000.00
(THE DOW JONES INDEX: 5/1/25... 40,283.64; 4/24/25... 40,669.36; 6/27/13… 15,000.00)

LESSON for MAY 1^st, 2025 – “MAY DAY MAYDAY MAY DAY! ”

Today is May Day, in chronology, legend and legion. Not necessarily “Mayday” – which the Wiki dictionary people describe as military signals for distress in a military or civilian emergency... not only hostile enemy action but an emergent tornado, for example; an active shooter, an industrial or vehicular accident... but, in two words, “May” “Day” as, when conjoined, can connote either a festive or confrontational occasion – ranging from a peaceful but militant labor dispute, such as a strike or boycott, all the way up to insurrectionry acts and circumstances.

The Wikilexicologists differentiate and define the one word version as about the distress signal thusly...

“Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice-procedure radio communications.

“It is used to signal a life-threatening emergency primarily by aviators and mariners, but in some countries local organizations such as firefighters, police forces, and transportation organizations also use the term. Convention requires the word be repeated three times in a row during the initial emergency declaration ("Mayday! Mayday! Mayday!").” (ATTACHMENT ONE)

The term was conceived as a distress call in the early 1920s by Frederick Stanley Mockford, officer-in-charge of radio at Croydon Airport, England who, since much of the air traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le Bourget Airport in Paris, proposed the term "mayday", the phonetic equivalent of the French m'aider (a short form of venez m'aider, or "come [and] help me").

The two-word festive designation, refers to a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, “usually celebrated on 1 May, around halfway between the Northern Hemisphere's Spring equinox and June solstice.^[1][2]  (See text, references and notes in ATTACHMENT TWO)

“Traditions often include gathering wildflowers and green branches ("bringing in the May"),^[3] weaving floral garlands, crowning a May Queen (sometimes with a male companion), and setting up a Maypole, May Tree or May Bush, around which people dance and sing.^[4] Bonfires are also a major part of the festival in some regions...” the recent New Jersey wildfires were allegedly started as a bonfire by a celebratory arsonist and/or idiot. Police have not revealed whether or not he was a pagan celebrant.

The earliest known May celebrations, Wiki reports, “appeared with the Floralia, festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, held from 27 April to 3 May during the Roman Republic era, and the Maiouma or Maiuma, a festival celebrating Dionysus and Aphrodite held every three years during the month of May.^[7]”

The holiday appears in many places and under many names. Some are downright sinister... the witchy parties of Beltane and Walpurgis or the downright salacious Maioum, sponsored by the Roman Emperor Commodus (whose demise generated an English word of its own). Maiouma was described in the sixth century as a "nocturnal dramatic festival, held every three years and known as Orgies, that is, the Mysteries of Dionysus and Aphrodite."

Its “reputation for licentiousness” caused the Orgies to be suppressed during the reign of Emperor Constantine, but tamer PG if not G-rated holidays endured through the remnants and successor Eureopean civilizations and cultures.

By the late 20th century, Wiki reports, “many neopagans began reconstructing some of the older pagan festivals and combining them with more recently developed European secular and Catholic traditions, and celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival.”^[21]

Surviving traditions from Germany, Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria, the Baltics, France, the Czech Republic and the Celtic regions of Scotland, Ireland, Wales and here and there in England. It even extended to Greece, Hungary and Eastern Europe, Spain, Portugal and was carried over to the New World by then-migrants and refugees from the Old. A “Lei” Day was established in Hawaii in 1927.

These tended to be innocent, even frivolous after the condemnation of the Orgies, but the third May Day, also called the International Workers’ Day, was often anything but... being responsible for revolutions in France, Russia and, by a stretch of history and colonial economics, the U.S.A. (where the date was chosen to memorialize the strikes and riots of the Haymarket in Chicago.

Like the innocent May Day, the IW Day has spread across the globe, albeit in varying forms and at divergent times. America, probably to quell the more riotous aspects of the holiday, replaced it during the 1880s with a “Labor Day” in September where union and non-union workers alike could express their hopes and grievances against their bosses, but without endangering the capitalist system itself.

In the Socialist and Communist world, WIKI takes note, celebrations usually include “a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party.”

Wiki published numerous charts and graphs and tables of observations sorted out by nations and regions from Africa to Argentina (where the late Pope Frank grew up under left-wing dictator Juan Perón and served as Cardinal during the subsequent right-wing “dirty war” promoted by Ronald Reagan) and from Ukraine to Zimbabwe... see ATTACHMENT THREE or visit the website for such graphics that we cannot reproduce.

The twenty-first century has seen wide variations in the purposes, personages and potency of the May Day movements in the streets and in the suites. Partisanship manifests. Because of its origins within organized labor, American May Day protests tend to be of a liberal middle-to-higher ground, although there are examples of conservative acts of resistance... corporate shareholder actions or demonstrations against criminals or migrants or other despised persons, despicable or not. The Jan. 6^th attack on the Capitol, on behalf of an individual... a defeated politician in this instance... could fall under the May Day umbrella, as also certain movements, coups, changes and corrections of an economic, political or religious nature

Considering last week’s death of Pope Francis, his funeral service Saturday and upcoming Papal Conclave (which the DJI will examine among Indices to come), all of the forests of timber to produce paper, all the pixels and transmissions of television, social and even anti-social media generated by his passing produced much in the way of history, but with a dearth of discussion on the former Jorge Mario Bergoglio in the Argentina of the 20^th century “dirty wars” under military regimes, like those in Chile, Paraguay and other Latin American nations on the right – Cuba or Nicaragua on the left, gave rise to widespread slaughter and repression, peaceful and armed resistance, migrations and eventually, with the passage of that troubled century, accommodations of a sort as steered even the Venezuelans and Salvadorans back towards stasis, albeit with an often rising tide of criminal cartels as colluded with the elected, appointed or self-appointed officials purportedly charged with controlling them.

Some Argentinians still number Francis with the gangsters and the criminals and celebrated his death and descent into Hell.

"I see a lot of joy and celebration for Pope Francis, but I'm living his election with a lot of pain."

These were the words of Graciela Yorio, the sister of Orlando Yorio - a priest who was kidnapped in May 1976 and tortured for five months during Argentina's last military government, as recorded by the BBC more than a decade ago. (ATTACHMENT FOUR)

Ms. Yorio accused the then-Father Bergoglio of effectively delivering her brother and fellow priest Francisco Jalics into the hands of the military authorities by declining to endorse publicly their social work in the slums of Buenos Aires, which infuriated the junta at the time.

Their kidnapping took place during that period of massive state repression of left-wing activists, union leaders and social activists which became known as the "Dirty War".

Orlando Yorio has since died. But, in a statement, Fr. Jalics said on Friday he was reconciled with the events “and, for my part, consider them finished".

The Vatican has strenuously denied Pope Francis was guilty of any wrongdoing.

"There has never been a credible, concrete accusation against him," its spokesman, Fr. Federico Lombardi, told reporters in Rome.

In 2010, then-Cardinal Bergoglio was asked to testify in the trial over the "stolen babies" - children born to the regime's opponents who were taken and handed over to be raised in suitable military families after their mothers were killed.

The cardinal said he had only known about that practice after democracy returned to Argentina in 1983.

Pope Francis has testified twice in two separate cases, but has never been formally investigated. There is no evidence that he was in collusion with the regime.

But the actions of the Roman Catholic Church during the Dirty War are still being called into question.

Two journalistic investigations - one in 1986, the other in 2005 - argued that the new Pope was a "collaborationist".

The first was published by a lawyer Emilio Mignone, who founded the Centre for Legal and Social Studies (CELS), an Argentine human rights NGO. The second investigation was carried out by the current president of CELS, Horacio Verbitsky. Both stated the view that Fr Bergoglio was close to the military.

According to the Vatican's official spokesman, the accusations against Pope Francis "come from parts of the anti-clerical left".

So Veep Vance, perhaps, felt he was on friendly turf when he visited the Pope shortly before Francis’ death.

“We might never quite know what Pope Francis said to the US vice-president during their very brief meeting on Sunday. In the widely shared video clip, it was hardly audible,” wrote Jan-Werner Müller in the liberal Guardian U.K. (Wed 23 Apr., ATTACHMENT FIVE). The morning after, Francis died, Vance jetted off to visit India, finding time to tweet that his heart went out to the millions of Christians who loved Francis (implying, Mr. Müller supposes, that not all Catholics loved him – let alone some steadfast Belfast prods and, of course, those Orthodox of the Patriarch Kyril and Putanic persuasion) – further patronizing the dead pontiff by calling one of his homilies “really quite beautiful”).

Contending that the Catholic convert Veep had “smuggled nationalism” into his interpretation of St Augustine’s notion of ordo amoris, the “right ordering of love”. the Pope was rumoured to have found his sentiments nearer those of Hungary’s Viktor Orban, a friend of Trump, than to another Catholic President like John F. Kennedy or even Joe Biden – specifically for J. D.’s accusations that US bishops supported resettling “illegal immigrants” in order to obtain federal funds (an accusation deemed “very nasty” by Cardinal Timothy Dolan).

The point is not that the correct understanding of Catholicism (or Christian Democratic political parties, as they have existed in Europe and Chile) has always been liberal; that’s hardly plausible. The point is that Francis reaffirmed that Catholicism is not compatible with the “America first” (and humanity last) view of the Trumpists.

The Catholic (for that matter, most religions’) view of social and economic issues (that do not include abortion or anything to do with sex) tends to be towards the center-right... the wealthy and powerful have a right (by birth or accomplishment) to rule, but must exhibit mercy towards the less fortunate (whether immigrants or, in the case of today’s holiday) the working classes – so long as their protests and actions to improve their status do not threaten the kings and counselors with violence.

So, as rapid changes have overtaken Americans as this first hundred days of Donald Trump’s restoration are either celebrated or condemned, the governing board of today’s “50501” protests (“signifying 50 protests in 50 states for one cause”) issued a statement to May Day protesters that participants will be expected "to de-escalate any potential confrontation with those who disagree with our values."

The planners (who eschewed personal details and, in some cases, chose not to identify themselves) include religious gatherings, labor organizations and advocates for immigrants’ and others rights, and explicitly confirmed their "commitment to nonviolence in all we do", adding: "This is a war on working people—and we will not stand down. They're defunding our schools, privatizing public services, attacking unions, and targeting immigrant families with fear and violence. Working people built this nation and we know how to take care of each other. We won't back down—we will never stop fighting for our families and the rights and freedoms that propel opportunity and a better life for all Americans. Their time is up." (Newsweek, April 21^st, ATTACHMENT SIX)

The decentralization protests have already begun and been noted by the media... albeit not so pointedly as they would had riots ensued... and have been planned nationwide, even in the deepest of deep-red states.

Specifics have been posted on their website charging that: "Trump and his billionaire profiteers are trying to create a race to the bottom—on wages, on benefits, on dignity itself. This May Day we are fighting back. We are demanding a country that puts our families over their fortunes—public schools over private profits, healthcare over hedge funds, prosperity over free market politics."

Newsweek also noted that he unnamed organizers, perhaps timid or, at least, cautious in their anonymity, warned that the Trump administration might be looking towards the protests as a means of steering the country close to fascism inasmuch as past protests (from the Kent and Jackson state massacres of the antiwar 1960s back a century or more to the Haymarket riots in Chicago in support of the eight hour day).

Grassroots group 50501, which is promoting the nationwide demonstrations on Saturday, issued the warning on the Bluesky social media platform.

The group said that the Trump administration could misrepresent the aims of the actions "to justify the use of military force," Newsweek reported (ATTACHMENT SEVEN)

They also warned that participants should be prepared for an increased law enforcement presence and that ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) agents might be present. 50501 added that its movement is pro-democracy and "firmly grounded in non-violence" according to a blog called We (the People) Dissent which can be found here.

In Washington, D.C, today’s protests are planned outside Vice President JD Vance's house on the grounds of the U.S. Naval Observatory and near Lafayette Square; and near the Washington Monument on Saturday, the Washington Post reported.

However, not every gathering will be a protest and events will include food drives, mutual aid events and potlucks, according 50501. Some locations will focus on particular issues, such as climate, LGBTQ+ rights, antifascism and federal funding cuts.

Whether or not the caution of the 50501 leadership is due to concern for the lives, liberty and safety of the protests, or represents an outgrowth of the paranoia that is already causing large institutions, corporations and the media to “bend the knee” to Trump who, after all still has over thirteen hundred days in which to advance his agenda (assuming he does not overturn the 22^nd Amendment and garner a third, fourth or, should he live to 100, a seventh term – or is not succeeded by Donald Junior or... as might make even rock-ribbed Republicans queasy... Eric!).

The World Freedom Index today considers Argentina “partially free” with a score near to the worldwide average and about the same as Brazil, but substantially less free than Chile, also under dictatorship during the Reagan years. The United States, scoring the same as the United Kingdom ranks as “mostly free.” (ATTACHMENT EIGHT)

Switzerland is considered the freest nation in the world as of the last ranking – Syria was worst (but may have improved slightly, even under a former terrorist, since their own May Day revolution). If so, that particular honor would then fall to Yemen.

The “Tuttle Twins”, a right-wing children’s blog that hates the left and loves Donald Trump, tells a happy story about exchanging flower baskets for May Day before lowering the baseball bat.

“But here’s the thing most of us weren’t taught as kids:

“May Day is actually a socialist holiday.

“Yes. Actually!”

Like some of the pro-labor liberal blogs, the Twins date the day back to Chicago’s Haymarket riots “which turned deadly after a bomb was thrown at police, and the event became a rallying cry for the international socialist movement.” (ATTACHMENT NINE) And the eight-hour day.

Ever since, May Day has been used by socialist and communist groups around the world to signal solidarity and spread their ideology... “one that lionizes the power of the state and diminishes the dignity of the individual... that glorifies centralized power and demonizes free enterprise.

The Twins admonish parents to teach the facts to kids (dressing up the propaganda with smiley face emojis) and buy their books and finally tell Americans to enjoy the flowers—“just don’t be a commie ;).”

The 50501 gang may be rather cautious, even capitulatory in its estimation of the Trump administration’s intent to lock up and/or murder dissenters but there’s still good ol’ revolutionary sentiment percolating at least in one notorious quarter... the Revolutionary Communist Party, still under its maximum leader Bob Avakian (now 82).

“This May 1st and in the days that follow,” Chairman Bob dictates, “we will join with and build protests called by RefuseFascism.org, and by others opposing Trump/MAGA fascism... or where there isn’t one locally, call for one!”

Promising to manifest as “a bold, disciplined, organized force that is serious about defeating fascism and serious about getting rid of the whole system that spawned it... (w)e will act together in a unified way to have an impact that is greater than our numbers so that, around the country, people are inspired and challenged to become part of this.” (ATTACHMENT TEN)

Calling for patriots and revolutionaries to distribute Bob’s leaflet, REVCOM proposes to tear down a capitalist/imperialistic United States that is “criminally, monstrously absurd—and completely outmoded” and asks its volunteers to put their “lives on the line... not for ourselves alone, or for a narrow circle or clique, but for the emancipation of humanity: that is something truly worth living for and dedicating your life to.” 

So, thanks to WIKI (again) we have a lengthy list of “rebellions in the United States.”

Yesterday being Trump’s hundredth day, liberals, Democrats and even some Republicans and independents who feared that the new regime might be at least “problematical” have had their dreads processed and confirmed and May Day, 2025 has seen reports and signals of “Mayday!” emanating from the throats and devices of the usual suspects... labor and public and private defenders of truth, justice and the American Way (if not the Gulf of America).

The term “Mayday” comes from the French phrase “m’aidez” or “venez m’aider”—meaning “help me” or “come help me” (Wiki, as above) and is a loanword adopted into English to serve as an international distress call; coined in the 1920s by Mockford, at the time “a senior radio officer at Croydon Airport near London,” who, according to the liberal Daily Kos, needed a word easily understood by both English and French-speaking aviators and mariners. “Mayday” was officially adopted as the standard spoken distress signal at the International Radiotelegraph Convention in Washington, D.C., in 1927. The signal must be spoken three times in succession to ensure clarity and avoid confusion with similar-sounding words and, does not have connotations to either the festive or furious holiday but, contends Kos-Mic opinionator “Kirk L. C.” is the visual equivalent to flying the American flag upside down—“a recognized symbol of dire distress.”

Following others in going where others had gone before, Kirk reprised the 15^th century Maypole dancing and Beltane bonfires, the 19^th century labor wars as only ended in the legal right to the eight-hour workday until the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed on June 25, 1938. (ATTACHMENT TWELVE) The Kos-mic lads and ladies say May Day 2025 will revisit old struggles and engender the new... from recognizing “federal workers who have lost their jobs, the value of immigrant labor, the essential role of unions, and the millions of American workers struggling under the weight of low wages, long hours, and limited protections,” as well as non-working issues as may be brought to the protests by groups of interest.

“In all its forms,” declaimed Kirk – perhaps now going where no posterman has ever gone before, or just reminding the public: “help is needed, history matters, and the people have power.”

Today, the 101^st day of Trump 2.0, May Day is being celebrated (or endured) not only in the U.S.A. but worldwide (see charts and graphs for ATTACHMENT THREE below).

Reuters, dispatching a pair of observers to the colonies for Donald Trump’s first May Day back in 2017 (ATTACHMENT THIRTEEN) reported on many of the same contentious issues as have been brought back for 2025 after four years of President Joe – a pause or, if you will, a nap in the sunny but tiresome lap of democracy.

Back in that day, there was no 50501, but there were other like-minding gatherings like “Make the Road”, an immigrant advocacy group that once claimed 20,000 members in New York – marshalling 500 protesters to rally in front of the Gotham offices of Wells Fargo and JPMorgan Chase & Co. where twelve were arrested.

The two banks were targeted because of their dealings with private companies that have built or manage some immigrant detention centres for the government, according to Jose Lopez, Make the Road New York's co-director of organising.

"The messaging for today was to stop to financing immigrant detention facilities," said Lopez. "This is going to be the first of many attacks against these corporations who, until they stop working with this administration, will continue to be on our target list."

More foreful protests occurred overseas, including pitched battles with police in Turkey and in France where protesters “hurled Molotov cocktails and other projectiles at” les flics. Meanwhile, “police in Instanbul fired tear gas and rubber bullets to break up a rally there as authorities detained more than 150 people in protests around that city.”

“The Paris rally came days ahead of the final round of a presidential election pitting far-right politician Marine Le Pen against centrist candidate Emmanuel Macrón,” Reuters remembered – as also high tensions in Turkey after President Tayyip Edogan narrowly won a referendum, giving him sweeping new powers.

LePen lost then, but still hangs around, while Erdogan is proving a pivotmaster – dancing from Moscow to NATO and back again, according to the winds as whistle through his window. And Trump, mercurial then as now, was beginning his crackdown on illegal immigration “as he presses police agencies around the country to assist federal efforts at rounding up individuals sought for deportation and threatens to withhold federal dollars for cities that do not cooperate,” which, then and now, were dubbed "sanctuary cities."

Attorney General Jeff Sessions had also stirred an outcry by saying, in 2017, that so-called "dreamers" - illegal immigrants who entered the United States as children and were granted protection under the Obama administration - were subject to deportation.

And now, eight years after, that other Britbox, the Guardian covered the Easter preview of May Day in the colonies... the fourth protest event to be staged by the group since Trump was inaugurated on 20 January. Previous events included a “No Kings Day” on President’s Day, 17 February, a theme adopted before Trump referred to himself as a king in a social media post days later.

Enumerating large protests from California to Maine and even knocking at King Charles’ backdoor in Dublin GUK reported that the Easter Uprising protesters... some fearful, others feisty... identified a variety of concerns, each unified under a common theme: opposition to the second Trump presidency – grievance carried over to May Day.

In Massachusetts, 80-year-old retired mason Thomas Bassford told CBS News that he believed US citizens were under attack from their own government, saying: “This is a very perilous time in America for liberty. Sometimes we have to fight for freedom.” (GUK, ATTACHMENT FOURTEEN)

“We are losing our country,” demonstrator Sara Harvey told the New York Times in Jacksonville, Florida. “I’m worried for my grandchildren,” she said. “I do it for them.”

“Oppositions to authoritarian governments have to use multiple channels always,” said Steven Levitsky, a political scientist at Harvard University and co-author, with Daniel Ziblatt, of “How Democracies Die.” They “have to use the courts where those are available. They have to use the ballot box when that’s available, and they have to use the streets when necessary – that can shape media framing and media discourse, which is very, very important.”

Even the Fox took note of the Easter uprisings with interest, if not support.

The “National Day of Action” demonstrations, the Fox said, were “loud, sprawling and carefully choreographed, complete with Google Maps for local events and printable posters.” (April 19^th, ATTACHMENT FIFTEEN)

More than 700 events were held nationwide, “one of the largest single-day protest efforts since President Trump returned to office in January,” the Washington Post also reported.

Some of the 50501 coalitionists distributed pocket-size copies of the Constitution, urging passersby to "read what we’re fighting for." Many participants pledged to keep returning "as long as it takes." The protests were timed not just for impact, but for symbolism because April 19 also marked the 250th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the dawn of the American Revolution. Protesters said they were responding to Trump’s expanded use of the Alien Enemies Act of 1798, agency budget cuts and attempts to curb protections for groups like immigrants and transgender people.

"We’re not here for just one march," one organizer told the Post. "This is about building community infrastructure to withstand what’s happening in Washington."

Which may help, given that President Joe’s remaining infrastructure budget is being sliced like an Easter ham.

Retired government worker Bob Fasick, concerned about cuts to Social Security and government health programs joined the mob demonstrating (peacefully) in Washington.

"I cannot sit still," he told the AP. "We are leaving a world to our children that I don’t want to live in."

The maydaystrong strongmen and women... some sort of affiliated with 50501, some not, but far less belonging to the Avakian Army... issued their May Day Manifesto (ATTACHMENT SIXTEEN), as specified that Trump and his billionaire profiteers were “trying to create a race to the bottom—on wages, on benefits, on dignity itself. This May Day we are fighting back. We are demanding a country that puts our families over their fortunes—public schools over private profits, healthcare over hedge funds, prosperity over free market politics.”

Which took on more impact today as the President pressed for more religious education in the public schools and, for the hardliners, replacing them entirely with pro-choice “madrassas”.

They included a list of over two hundred supporters and sponsors as ran the gamut from hoary old standbys like Greenpeace and Move On and the National Education Association to lesser known gatherings like the MayDayMovementUSA.org to Indivisible Las Vegas; from Necessary Behavior to the Pennsylvania Pure Patriots (as opposed to the impure ones, like Tommy Jefferson?): from the Dream Defenders to the Disability Culture Lab. There will come the contingent from UltraViolet (not “violent”) Action and the Pittsburgh Communist Party and, for the faithful, the NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social Justice and JewsOfConscience who posted on Reddit that the Biblical apocalypse was nearing, and that persons of intelligence (and conscience) should fear the New Scripture, the well-circulated "Project 2025" manifesto, “outlining a veritable coup d'etat-from-within, the repression of resistance, and the establishment of a new, more centralized, pseudo-theocratic authoritarianism; now to be enacted under a government wherein all three branches are stacked in favor of the regime through machinations of statecraft conducted by the same while it held office against the vote of the people.

“Moreover, with these threats comes the promise that the myriad crises facing the American people and those overseas who suffer unduly from our policies, will have no hope of mitigation. A palpable state of shock and fatigue seems to prevail. Fascists are taking over the machine of our society, forgetful that it is we the people who are that machine. (ATTACHMENT SEVENTEEN) To resist, and survive, these Jews... presumably not Netanyahu supporters called for a total boycott shortly after Inauguration Day.

A total work stoppage. “You don't even have to protest if you don't want to, just stay home... stop buying everything. Don't buy anything, at all!” Pointing out that “(t)here are three months between inauguration day and May Day,” the Jews advised “(s)tart stocking up on groceries now in preparation to boycott, and get ready to do some gardening this spring! Set aside money for living expenses. Find alternative platforms to maintain contact with your social media people and start moving those connections over.”

In other words, we’re all survivalists now. Or Palestinians.

Google, inadvertently, proposed a solution. Among its May Day attachments... and quite nearer the top than you might think that Messrs. Page and Brin intended... is a solution to the apocalypse, courtesy of the Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources (DNR – and don’t presume, it’s not an order for allowing the drowning Cheeseheads to pass on but, rather, a notice that “Opening day for Wisconsin fishing is traditionally the first Saturday in May.”)

Well, that offs the grid once the extreme extremities of tariffs and recession kick in. There are specifics on trout and bass, on pike and crappie (a fish, not an exclamation) and the directory closes with the warning that: it is illegal to fish for unlisted species during the closed season – and “this includes catch-and-release fishing!”   Be sure to be familiar with the fish on this list. (ATTACHMENT EIGHTEEN) These rules and regulations may not be applicable in the event of the Apocalypse.

There was a strange confluence in the end times projections of the left-wing fifty fifties, off-the-grid Jews and some Americans interviewed and highlighted by the far-right Moonie Washington Times.

“This is a very perilous time in America for liberty,” said 80-year-old retired mason Thomas Bassord as he attended a reenactment of the Battles of Lexington and Concord and “the shot heard ’round the world” with his partner, (Moonie woke for “wife”?) daughter and two grandsons. “I wanted the boys to learn about the origins of this country and that sometimes we have to fight for freedom.”

Boston resident George Bryant, who was among protesting in Concord, a Boston suburb, said was concerned Trump was creating a “police state” in America as he held up a sign saying, “Trump fascist regime must go now!”

“He’s defying the courts. He’s kidnapping students. He’s eviscerating the checks and balances,” Bryant said. “This is fascism.”

In Washington, Bob Fasick said he came out to the rally by the White House out of concern about threats to constitutionally protected due process rights, as well as Social Security and other federal safety-net programs.

The Trump administration, among other things, has moved to shutter Social Security Administration field offices, cut funding for government health programs and scale back protections for transgender people.

“I cannot sit still knowing that if I don’t do anything and everybody doesn’t do something to change this, that the world that we collectively are leaving for the little children, for our neighbors is simply not one that I would want to live,” said the 76-year-old retired federal employee from Springfield, Virginia.

“Marshall Green, who was among the protesters, said he was most concerned that Trump has invoked the wartime Alien Enemies Act of 1798 by claiming the country is at war with Venezuelan gangs linked to the South American nation’s government.

“Congress should be stepping up and saying no, we are not at war. You cannot use that,” the 61 year-old Morristown, New Jersey resident said. “You cannot deport people without due process, and everyone in this country has the right to due process no matter what.”

What the Hades have the WashTimers been smoking? Could this be confirmation that MAGA is melting with the time... or is SoKo seeking détente with NoKo as part of the Russia, China, USA morris dancing ‘round allegiances, alliances and potential WW3?

Fortunately for Donnie, there was the peanut gallery (since America still produces its own goobers, so long as Carter-hating patriots don’t nuke Georgia).

“The idiots don't know we are a republic, with republican ideals,” said PV. “They have been indoctrinated into believing the leftist propaganda.

“What, no fires, looting and building take-overs?” signed MJ. “Democrats are getting soft these days.”

And this May Day from DS upon staying up late, watching “The Wild One”...

“Hey, Johnny, what are you rebelling against?” Replies Brando with a world-weary sigh, (perhaps anticipating today’s fun ‘n frolics... or the 2021 attack on the Capitol) “...What’ve you got?”

THE ISSUES

Yes, a few of these even surfaced amidst the May Day rhetoric from statists, stasis-ist and revolutionaries. There were the business and labor advocates (closer together, now, with the tariff troubles beginning), proponents and detractors of science, AI and climate change, identity propagandists, 2026 and 2028 Democratic dreamers and Republican schemers, spokesthings for democracy, the Constitution and God.

On April 21^st religious, as well as economic and security issues were addressed in a U.S. News roundup of immigration roundup news... the amateur psychologists at that medium attempting to explain Djonald UnChained’s first One Hundred Days. (ATTACHMENT TWENTY)

Their findings include...

1. He Can Never Admit an Error

Trump’s own Justice Department and solicitor general – a political appointee whose job is to argue on the administration’s behalf before the Supreme Court – have said shipping immigrant Kilmar Abrego Garcia to a Salvadoran prison infamous for human rights abuses was a mistake, the result of “administrative error.”

But the administration has thus far refused to fix it.

2. We Don’t Know What His El Salvador Deal Entails

It appears that El Salvador is holding Abrego Garcia under an agreement in which the United States is paying, or has paid, at least $6 million to imprison about 300 people that the Trump administration contends are gang members.

We know next to nothing about the agreement, which the administration has not made public.

3. How Long Will He Resist the Courts?

After Abrego Garcia’s shipment overseas – “deportation” does not accurately convey what’s happening here, which is closer to the widely condemned practice of extraordinary rendition – judges all the way up to the Supreme Court have held that the administration should “facilitate” his return.

The administration has taken no public steps to comply and indeed has mockingly declared “he’s not coming back.”

4. Will He Target U.S. Citizens? 

Trump has not been shy about his interest in shipping U.S. citizens to El Salvador. He even told Bukele in the Oval Office he was exploring sending “homegrown” detainees there. He has emphasized he means violent criminals.

The Associated Press says that would likely be illegal – even a violation of a provision Trump signed in his first term. Trump and senior aides say they are exploring exactly that question: Is it legal?

And Pete Hegseth vs. the neocons? Is it that simple?

The MAGA foreign policy world spent much of 2024 blaming Joe Biden for involving the US in a proxy war against Russia, being fought by Ukraine.

Now, those same conservatives are engaged in a much different kind of proxy fight.

Donald Trump is sticking by his embattled cabinet secretary, Pete Hegseth.

At least, for now. The president famously hates being embarrassed by his various deputies, though he dislikes acknowledging his critics or handing them a “win” nearly as much.

But in conservative circles, the discussion over Hegseth’s fate has evolved from palace intrigue and a simple discussion about the secretary’s professionalism to a deeper debate over the two main factions vying for control of the second Trump administration’s foreign policy agenda.  (Independent U.K. ATTACHMENT TWENTY ONE)

Many believe outright that the criticism of Hegseth is tied to hawkish conservatives seeking to oust one of the administration’s key anti-interventionist voices at a time of upheaval for US-Iran relations.

ADDENDUM: Maynight...

The day and the demos largely over, there was little violence in the U.S.A. and just the generic exercise of free expression denouncing the President, busy otherwise with more E.O.’s cutting service to the poorest, plotting tax cuts for the richest and bolstering our military budget (but not to the extent that some defense hawks desired). In otherwords, satisfying nobody but also not inspiring the public to support an insurrection. Don Jones reclined on the couch, watched the day on the tube or devices, burped, went to sleep and woke up Friday to face the weekend and more of the same.

What violence and insurrectionary actions there were were mainly in France where, in addition, a critical election is upcoming. As in Canada, an endangered liberal government is hoping that the adventures of Donald Trump will turn the tables.

	Our Lesson: April 24 through April 30, 2025
Thursday, April 24, 2025 Dow: 40.093.40	A “river of people” visit Pope Francis in his plain wooden coffin under high security – 90,000 and rising. His funeral is set for early Saturday morning (Rome time), very very early US. President Trump changes his tone in the trade war, promises to cut deals, but China says they won’t deal. He also says he’s out of patience with Zelenskyy for not accepting Putin’s proposal to take Crimea and other land and people – Z-man says “it’s our territory.” ComSec Bessent says “America first doen’t mean America alone.” Critics condemn Trump’s profiting from crypto. New Jersey wildfires are only 50% contained with toxic smoke headed northeast to New York, southeast to Philly.
Friday, April 25, 2025 Dow: 40,113.30	Trump says his deal will hurt the Russians by not letting them conquer all of Ukraine and then storming West. Both Zelenskyy and Mad Vlad reject his deal. Russia resumes bombing civilians and Ukes retaliate by blowing up a Russian General. Boasting that he has cut 200 deals in his first 100 days, Donnie calls China’s Xi “a great kinda guy.” There’s more Pete dirt – Hegseth accuses aide Adam Gady of leaking info on Elon Musk, who says that he will soon wrap up his gumment job and go back to Tesla, Mismanaged immigrant remains in Salvadoran prison while FBI arrests Milwaukee Jude Hannah Dugan for attempting to help a migrant believed to be a gangster. In New Mexico, a magistrate and his wife are arrested for harboring aliens. Another Fed judge Stephanie Gallagher, a Trump appointee, demands that he return his migrants hostages. AyGee Pam Bondi says healthcare honcho killer Sergio Mangione should be put to death – not only for murder but for breaching class calm with... dare it be said... revolutionary violence. His lawyers say that his mental problems should preclude the death penalty. Fanboys and, especially, fangirls send him love letters and money and many call him a hero. (He’s not a hero because 1) victim Brian Johnson didn’t do anything to specifically harm him, although assorted sources in the gumment say United Health did have a history of gouging and cheating sick Americans; and 2) Sergio shot him in the back, not face to face. Anybody who watches the Western movies agrees that back-shooters are cowards, no matter their cause. – DJI )
Saturday, April 26, 2025 Dow: Closed	Pope Francis’ funeral tramspires bright and early in the morning (Rome time) but in the dead of night across the U.S.A. The service at St. Mary Major is the first to be held outside the Vatican in a century – the homily, delivered by Cardinal Re exclaims that the dead Pontiff was a shepherd. Next will come nine days of mourning, after which the Conclave will begin sometime next week. The final tally of visitors to Sistine Chapel numbers about 250,000, more than for Benedict, but less than for JP II. Among the visitors are Prince William, representing his father, the King, other royals and heads of state including American presidents Joe Biden and Donald Trump, as well as Ukraine’s Volodomyr Zelenskyy. Don and Volly meet for the first time since the cratering at the White House and talk agreeably about this and that and, while the Z-Man still refuses to give up Ukrainian territory to the Russian invaders, Djonald UnBloodthirsty calls out Bad Vlad for continuing to bomb civilian schools and hospitals while trying to cut a peace (or, at least, cease-fire) deal. This earns him some rare, if grudging, respect from Americans on the left, in the center, and some Republicans queasy over Donnie’s dealings with dictatos. Teenage victims lobby Washington to criminalize AI “deepfake” pornography that portrays real, underaged lassies (and a few ladies) and garner a strange but important champion: First Lady Melania 2.0. This at a time when crime is reported declining (except in Democrat-run cities, MAGA barks) but cybercrime, especially child pornography, scams on seniors and cryptoscams are more than doubling. One perp less... Kristi Noem’s purse-snatcher is arrested in DC.
Sunday, April 27, 2025 Dow: Closed	Numbers counters, reckoners and mass media estimates that 1.4 billion Catholics (and more of other faiths or no faith at all) tuned in to their devices of choice to say goodbye to Pope Frank as some, including persons of interest – even Cardinals take steps to make him a Saint. Back to the normal spectacle gobbling and celebrity worship in America: Beyonce wil begin her “Cowboy Curtis”... er Carter... tour. Sunday talksters and former party chairs Donna Brazile and Reince Priebus make a half-moon table and make their usual partisan arguments on The Week while former NatSec Sec. Jake Sullivan expresses hope that Trump/Zelenskyy talks in Rome might lead to action in Kyev. But all that town gets is more bombing. Jake the Snake says now that somebody else is in charge, he doesn’t want to do any “backseat driving” but then adds that “the car (America’s reputation among its estranged former allies) is going over the cliff.” CBS regular Chris Christie supports arrest of Judge Dugan (above) as safer for ICE agents to make arrests in public places like schools and churches, Sarah Isgur compares their raid on children to “a custody dispute.” Trump immigration policies are compared to those of Gerald Ford, who accepted refugees from S. Vietnam: unfavorably. On “Face the Nation”, Margaret Brennan on Trump’s falling polls: “It’s the prices,” Gary Cohn of IBM says that the booming econom is due to panic buying in anticipation of tariffs whose effect will show up in about a month, adding that tariffs are regressive. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov says that the Ukrainian kids taken to Russia were war orphans.
Monday, April 28, 2025 Dow: 40,227.59	It’s National Blueberry Pie day. Car ramming in Vancouver kills eleven and injures more than twenty. Not viewed as Terrorism... yet... nor having anything to do with Canadian elections Tuesday, but the driver is charged with murder for drunk driving. President Trump returns from Rome, calls his meeting with President Zelenskyy “productive” even after Mad Vlad Putin gets really mad because he did not dare attending the Pope’s funeral and, in his absence, the Americans are growing concerned about his increasing bloodthirstiness in bombing civilian targets. President Z. calls the meeting “historic” – but we’ve haerd this before. The long lines waiting to get into St. Peter’s during the Pope’s public viewing migrate to the church of Santa Maria Meijor, where he’s been entombed. Next, the Cardinals fly into Rome for the Conclave, beginning 5/7. Trump’s homecoming is tarnished by angry town meetings for G.O.P. incumbents in House and Senate, leading POTUS to reiterate that he’s working on “200 deals” but can’t, or won’t. reveal details. China denies any deals jpcoming and the online merchers at Shein trump Trump’s 145% tariffs by charging Amercian shoppers a 372% tariff – leading to empty shelves and small business bankruptcies. Yemen accuses America of bombing a prison holding African migrants... Republicans and Houthis not so far apart on that... killing dozens. No progress in Ukraine, despite meetings, nor in Gaza. “This will be the week!” says SecState Rubio – presumably for ending at least one war. Trials for French jewel thieves who broke into Kim Kardashian’s hotel and stole $6 million worth of bling begins after ten years... by now they are being called the “Grampa gang”. Karen Read murder defense team throws a curveball – hires one of the jurors of the first hung-jury trial as their consultant. “Sinners” repeats as rare horror movie to top the B.O. charts.
Tuesday, April 29, 2025 Dow: 40,527.62	Massive blackout strikes Spain and Portugal stranding tourists. Leaving millions powerless. President Trump preps for tomorrow’s celebrations by signing EOs targeting truck drivers who now have to speak English, and sanctuary cities in a roomful of police, prosecutors and ICE agents, most in cowboy hats. He waves off complaints about deporting kids, saying that: “Having a child does not make you immune from our laws.” His drill baby, drill agenda takes a hit, however, as DOGE wipes out health and safety provisions protecting coal miners, sparking a “brutal” rebound of Black Lung Disease and RFK’s AHA slashes NIOSH. Another bug in his burger is the upset re-election of Mark Carney in Canada. Carney was trailing a Trumpish conservative candidate by double digits... until the American President said he wanted to annex their “51^st State”. Carney roared back on an anti-American platform and will serve another term as PM. In land, sea and air “oops” moments, four children killed by a car that rams a daycare center in Illinois, a Navy fighter jet falls over the side of an aircraft carrier in the Red Sea and one is killed and dozens injured in a Clearwater ferry crash. The toll would have been much higher but pirate-costumed cruisers turn Good Samaritans and pull drowning passengers out of the drink.
Wednesday, April 30, 2025 Dow: 40,283.64	President Trump celebrates his 100^th Day with rallies and parties in swing-state Michigan and holds a TV interview where he tells the Joneses to “hang tough” on tariffs and prices, reinterating that empty shelves and falling stock prices are due to hoarding, and that migrant Garcia was rightly deported as a gangster and/or terrorist but does throw the liberals and health nuts a bone by saying he endorses measles vaccines. While Bobby the K. seethes, Elon the DOGE cuts funds for Americorps and crime fighting. Criminals quickly respond. A bald guy in shorts shoots up tourists in Times Square, NYC, car killer above identified as mental case while another kills 7 in ramming – although that’s in Canada. A fugitive kangaroo is also captured hopping down an Alabama highway – but that can’t be attributed to Trump or Musk. NFL draft trolls prank Shadeau and are fined, social media hates on former Superbowl coach Bill Belichick (73) for taking a girlfriend (24), NBA playoffs continue and, in music, Michael Bolton admits to brain cancer, Samantha Bee to menopause and Barbara Steisand will do an album of duets.
For the second week in a row, high volatility sends the Dow and the Don up and down and up and down; the Dow finally down a touch, the Don up a smidgen. * This week, after

THE DON JONES INDEX

CHART of CATEGORIES w/VALUE ADDED to EQUAL BASELINE of 15,000

(REFLECTING… approximately… DOW JONES INDEX of June 27, 2013)

Gains in indices as improved are noted in GREEN. Negative/harmful indices in RED as are their designation. (Note – some of the indices where the total went up created a realm where their value went down... and vice versa.) See a further explanation of categories HERE

ECONOMIC INDICES		(60%)
CATEGORY	VALUE	BASE	RESULTS by PERCENTAGE			SCORE		OUR SOURCES and COMMENTS
INCOME	(24%)	6/17/13 revised 1/1/22	LAST	CHANGE	NEXT	LAST WEEK	THIS WEEK	THE WEEK’S CLOSING STATS...
Wages (hrly. Per cap)	9%	1350 points	4/24/24	+0.23%	5/25	1,564.72	1,564.72	https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/wages   30.96
Median Inc. (yearly)	4%	600	4/24/24	+0.07%	5/8/24	742.48	743.02	http://www.usdebtclock.org/   43,630 662
Unempl. (BLS – in mi)	4%	600	4/24/24	+2.38%	5/25	543.13	543.13	http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000/ 4.2 nc
Official (DC – in mi)	2%	300	4/24/24	-0.20%	5/8/24	219.91	219.48	http://www.usdebtclock.org/      7,120 134
Unofficl. (DC – in mi)	2%	300	4/24/24	-0.37%	5/8/24	236.11	235.23	http://www.usdebtclock.org/     13,605 656
Workforce Participation Number Percent	2%	300	4/24/24	+0.031% +0.011%	5/8/24	298.68	298.65	In 163,638 689 Out 102,585 645 Total: 266,223 334 61.46
WP % (ycharts)*	1%	150	4/24/24	+0.16%	5/25	151.19	151.43	https://ycharts.com/indicators/labor_force_participation_rate 62.50 .60
OUTGO	(15%)
Total Inflation	7%	1050	4/24/24	+0.1%	5/25	941.49	941.49	http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.1
Food	2%	300	4/24/24	+0.4%	5/25	267.03	267.03	http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.4
Gasoline	2%	300	4/24/24	- 6.3%	5/25	253.54	253.54	http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm    -6.3
Medical Costs	2%	300	4/24/24	-0.5%	5/25	282.26	282.26	http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.5
Shelter	2%	300	4/24/24	+0.2%	5/25	255.10	255.10	http://www.bls.gov/news.release/cpi.nr0.htm     +0.2
WEALTH
Dow Jones Index	2%	300	4/24/24	+1.71%	5/8/24	307.75	313.01	https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/index/ 39,606.57 40,283.64
Home (Sales) (Valuation)	1% 1%	150 150	4/24/24	-5.63% +1.33%	5/25	128.69 282.27	121.44 286.03	https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics Sales (M):  4.26 4.02 Valuations (K):  398.4 403.7
Debt (Personal) CANCELLED 3/27	2%	300	4/24/24	+0.043%	dead	265.30	265.30	http://www.usdebtclock.org/    75,162 CANCELLED crypto, credit card debt border encounters gold &silver
Millionaires (New Category)	1%	150			5/8/24		132.65*	MILLIONAIRES debtclock 23,491,284
Paupers (New Category)	1%	150			5/8/24		132.65*	LIVING IN POVERTY dclk 37,465,232 (39,974,538 in 2020)
GOVERNMENT	(10%)
Revenue (trilns.)	2%	300	4/24/24	+0.20%	5/8/24	434.63	435.48	debtclock.org/       5,101 111
Expenditures (tr.)	2%	300	4/24/24	+0.14%	5/8/24	290.68	290.27	debtclock.org/       7,107 117
National Debt tr.)	3%	450	4/24/24	+0.10%	5/8/24	365.80	365.43	http://www.usdebtclock.org/    36,763 800
Aggregate Debt (tr.)	3%	450	4/24/24	+0.22%	5/8/24	384.05	383.21	http://www.usdebtclock.org/    103,331 558
TRADE	(5%)
Foreign Debt (tr.)	2%	300	4/24/24	-0.16%	5/8/24	278.26	277.81	http://www.usdebtclock.org/    8,706 720
Exports (in billions)	1%	150	4/24/24	+3.22%	5/25	173.21	173.21	https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html 278.5
Imports (in billions))	1%	150	4/24/24	+0.025%	“	135.96	135.96	https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html 401.1
Trade Surplus/Deficit (blns.)	1%	150	4/24/24	+7.09%	“	171.99	171.99	https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/current/index.html 122.7
SOCIAL INDICES		(40%)
ACTS of MAN	(12%)
World Affairs	3%	450	4/24/24	+0.1%	5/8/24	475.11	475.59	Jordan bans Muslim Brotherhood, Syria’s new president, Ahmed al-Shara wants U.S. support or he’ll seek an alliance with Russia. Finland named world’s happiest country, Afghanistan saddest as UK and US decline.
War and terrorism	2%	300	4/24/24	-0.1%	5/8/24	288.13	287.84	More civilians bombed and shot in Palestinian and Ukraine wars, but a Russian general is car-bombed. Putin’s disrespect and rare mineral deal with Ukraine prompts Trump pivot. Starvation in Gaza critical after 60 days of blockades. 26 tourists in India massacred.
Politics	3%	450	4/24/24	+0.1%	5/8/24	472.32	472.79	Trump to boycott National Correspondents’ gala (which also will ban comedians). More trouble for Pete Hegseth. Hardline anti-abortionists propose homicide trials for mothers. Alabma legislators pass drill bill for the oil & gas billionaires, one for the people, pausing cutting off electric and gas service to low icome families with small children, seniors and first responders
Economics	3%	450	4/24/24	-0.2%	5/8/24	438.77	437.89	Under Presidential pressure, Apple will out-outsource production from China to India. Merger talks between United and Jet Blue, GMC trucks recalled. UPS cuts 20,000 jobs, Jack-in-the-Box closing 200 eateries while Burger Bot opens more automated dataries. Its CEO says “This is the future.”
Crime	1%	150	4/24/24	-0.2%	5/8/24	216.63	216.20	Bad driver accused of ramming crowd, killing 11 (but not terrorism) in Vancouver, Canada. Criminal news includes mass shooting at Miami warehouse on “Take Your Childrnren to Work Day”, paramedic being stabbed to death by patient he was treating, rapper killed by music critic. Teen escapes stalker by running into store.
ACTS of GOD	(6%)
Environment/Weather	3%	450	4/24/24	-0.1%	5/8/24	368.99	368.62	Deadly flooding and tornadoes in Texas and Oklahome, moving north towards Minneapolis. Jersey wildfire called arson, 50% contained Friday – 15,000 acres burnt but spring showers predicted. Toxic coastal algae kills California whales, seals and dolphins.
Disasters	3%	450	4/24/24	-0.1%	5/8/24	414.05	413.64	Explosion at Iranian missile fuel depot kills 14 but nuke talks continue. Dancing teen atop car falls and is run over and killed by a fire truck.
LIFESTYLE/JUSTICE INDEX		(15%)
Science, Tech, Education	4%	600	4/24/24	nc	5/8/24	617.69	617.69	NASA Lucy spaceship to investigate 150 million year old asteroid. Polls show Gen. Z increasing finding college educations not worth their cost. Elon Musk’s new Texas town Starbase to serve Space X employees,
Equality (econ/social)	4%	600	4/24/24	+0.1%	5/8/24	657.84	659.06	Kenyan woman wants to be first to break 4 minutes mile, President Trump shrugs off tariff wars by saying spoiled kids get only two dolls for Christmas, not thirty. Big promotion for 100 top Asians by Gold Houe honors Michelle Yeoh and SNL’s Bowen Yang.
Health	4%	600	4/24/24	+0.1%	5/8/24	433.33	433.76	TV doctor says Americans are “addicted to food”; another identifies three leading Foods of Death as fat, sodium and sugar –all craveworthy due to legalization of THC soda. Nearly 200 Go and Grow carseats recalled for choking children. Wrestler John Cena fights hair loss (and future as a bald villain) with hair transplants.
Freedom and Justice	3%	450	4/24/24	+0.1%	5/8/24	483.08	483.56	George Santos gets seven years. Teacher gets fired and a year for making a 7 year old eat his vomit. Trials of Marianne, Diddy, Karen Read, Menendez Bros. (and new friend, Rosie), NFL’s Shannon Sharpe, Harvey Weinstein.
CULTURAL and MISCELLANEOUS INCIDENTS			(6%)
Cultural incidents	3%	450	4/24/24	+0.2%	5/8/24	558.03	558.59	Cam Ward goes to Titans as draft pick #1. NBA playoffs nclude seeral buzzer beaters but, also, a Cleveland sweep of Miami, winning by 55 points. “Sinners” wins big at box office. Pat Sajak pivots from hosting Wheel to acting onstage in the crime drama “Prescription Murder”. Carlos Santana recovering from COVID after cancelled show. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducts Joe Cocker, Warren Zevon, Cyndi Laupier and ... Chubby Checker! Jelly Roll seeks pardon for home invasion robbery rap, Smokey Robinson, 84, releases new album and Beyonce begins “Cowboy Carter” tour in L.A. with falling ticket prices. RIP: Epstein and Prince Andrew arm candy Virginia Giuffre, singer Lennie Welch, former child Sophie Nyweide (24 and pregnant), “Carrie” actress Priscilla Pointer (100),
Misc. incidents	4%	450	4/24/24	-0.1%	5/8/24	538.27	537.73	New Golden Bachelor appointed. Critics protest the 30,000 eggs rolled at the White House. Drivers’ star license snau causes long lines, anry Americans.

The Don Jones Index for the week of April 24^th through April 30^th, 2025 was UP 1.85 points

The Don Jones Index is sponsored by the Coalition for a New Consensus: retired Congressman and Independent Presidential candidate Jack “Catfish” Parnell, Chairman; Brian Doohan, Administrator. The CNC denies, emphatically, allegations that the organization, as well as any of its officers (including former Congressman Parnell, environmentalist/America-Firster Austin Tillerman and cosmetics CEO Rayna Finch) and references to Parnell’s works, “Entropy and Renaissance” and “The Coming Kill-Off” are fictitious or, at best, mere pawns in the web-serial “Black Helicopters” – and promise swift, effective legal action against parties promulgating this and/or other such slanders.

Comments, complaints, donations (especially SUPERPAC donations) always welcome at feedme@generisis.com or: speak@donjonesindex.com.

ATTACHMENT ONE – FROM WIKIPEDIA

MAYDAY

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the distress signal. For the holidays celebrated on 1 May, see May Day. For other uses, see Mayday (disambiguation).

Mayday is an emergency procedure word used internationally as a distress signal in voice-procedure radio communications.

It is used to signal a life-threatening emergency primarily by aviators and mariners, but in some countries local organizations such as firefighters, police forces, and transportation organizations also use the term. Convention requires the word be repeated three times in a row during the initial emergency declaration ("Mayday mayday mayday").

History

The "mayday" procedure word was conceived as a distress call in the early 1920s by Frederick Stanley Mockford, officer-in-charge of radio at Croydon Airport, England. He had been asked to think of a word that would indicate distress and would easily be understood by all pilots and ground staff in an emergency.[1][2] Since much of the air traffic at the time was between Croydon and Le Bourget Airport in Paris, he proposed the term "mayday", the phonetic equivalent of the French m'aider (a short form of venez m'aider, "come [and] help me").[3][4] (M'aidez is non-standard French; the phrase Aidez moi is standard.) The term is unrelated to the holiday May Day.

Following tests, the new procedure word was introduced for cross-Channel flights in February 1923.[5] The previous distress call had been the Morse code signal SOS, but this was not considered suitable for voice communication, "[o]wing to the difficulty of distinguishing the letter 'S' by telephone".[5] In 1927, the International Radiotelegraph Convention of Washington, D.C. adopted the voice call "mayday" as the radiotelephone distress call in addition to the SOS radiotelegraph (Morse code) signal.[6]

Mayday calls

Duration: 4 minutes and 40 seconds.4:40

A maritime example: The actual mayday call made by MV Summit Venture when it collided with the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in 1980, causing the bridge to collapse.

Duration: 3 minutes and 31 seconds.3:31

A noise-reduced, condensed version of the above MV Summit Venture collision call.

If a mayday call cannot be sent because a radio is not available, a variety of other distress signals and calls for help can be used. Additionally, a mayday call can be sent on behalf of one vessel by another; this is known as a mayday relay.

Civilian aircraft making a mayday call in United States airspace are encouraged by the Federal Aviation Administration to use the following format, omitting any portions as necessary for expediency or where they are irrelevant (capitalization as in the original source):

Mayday, Mayday, Mayday; (Name of station addressed); Aircraft call sign and type; Nature of emergency; Weather; Pilot's intentions and/or requests; Present position and heading, or if lost then last known position and heading and time when aircraft was at that position; Altitude or Flight level; Fuel remaining in minutes; Number of people on board; Any other useful information.[7]

Making a false distress call is a criminal offense in many countries, punishable by a fine, restitution, and possible imprisonment.[8]

Other urgent calls

Pan-pan

Main article: Pan-pan

"Pan-pan" (from the French: panne, 'a breakdown') indicates an urgent situation, such as a mechanical failure or a medical problem, of a lower order than a "grave and imminent threat requiring immediate assistance". The suffix "medico" originally was to be added by vessels in British waters to indicate a medical problem ("pan-pan medico", repeated three times), or by aircraft declaring a non-life-threatening medical emergency of a passenger in flight, or those operating as protected medical transport in accordance with the Geneva Conventions.[9] "Pan-pan medico" is no longer in official use.[10]

Declaring emergency

Sometimes the phrase "declaring emergency" is used in aviation, as an alternative to calling "mayday".[11] For example, in 1998 Swissair Flight 111 radioed "Swissair one-eleven heavy is declaring emergency" after their situation had worsened, upgrading from the "pan-pan" which was declared earlier.[12]

However, the International Civil Aviation Organization recommends the use of the standard "pan-pan" and "mayday" calls instead of "declaring an emergency".[13] Cases of pilots using phrases other than "pan-pan" and "mayday" have caused confusion and errors in aircraft handling.[14]

Silencing other communications traffic

See also: Radio silence

"Seelonce mayday" (using an approximation of the French pronunciation of silence) is a demand that the channel only be used by the vessel/s and authorities involved with the distress. The channel may not be used for normal working traffic until "seelonce feenee" is broadcast. "Seelonce mayday" and "seelonce feenee" may only be sent by the controlling station in charge of the distress. The expression "stop transmitting – mayday" is an aeronautical equivalent of "seelonce mayday". "Seelonce distress" and "prudonce" are no longer in use since ITU WRC-07.[citation needed]

The format for a "seelonce mayday" is MAYDAY, All Stations x3 or [Interfering station] x3, this is [controlling station], SEELONCE MAYDAY.[15]

"Seelonce feenee" (from French silence fini, 'silence finished') means that the emergency situation has been concluded and the channel may now be used normally. "Distress traffic ended" is the aeronautical equivalent of "seelonce feenee".[16]

The format for the "seelonce feenee" is MAYDAY, All stations x3, this is [controlling station] x3, date and time in UTC, distressed vessels MMSI number, distressed vessels name, distressed vessels call sign, SEELONCE FEENEE.[15]

ATTACHMENT TWO – FROM WIKIPEDIA

MAY DAY

This article is about the holiday at the start of May. For the labour-related holiday, see International Workers' Day. For the distress signal, see Mayday. For other uses, see May Day (disambiguation).

May Day is a European festival of ancient origins marking the beginning of summer, usually celebrated on 1 May, around halfway between the Northern Hemisphere's Spring equinox and June solstice.^[1][2] Festivities may also be held the night before, known as May Eve. Traditions often include gathering wildflowers and green branches ("bringing in the May"),^[3] weaving floral garlands, crowning a May Queen (sometimes with a male companion), and setting up a Maypole, May Tree or May Bush, around which people dance and sing.^[4] Bonfires are also a major part of the festival in some regions. New Jersey! Regional varieties and related traditions include Walpurgis Night in central and northern Europe,^[1] the Gaelic festival Beltane,^[5] the Welsh festival Calan Mai,^[5] and May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary. It has also been associated with the ancient Roman festival Floralia.^[6]

International Workers' Day observed on 1 May is also called "May Day", but the two have different histories.

Origins and celebrations

The earliest known May celebrations appeared with the Floralia, festival of Flora, the Roman goddess of flowers, held from 27 April to 3 May during the Roman Republic era, and the Maiouma or Maiuma, a festival celebrating Dionysus and Aphrodite held every three years during the month of May.^[7] The Floralia opened with theatrical performances. In the Floralia, Ovid says that hares and goats were released as part of the festivities. Persius writes that crowds were pelted with vetches, beans, and lupins. A ritual called the Florifertum was performed on either 27 April or 3 May,^[8][9] during which a bundle of wheat ears was carried into a shrine, though it is not clear if this devotion was made to Flora or Ceres.^[10][11] Floralia concluded with competitive events and spectacles, and a sacrifice to Flora.^[12]

Maiouma was celebrated at least as early as the 2nd century AD, when records show expenses for the month-long festival were appropriated by Emperor Commodus.^[13] According to the 6th-century chronicles of John Malalas, the Maiouma was a "nocturnal dramatic festival, held every three years and known as Orgies, that is, the Mysteries of Dionysus and Aphrodite" and that it was "known as the Maioumas because it is celebrated in the month of May-Artemisios". During this time, enough money was set aside by the government for torches, lights, and other expenses to cover a 30-day festival of "all-night revels."^[14] The Maiouma was celebrated with splendorous banquets and offerings. Its reputation for licentiousness caused it to be suppressed during the reign of Emperor Constantine, though a less debauched version of it was briefly restored during the reigns of Arcadius and Honorius, only to be suppressed again during the same period.^[13]

During the Middle Ages, May Eve was celebrated in much of northern Europe with the lighting of bonfires at night.^[15] In the Germanic countries, this became Walpurgis Night, commemorating the official canonization of Saint Walpurga on 1 May 870.^[15] It continued the tradition of lighting bonfires.^[15] Folklorist Jack Santino says "Her day and its traditions almost certainly are traceable to pre-Christian celebrations that took place at this time".^[16] In Gaelic culture, 1 May was the celebration of Beltaine or Cétshamhain, while for the Welsh it was Calan Mai or Cyntefin.^[17] First attested in 900 AD, the celebration mainly focused on the symbolic use of fire to bless cattle and other livestock as they were moved to summer pastures. This custom continued into the early 19th century, during which time cattle would be made to jump over fires to protect their milk from being stolen by fairies. People would also leap over the fires for luck.^[18]

Witches? Since the 18th century, many Roman Catholics have observed May – and May Day – with various May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary.^[19] In works of art, school skits, and so forth, Mary's head will often be adorned with flowers in a May crowning. 1 May is also one of two feast days of the Catholic patron saint of workers St Joseph the Worker, a carpenter, husband to Mother Mary, and foster father of Jesus.^[20] Replacing another feast to St. Joseph, this date was chosen by Pope Pius XII in 1955 as a counterpoint to the communist International Workers' Day celebrations on May Day.^[20]

The best known modern May Day traditions, observed both in Europe and North America, include dancing around the maypole and crowning the Queen of May. Fading in popularity since the late 20th century is the tradition of giving of "May baskets", small baskets of sweets or flowers, usually left anonymously on neighbours' doorsteps.

In the late 20th century, many neopagans began reconstructing some of the older pagan festivals and combining them with more recently developed European secular and Catholic traditions, and celebrating May Day as a pagan religious festival.^[21]

Germanic regions

Germany

In rural regions of Germany, especially the Harz Mountains, Walpurgisnacht celebrations are traditionally held on the night before May Day, including bonfires and the wrapping of a Maibaum (maypole). Young people use this opportunity to party, while the day itself is used by many families to get some fresh air. Motto: "Tanz in den Mai" ("Dance into May").

In the Rhineland, 1 May is also celebrated by the delivery of a maypole, a tree covered in streamers to the house of a girl the night before. The tree is typically from a love interest, though a tree wrapped only in white streamers is a sign of dislike. Women usually place roses or rice in the form of a heart at the house of their beloved one. It is common to stick the heart to a window or place it in front of the doormat. In leap years, it is the responsibility of the women to place the maypole. All the action is usually done secretly and it is an individual's choice whether to give a hint of their identity or stay anonymous.

May Day was not established as a public holiday until Nazi Germany declared 1 May a "national workers' day" in 1933. As Labour Day, many political parties and unions host activities related to work and employment.

Tyrol

In The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Sir James George Frazer reported May Day customs in Tyrol during the 19th century. It was a time for banishing evil powers from the community. On the last three days of April, all houses were fumigated with juniper and rue incense. At sunset on May Day, the people held a ceremony they called "burning out the witches". The church bells were rung and people made as much noise as possible by shouting, banging pots and pans, ringing bells and cracking whips. Men carried lighted bundles of herbs fasted on poles, while women carried censers. Then would run seven times round the houses and the village, so that the witches would be "smoked out of their lurking-places and driven away".^[22]

Sweden

[edit]

In Sweden, there are bonfires and outdoor celebrations on May Eve or Walpurgis Night ("Valborgsmässoafton"). Most of the traditions associated elsewhere with May Day are held at Midsummer instead; such as Maypole dancing.

Up until the 19th century, on May Day itself, there were mock battles between Summer and Winter. Sir James George Frazer wrote in The Golden Bough (1911):^[23]

on May Day two troops of young men on horseback used to meet as if for mortal combat. One of them was led by a representative of Winter clad in furs, who threw snowballs and ice in order to prolong the cold weather. The other troop was commanded by a representative of Summer covered with fresh leaves and flowers. In the sham fight which followed the party of Summer came off victorious, and the ceremony ended with a feast

Sweden's first May Day celebration was held in Halmstad on 2nd of May, 1897 because 1st of May was a workday.^[24]

Celtic regions

Ireland

]

Main article: Beltane

In Ireland, May Day has long been celebrated as the festival of Bealtaine. It marks the beginning of summer and historically was when cattle were driven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were performed to protect cattle, people and crops, and to encourage growth. Special bonfires were kindled, whose flames, smoke and ashes were deemed to have protective powers. The people and their cattle would walk around or between bonfires, and sometimes leap over the flames or embers. All household fires would be doused and then re-lit from the Bealtaine bonfire. These gatherings would be accompanied by a feast, and some of the food and drink would be offered to the aos sí, the 'spirits' or 'fairies'. Doors, windows, byres and cattle would be decorated with yellow May flowers, perhaps because they evoked fire. In parts of Ireland, people would make a May Bush: typically a thorn bush or branch decorated with flowers, ribbons, bright shells and rushlights. Holy wells were also visited, while Bealtaine dew was thought to bring beauty and maintain youthfulness.

For almost two centuries, the Dublin suburb of Finglas was well known for its "May Games" and its maypole "was one of the last to survive in Dublin", according to historian Michael J. Tutty.^[25]

Throughout the eighteenth century, the Finglas maypole was at the centre of a week of festivity which included "the playing of games, various competitions, and, according to one account the crowning of 'Queen of the May'."^[25] In a letter written by Major Sirr on 2 May 1803 (shortly after the turbulent 1798 Rebellion), he writes:

Godfrey and I went to Finglass and found everything in order. Major Wilkinson, who resides, there, waited upon me... and told me there was not the smallest occasion for military aid nor was there the least possibility of any disturbance... I ordered the guard to return to Dublin and these gentlemen and their families seemed quite rejoiced that the old custom of Maying was not to be interrupted in Finglass where that amusement has been kept up for a century past without ever being curbed before.^[25]

Public celebrations of Bealtaine fell out of popularity by the 20th century and many old traditions are no longer widely observed. The tradition of a May Bush was reported as being suppressed by law and the magistrates in Dublin in the 18th century.^[26] The tradition of lighting bonfires has survived in parts of the country,^[27] and other traditions continue to be revived as local cultural events.

Scotland

[

May Day has been celebrated in Scotland for centuries. It was previously closely associated with the Beltane festival.^[28] Reference to this earlier celebration is found in poem 'Peblis to the Play', contained in the Maitland Manuscripts of 15th- and 16th-century Scots poetry:

At Beltane, quhen ilk bodie bownis
To Peblis to the Play,
To heir the singin and the soundis;
The solace, suth to say,
Be firth and forrest furth they found
Thay graythis tham full gay;
God wait that wald they do that stound,
For it was their feast day the day they celebrate May Day,
Thay said, [...]

The poem describes the celebration in the town of Peebles in the Scottish Borders, which continues to stage a parade and pageant each year, including the annual 'Common Riding', which takes place in many towns throughout the Borders. As well as the crowning of a Beltane Queen each year, it is custom to sing 'The Beltane Song'.^[29]

John Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808) describes some of the May Day/Beltane customs which persisted in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in parts of Scotland, which he noted were beginning to die out.^[30] In the nineteenth century, folklorist Alexander Carmichael (1832–1912), collected the song Am Beannachadh Bealltain (The Beltane Blessing) in his Carmina Gadelica, which he heard from a crofter in South Uist.^[29]

Scottish May Day/Beltane celebrations have been somewhat revived since the late twentieth century. Both Edinburgh and Glasgow organise May Day festivals and rallies. In Edinburgh, the Beltane Fire Festival is held on the evening of May eve and into the early hours of May Day on the city's Calton Hill. An older Edinburgh tradition has it that young women who climb Arthur's Seat and wash their faces in the morning dew will have lifelong beauty. At the University of St Andrews, some of the students gather on the beach late on 30 April and run into the North Sea at sunrise on May Day, occasionally naked. This is accompanied by torchlit processions and much elated celebration.

Wales

In Wales, the first day of May is known as Calan Mai or Calan Haf, and parallels the festival of Beltane and other May Day traditions in Europe.

Traditions would start the night before (Nos Galan Haf) with bonfires, and is considered a Ysbrydnos or spirit night when people would gather hawthorn (draenen wen) and flowers to decorate their houses, celebrating new growth and fertility. While on May Day celebrations would include summer dancing (dawnsio haf) and May carols (carolau mai or carolau haf) othertimes referred to as "singing under the wall" (canu dan y pared), May Day was also a time for officially opening a village green (twmpath chwarae).

Others

Many places across Great Britain and the world have begun to syncretize May Day and Beltane customs, hosting events that feature elements of both.^[31]

Bulgaria

On May Day, Bulgarians celebrate Irminden (or Yeremiya, Eremiya, Irima, Zamski den). The holiday is associated with snakes and lizards and rituals are made in order to protect people from them. The name of the holiday comes from the prophet Jeremiah, but its origins are most probably pagan.

It is said that on the days of the Holy Forty or Annunciation snakes come out of their burrows, and on Irminden their king comes out. Old people believe that those working in the fields on this day will be bitten by a snake in summer.

Western Bulgarians light fires, jump over them and make noises to scare snakes. Another custom is to prepare "podnici" (special clay pots made for baking bread).

This day is especially observed by pregnant women so that their offspring do not catch "yeremiya"—an illness due to evil powers.

Czech Republic

[edit]

In the Czech Republic, May Day is traditionally considered a holiday of love and May as a month of love. The celebrations of spring are held on 30 April when a maypole (Czech: májka) is erected—a tradition possibly connected to Beltane, since bonfires are also lit on the same day. The event is similar to German Walpurgisnacht, its public holiday on 30 April. On 31 May, the maypole is taken down in an event called Maypole Felling.

On 1 May, couples in love kiss under a blooming tree. According to the ethnographer Klára Posekaná, this is not an old habit. It most likely originated around the beginning of the 20th century in an urban environment, perhaps in connection with Karel Hynek Mácha's poem Máj (which is often recited during these days) and Petřín. This is usually done under a cherry, an apple or a birch tree.

England

Traditional English May Day rites and celebrations include crowning a May Queen and celebrations involving a maypole, around which dancers often circle with ribbons. Morris dancing is also often performed as part of May Day celebrations.^[32] The earliest records of maypole celebrations date to the 14th century, and by the 15th century the maypole tradition was well established in southern Britain.^[18] The tradition persists into the 21st century across the UK. The village of Ansty in Wiltshire has a maypole that has stood in the middle of a road junction in the village since before 1881;^{[citation needed]} it continues in use every May Day, having been replaced by a less tall pole in the 1990s.^[33] Centenary Green part of the Octavia Hill Birthplace House, Wisbech has a flagpole which converts into a Maypole each year, used by local schools and other groups.^[34] Records from the early 1730s indicate that May Day was the date the new Mayor of Norwich was elected "for the ensuring year". The "Day of Swearing" occurred the following month - June - which saw the Mayor Elect receive his chains of office.^[35]

The early May bank holiday on the first Monday in May was created in 1978; May Day itself – 1 May – is not a public holiday in England (unless it falls on a Monday). In February 2011, the UK Parliament was reported to be considering scrapping the bank holiday associated with May Day, replacing it with a bank holiday in October, possibly coinciding with Trafalgar Day (celebrated on 21 October), to create a "United Kingdom Day".^[36] Similarly, attempts were made by the John Major government in 1993 to abolish the May Day holiday and replace it with Trafalgar Day.

Unlike the other Bank Holidays and common law holidays, the first Monday in May is taken off from (state) schools by itself, and not as part of a half-term or end of term holiday. This is because it has no Christian significance and does not otherwise fit into the usual school holiday pattern. (By contrast, the Easter Holiday can start as late—relative to Easter—as Good Friday, if Easter falls early in the year; or finish as early—relative to Easter—as Easter Monday, if Easter falls late in the year, because of the supreme significance of Good Friday and Easter Day to Christianity.)

Other prominent English May Day customs include Jack in the Green, and 'dancing the sun up' on May Day morning. Jack in the Green is an English folkloric figure who parades through the streets on May Day, accompanied by musicians, beggars, and various other characters.^[37] 'Dancing the sun up' is a tradition among Morris dancers to dance at sunrise on May Day, to welcome in the sun and the summer season. It began in Oxford in 1923, and includes dances, traditional May Day songs, and sometimes other activities such as mummers' plays or bonfires. This tradition has since spread across the world, with Morris dance teams dancing the sun up in Asia, Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, and the USA.^[38]

May Day was abolished and its celebration banned by Puritan parliaments during the Interregnum, but reinstated with the restoration of Charles II in 1660.^[39] 1 May 1707, was the day the Act of Union came into effect, joining the kingdoms of England (including Wales) and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

For thus it chanced one morn when all the court,
Green-suited, but with plumes that mocked the may,
Had been, there won't, a-maying and returned,
That Modred still in the green, all ear and eye,
Climbed to the high top of the garden-wall
To spy some secret scandal if he might,

^[40]

In Cambridgeshire villages, young girls went May Dolling (going around the villages with dressed dolls and collecting pennies). This dressing of dolls and singing was said to have persisted into the 1960s in Swaffham Prior

Sing a song of May-time.
Sing a song of Spring.
Flowers are in their beauty.
Birds are on the wing.
May time, play time.
God has given us May time.
Thank Him for His gifts of love.
Sing a song of Spring.

^[41]

In Oxford, it is a centuries-old tradition for May Morning revellers to gather below the Great Tower of Magdalen College at 6 am to listen to the college choir sing traditional madrigals as a conclusion to the previous night's celebrations. Since the 1980s some people then jump off Magdalen Bridge into the River Cherwell. For some years, the bridge has been closed on 1 May to prevent people from jumping, as the water under the bridge is only 2 feet (61 cm) deep and jumping from the bridge has resulted in serious injury in the past. There are still people who climb the barriers and leap into the water, causing themselves injury.^[42]

In Durham, students of the University of Durham gather on Prebend's Bridge to see the sunrise and enjoy festivities, folk music, dancing, madrigal singing and a barbecue breakfast. This is an emerging Durham tradition, with patchy observance since 2001.

Kingsbury Episcopi, Somerset, has seen its yearly May Day Festival celebrations on the May bank holiday Monday burgeon in popularity in the recent years. Since it was reinstated 21 years ago it has grown in size, and on 5 May 2014 thousands of revellers were attracted from all over the south-west to enjoy the festivities, with BBC Somerset covering the celebrations. These include traditional maypole dancing and morris dancing, as well as contemporary music acts.

Whitstable, Kent, hosts a good example of more traditional May Day festivities, where the Jack in the Green festival was revived in 1976 and continues to lead an annual procession of morris dancers through the town on the May bank holiday. A separate revival occurred in Hastings in 1983 and has become a major event in the town calendar. A traditional sweeps festival is performed over the May bank holiday in Rochester, Kent, where the Jack in the Green is woken at dawn on 1 May by Morris dancers.

At 7:15 p.m. on 1 May each year, the Kettle Bridge Clogs^[43] morris dancing side dance across Barming Bridge (otherwise known as the Kettle Bridge), which spans the River Medway near Maidstone, to mark the official start of their morris dancing season.

The Maydayrun involves thousands of motorbikes taking a 55-mile (89 km) trip from Greater London (Locksbottom) to the Hastings seafront, East Sussex. The event has been taking place for almost 30 years now and has grown in interest from around the country, both commercially and publicly. The event is not officially organised; the police only manage the traffic, and volunteers manage the parking.

Padstow in Cornwall holds its annual 'Obby-'Oss (Hobby Horse) day of festivities. This is believed to be one of the oldest fertility rites in the UK; revellers dance with the Oss through the streets of the town and even though the private gardens of the citizens, accompanied by accordion players and followers dressed in white with red or blue sashes who sing traditional May Day songs. The whole town is decorated with springtime greenery, and every year thousands of onlookers attend. Before the 19th century, distinctive May Day celebrations were widespread throughout West Cornwall, and are being revived in St Ives and Penzance. A similar 'Obby 'Oss festival is also held in the Somerset town of Minehead, dating back to at least the 19th century.^[31]

Kingsand, Cawsand and Millbrook in Cornwall celebrate Flower Boat Ritual on the May Day bank holiday. A model of the ship The Black Prince is covered in flowers and is taken in a procession from the Quay at Millbrook to the beach at Cawsand where it is cast adrift. The houses in the villages are decorated with flowers and people traditionally wear red and white clothes. There are further celebrations in Cawsand Square with Morris dancing and May pole dancing.

Estonia

[edit]

May Day or "Spring Day" (Kevadpüha) is a national holiday in Estonia celebrating the arrival of spring.

More traditional festivities take place throughout the night before and into the early hours of 1 May, on the Walpurgis Night (Volbriöö).

Finland

In Finland, Walpurgis night (Vappu) ("Vappen") is one of the five biggest holidays along with Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve, Easter (Pääsiäinen), and Midsummer (Juhannus - Midsommar).^[44] Walpurgis witnesses the biggest carnival-style festival held in Finland's cities and towns. The celebrations, which begin on the evening of 30 April and continue on 1 May, typically centre on the consumption of sima, sparkling wine and other alcoholic beverages. Student traditions, particularly those of engineering students, are one of the main characteristics of Vappu. Since the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper-class feast has been appropriated by university students. Many lukio (university-preparatory high school) alumni wear the black and white student cap and many higher education students wear student coveralls. One tradition is to drink sima, a home-made low-alcohol mead, along with freshly cooked funnel cakes.

France

On 1 May 1561, King Charles IX of France received a lily of the valley as a lucky charm. He decided to offer a lily of the valley each year to the ladies of the court. At the beginning of the 20th century, it became custom to give a sprig of lily of the valley, a symbol of springtime, on 1 May. The government permits individuals and workers' organisations to sell them tax-free on that single day. Nowadays, people may present loved ones either with bunches of lily of the valley or dog rose flowers.^[45]

Greece

[edit]

1 May is a day that celebrates Spring.

Maios (Latin Maius), the month of May, took its name from the goddess Maia (Gr Μαία, the nurse), a Greek and Roman goddess of fertility. The day of Maios (Modern Greek Πρωτομαγιά) celebrates the final victory of the summer against winter as the victory of life against death. The celebration is similar to an ancient ritual associated with another minor demi-god Adonis which also celebrated the revival of nature. There is today some conflation with yet another tradition, the revival or marriage of Dionysus (the Greek God of theatre and wine-making). This event, however, was celebrated in ancient times not in May but in association with the Anthesteria, a festival held in February and dedicated to the goddess of agriculture Demeter and her daughter Persephone. Persephone emerged every year at the end of winter from the Underworld. The Anthesteria was a festival of souls, plants and flowers, and Persephone's coming to earth from Hades marked the rebirth of nature, a common theme in all these traditions.

What remains of the customs today, echoes these traditions of antiquity. A common, until recently, May Day custom involved the annual revival of a youth called Adonis, or alternatively of Dionysus, or of Maios (in Modern Greek Μαγιόπουλο, the Son of Maia). In a simple theatrical ritual, the significance of which has long been forgotten, a chorus of young girls sang a song over a youth lying on the ground, representing Adonis, Dionysus or Maios. At the end of the song, the youth rose up and a flower wreath was placed on his head.

The most common aspect of modern May Day celebrations is the preparation of a flower wreath from wild flowers, although as a result of urbanisation there is an increasing trend to buy wreaths from flower shops. The flowers are placed on the wreath against a background of green leaves and the wreath is hung either on the entrance to the family house/apartment or on a balcony. It remains there until midsummer night. On that night, the flower wreaths are set alight in bonfires known as Saint John's fires. Youths leap over the flames consuming the flower wreaths. This custom has also practically disappeared, like the theatrical revival of Adonis/Dionysus/Maios, as a result of rising urban traffic and with no alternative public grounds in most Greek city neighbourhoods.

Hungary

[edit]

In Hungary it is called St. Philip and Jacob's day or sometimes Zöldfarsang. However, contrary to the name, the ecclesiastical explanation of the feast actually refers to the miracle of St. Walpurga. In contrast, the Hexennacht tradition has survived in only a few places, with witchcraft traditions usually taking place on other days.

The Majális, a merry folk festival, was usually held in a nearby forest, with the food and drink being taken along, which was usually attended by the whole town. There were sack-races, tree climbing, wrestling, strength tests, horse races, singing, dancing and military songs. It was a day of relaxing and walking in nature.

The Majális has a rich tradition in the country, celebrated with dance festivals, concert series and funfairs, set up all throughout the country. There is also an utcabál ("street bal"), when the streets are often filled with dancing residents.

In smaller settlements like (in e.g. Pilisszentkereszt) together with their neighbouring municipalities, set up a May Pole.

In Hungary it was customary to set up May Poles (májfa or májusfa) in several places in the town. It was usually set on May Day or Pentecost. Sometimes they were just tied to the fence, but most of the time they were planted in the ground. The trees were carved and erected in secret, usually in the dead of night. The aim was always to go out with the girls. the boys set them up (usually one for every unmarried girl) and it was danced around together. For the night the tree was usually guarded, so that it would not be taken away by rivals, or toppled by a rival's courting team.^[46]

"Drink water on an empty stomach: the lungs will be renewed" - they used to say in Transylvania, where it was customary for girls to go to the spring or river on this day to wash their faces in water, which was believed to have magical powers to make them beautiful and healthy. Other superstitions include decorating the house with elderberries to ward off witches, and that the butter spat out on this day, called Philip-Jacob butter, can be used to treat earache.^[47]

Italy

[edit]

In Italy it is called Calendimaggio or cantar maggio a seasonal feast held to celebrate the arrival of spring. The event takes its name from the period in which it takes place, that is, the beginning of May, from the Latin kalendae maiae. The Calendimaggio is a tradition still alive today in many regions of Italy as an allegory of the return to life and rebirth: among these Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna (for example, is celebrated in the area of the Quattro Province or Piacenza, Pavia, Alessandria and Genoa), Tuscany and Umbria. This magical-propitiatory ritual is often performed during an almsgiving in which, in exchange for gifts (traditionally eggs, wine, food or sweets), the Maggi (or maggerini) sing auspicious verses to the inhabitants of the houses they visit. Throughout the Italian peninsula these Il Maggio couplets are very diverse—most are love songs with a strong romantic theme, that young people sang to celebrate the arrival of spring. Roman families traditionally eat pecorino with fresh fava beans during an excursion in the Roman Campagna. Symbols of spring revival are the trees (alder, golden rain) and flowers (violets, roses), mentioned in the verses of the songs, and with which the maggerini adorn themselves. In particular the plant alder, which grows along the rivers, is considered the symbol of life and that's why it is often present in the ritual.

Calendimaggio can be historically noted in Tuscany as a mythical character who had a predominant role and met many of the attributes of the god Belenus. In Lucania, the 'Maggi' have a clear auspicious character of pagan origin. In Syracuse, Sicily, the Albero della Cuccagna (cf. "Greasy pole") is held during the month of May, a feast celebrated to commemorate the victory over the Athenians led by Nicias. However, Angelo de Gubernatis, in his work Mythology of Plants, believes that without doubt the festival was previous to that of said victory.

It is a celebration that dates back to ancient peoples, and is very integrated with the rhythms of nature, such as the Celts (celebrating Beltane), Etruscans and Ligures, in which the arrival of summer was of great importance.

Portugal

[edit]

"Maias" is a superstition throughout Portugal, with special focus on the northern territories and rarely elsewhere. Maias is the dominant naming in Northern Portugal, but it may be referred to by other names, including Dia das Bruxas (Witches' day), O Burro (the Donkey, referring to an evil spirit) or the last of April, as the local traditions preserved to this day occur on that evening only. People put the yellow flowers of broom, the bushes are known as giestas. The flowers of the bush are known as Maias, which are placed on doors or gates and every doorway of houses, windows, granaries, currently also cars, which the populace collect on the evening of 30 April when the Portuguese brooms are blooming, to defend those places from bad spirits, witches and the evil eye. The placement of the May flower or bush in the doorway must be done before midnight.

These festivities are a continuum of the "Os Maios" of Galiza. In ancient times, this was done while playing traditional night-music. In some places, children were dressed in these flowers and went from place to place begging for money or bread. On 1 May, people also used to sing "Cantigas de Maio", traditional songs related to this day and the whole month of May.

The origin of this tradition can be traced to the Catholic Church story of Mary and Joseph fleeing to Egypt to protect Jesus from Herod. It was said that brooms could be found at the door of the house holding Jesus, but when Herod's soldiers arrived to the place they found every door decorated with brooms.

Romania

[edit]

On May Day, the Romanians celebrate the arminden (or armindeni), the beginning of summer, symbolically tied with the protection of crops and farm animals. The name comes from Slavonic Jeremiinŭ dĭnĭ, meaning prophet Jeremiah's day, but the celebration rites and habits of this day are apotropaic and pagan (possibly originating in the cult of the god Pan).

The day is also called ziua pelinului ("mugwort day") or ziua bețivilor ("drunkards' day") and it is celebrated to ensure good wine in autumn and, for people and farm animals alike, good health and protection from the elements of nature (storms, hail, illness, pests). People would have parties in natural surroundings, with lăutari (fiddlers) for those who could afford it. Then it is customary to roast and eat lamb, along with new mutton cheese, and to drink mugwort-flavoured wine, or just red wine, to refresh the blood and get protection from diseases. On the way back, the men wear lilac or mugwort flowers on their hats.

Other apotropaic rites include, in some areas of the country, people washing their faces with the morning dew (for good health) and adorning the gates for good luck and abundance with green branches or with birch saplings (for the houses with maiden girls). The entries to the animals' shelters are also adorned with green branches. All branches are left in place until the wheat harvest when they are used in the fire which will bake the first bread from the new wheat.

On May Day eve, country women do not work in the field as well as in the house to avoid devastating storms and hail coming down on the village.

Arminden is also ziua boilor (oxen day) and thus the animals are not to be used for work, or else they could die or their owners could get ill.

It is said that the weather is always good on May Day to allow people to celebrate.

Serbia

[edit]

"Prvomajski uranak" (Reveille on 1 May) is a folk tradition and feast that consists of the fact that on 1 May, people go in the nature or even leave the day before and spend the night with a camp fire. Most of the time, a dish is cooked in a kettle or in a barbecue. Among Serbs this holiday is widespread. Almost every town in Serbia has its own traditional first-of-may excursion sites, and most often these are green areas outside the city.^[48]

Spain

[edit]

May Day is celebrated throughout the country as Los Mayos (lit. "the Mays") often in a similar way to "Fiesta de las Cruces" in many parts of Hispanic America. One such example, in Galicia, is the festival "Fiesta de los Mayos" (or "Festa dos Maios" in Galician, the local language). It has a Celtic origin (from the festivity of Beltane)^[49] and consists of different traditions, such as representations around a decorated tree or sculpture. People sing popular songs (also called maios,) making mentions of social and political events during the past year, sometimes under the form of a converse, while they walk around the sculpture with the percussion of two sticks. In Lugo^[50] and in the village of Vilagarcía de Arousa^[51] it was usual to ask a tip to the attendees, which used to be a handful of dry chestnuts (castañas maiolas), walnuts or hazelnuts. Today the tradition became a competition where the best sculptures and songs receive a prize.^[52]

In the Galician city of Ourense, this day is celebrated traditionally on 3 May, the day of the Holy Cross, that in the Christian tradition replaced the tree "where the health, life and resurrection are," according to the introit of that day's mass.^[53]

North America

]

Canada

May Day is celebrated in some parts of the provinces of British Columbia, Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario.

Toronto

In Toronto, on the morning of 1 May, various Morris Dancing troops from Toronto and Hamilton gather on the road by Grenadier Cafe, in High Park to "dance in the May". The dancers and crowd then gather together and sing traditional May Day songs such as Hal-An-Tow and Padstow.

British Columbia

Celebrations often take place not on 1 May but during the Victoria Day long weekend, later in the month and when the weather is likely to be better. The longest continually observed May Day in the British Commonwealth is held in the city of New Westminster, BC. There, the first May Day celebration was held on 4 May 1870.^[54]

United States

Early European settlers of the Americas brought their May Day traditions with them, and May Day is still celebrated in many parts of the United States, with customs that vary from region to region. In some parts of the United States, May baskets are made. These are small baskets usually filled with flowers or treats and left at someone's doorstep. The giver rings the bell and runs away.^[55][56]

May Day celebrations were common at women's colleges and academic institutions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a tradition that continues at Bryn Mawr College^[57] and Brenau University^[58] to this day.

In Minneapolis, the May Day Parade and Festival is presented annually on the first Sunday in May, and draws around 50,000 people to Powderhorn Park. The festival was originated by In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre and is now decentralized and community-run.^[59] On 1 May itself, local Morris Dance sides converge on an overlook of the Mississippi River at dawn, and then spend the remainder of the day dancing around the metro area.^[60]

Morris dancers in the US have continued the English custom of 'dancing the sun up' on May Day, dancing at sunrise to welcome in the sun and the summer season. In 2024, Morris dancers danced the sun up in Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.^[38]

Hawaii

In Hawaii, May Day is also known as Lei Day, and it is normally set aside as a day to celebrate island culture in general and the culture of the Native Hawaiians in particular.^[61] Invented by poet and local newspaper columnist Don Blanding, the first Lei Day was celebrated on 1 May 1927 in Honolulu. Leonard "Red" and Ruth Hawk composed "May Day Is Lei Day in Hawai'i", the traditional holiday song.^[62]

ATTACHMENT THREE – FROM WIKIPEDIA @ use A

X21

AND…

INTERNATIONAL WORKERS' DAY

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about a holiday sometimes called May Day. For the traditional spring holiday, see May Day. For other labour-related holidays, see Labour Day (disambiguation). Official name	International Workers’ Day
Also called	May Day
Celebrations	Various, depending on the country; mostly parades, marches, barbecues
Date	1 May, or First Monday in May
Frequency	Annual
First time	1 May 1889 (135 years, 358 days)
Related to	May Day Labour Day

International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries^[1] and often referred to as May Day,^[2][3] is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement and occurs every year on 1 May,^[4][5] or the first Monday in May.^[6][7]

Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European spring festival of May Day. The International Workers Congress held in Paris in 1889 established the Second International for labor, socialist, and Marxist parties. It adopted a resolution for a "great international demonstration" in support of working-class demands for the eight-hour day. The 1 May date was chosen by the American Federation of Labor to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the Haymarket affair four days later. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event.^[5] The 1904 Sixth Conference of the Second International, called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace".^[8]

The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national public holiday in many countries, in most cases known as "International Workers' Day" or a similar name. Some countries celebrate a Labour Day on other dates significant to them, such as the United States and Canada, which celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September.^[9] In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to "Saint Joseph the Worker". Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others.^[10][11]

Origin

[edit]

Labor Celebration days existed in some European countries since the end of 18th century^[12] - sometimes on January 20 (France, 1793),^[13] sometimes on June 5 (France, 1867).^[14]

On 21 April 1856, Australian stonemasons in Victoria undertook a mass stoppage as part of the eight-hour workday movement.^[15] It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.^[16] 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago.^[17] In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.^[18][19] Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a miscarriage of justice.^{[20][nb 1]} The following day on 5 May, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the state militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.^[22]

In 1889, the first meeting of the Second International was held in Paris, following a proposal by Raymond Lavigne [fr] that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.^[5] On 1 May 1890, the call encouraged May Day demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe.^[23] Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru.^[23] May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International's second congress in 1891.^[24][25] Subsequently, the May Day riots of 1894 occurred. The International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."^[8] The congress made it "mandatory upon the proletarian organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers."^[8]

In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September^{[nb 2]} while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.^[26] Others argue that it was first proposed by Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor in May 1882,^[27] after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto, Canada.^[28] In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty US states officially celebrated Labor Day.^[27] Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,^[29] not on 1 May.

May Day has also been a focal point for demonstrations by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the Second International. May Day is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such as China, Vietnam, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union countries. May Day celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers.

In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to "Saint Joseph the Worker". Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others.^[10][11]

Today, the majority of countries around the world celebrate a workers' day on 1 May.

Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc under socialist governments

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and eastern Europe that were under the rule of Marxist–Leninist governments held official May Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During the Cold War, May Day became the occasion for large military parades in Red Square by the Soviet Union and attended by the top leaders of the Kremlin, especially the Politburo, atop Lenin's Mausoleum. It became an enduring symbol of that period. In Poland, since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In Hungary, May Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated "May trees".^[30] Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers' Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland. In East Germany, the holiday was officially known as Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus ("International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism"); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries.

By country

[edit]

Countries and dependencies coloured by observance of International Workers' Day or Labour Day:

 Labour Day falls or may fall on 1 May

 Another public holiday on 1 May

 No public holiday on 1 May, but Labour Day on a different date

 No public holiday on 1 May and no Labour Day

Africa

[edit]

Algeria

[edit]

In Algeria, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day.^[31]

Angola

[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Angola and called Workers' Day.^[32]

Egypt

[edit]

Egyptian Communist Party flags in Tahrir Square

In Egypt, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is considered a paid holiday. The President of Egypt traditionally presides over the celebrations.^[33]

Ethiopia

[edit]

In Ethiopia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Worker's Day.^[34]

Ghana

[edit]

1 May is a holiday in Ghana. It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations.^[35] The parades are normally addressed by the Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions.^[35] Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies.^[35]

Kenya

[edit]

In Kenya, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers' umbrella union body – the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally the President) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) the minimum wage on Labour Day.^[36]

Libya

[edit]

In Libya, International Workers' Day was declared a national public holiday by the National Transitional Council in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.^[37]

On 1 May 1978, then Libyan leader Colonel Mu'ammar Al-Qaddafi addressed the nation in the capital city of Tripoli calling for administrative and also economic reforms across Libya.^[38]

Mauritius

[edit]

In Mauritius, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights.^[39]

Morocco

[edit]

In Morocco, 1 May is recognized as a public holiday.^[40]

Mozambique

[edit]

Mozambique celebrates International Workers' Day on 1 May.^[41]

Namibia

[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Namibia and celebrated as Workers' Day.^[42]

Nigeria

[edit]

Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday in Nigeria. On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and other politicians address workers.^[43]

Somalia

[edit]

In Somalia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day.^[44]

South Africa

[edit]

In South Africa, Workers' Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995.^[45] Workers' Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, the South African Communist Party called for a strike on 1 May in response to the Suppression of Communism Act declaring it illegal. Police violence caused the death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law.^[46]

In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of the Haymarket affair, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day.^[47] COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti-apartheid organizations, including the National Education Crisis Committee and the United Democratic Front (South Africa).^[48] The call was also supported by a number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as the African Teachers' Association of South Africa, the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce, and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries.^[48] More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people.^[48] In the following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday.^[47] As a result of the killings on 1 May 1950 and the success of COSATU's call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After its first universal election in 1994, 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995.^[47] On its website, the city of Durban states that the holiday "celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa's apartheid regime".^[49]

Tanzania

[edit]

In Tanzania, it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as Worker's Day.^[50]

Tunisia

[edit]

1 May is recognized as Labour Day in Tunisia, and is a paid public holiday^[51]

Uganda

[edit]

In Uganda, Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May.^[52]

Zimbabwe

[edit]

1 May is recognized as a public holiday in Zimbabwe and called Workers' Day.^[53]

Americas

[edit]

Antigua and Barbuda

[edit]

In Antigua and Barbuda, Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.^[54]

Argentina

[edit]

In Argentina, Workers' Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities.

The first Workers' Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in Buenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time.^[55] In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the Radical Civic Union president Hipólito Yrigoyen. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of Juan Domingo Perón (1946–55).^[56] He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.

Barbados

[edit]

In Barbados, May Day is a public holiday celebrated on 1 May.^[57]

Bolivia

[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.^[58] By custom, it is usually the day on which wage increases (e.g., the national minimum wage) and other labour improvements are announced by the Government. In recent years it was also the day chosen by the Bolivian government to announce the (re)nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy (e.g. hydrocarbons in 2006, telecommunications in 2008, electricity in 2010, etc.).

Brazil

[edit]

In Brazil, "Workers' Day" is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events.^[59]

Canada

[edit]

In Canada, Labour Day is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day.

International Workers' Day is however marked by unions and leftists on 1 May. It is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a provincial statutory holiday). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or "International Workers' Day"; French: Journée internationale des travailleurs) in Montreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 Labour Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which the minimum wage rises.^[60]

Chile

[edit]

Protest against the Pinochet dictatorship in O'Higgins Park, Santiago, on 1 May 1984.

President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.^[61] All stores and public services must close for the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organization Workers' United Center of Chile (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on the issues of the day concerning workers' rights.

Colombia

[edit]

1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday.^[62] As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country.^[63]

Costa Rica

[edit]

First celebrated in 1913,^[64] labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day, the President of Costa Rica gives a speech to the citizens and the legislature of Costa Rica about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members.^[65]

Cuba

[edit]

This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to the Cuban Communist government and the Cuban Revolution during the whole morning.^[66]

Dominica

[edit]

In Dominica, Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.^[67]

Dominican Republic

[edit]

1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and celebrated by workers' parades and demonstration.

Ecuador

[edit]

In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations.^[68]

El Salvador

[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.^[69]

Guatemala

[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.^[70]

Haiti

[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Agriculture and Labour Day.^[71]

Honduras

[edit]

1 May is an official holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Honduras.^[72]

Mexico

[edit]

1 May is a federal holiday. It also commemorates the Cananea Strike of 1906 in the Mexican state of Sonora.

Panama

[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Panama.^[73]

Paraguay

[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Paraguay.^[74]

Peru

[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as "Labour Day" within Peru.^[75]

Saint Kitts and Nevis

[edit]

In Saint Kitts and Nevis, Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.^[76]

United States

[edit]

Main article: Labor Day

In the United States, a "Labor Day", celebrated on the first Monday in September was given increasing state recognition from 1887, and became an official federal holiday in 1894.^[29]

Efforts to switch Labor Day from September to 1 May have not been successful.

In 1947, 1 May was established as Loyalty Day by the U.S. Veterans of Foreign Wars as a way to counter communist influence and recruitment at International Workers' Day rallies.^[77] Loyalty Day was celebrated across the country with patriotic parades and ceremonies, however the growing conflict over U.S. involvement in Vietnam detracted from the popularity of these celebrations.^[77] In 1958, the American Bar Association campaigned to have 1 May designated as Law Day, which was acknowledged in 1961 by a joint resolution of Congress.^[78] Law Day exercises, such as mock trials and courthouse tours, are often sponsored by the American Bar Association.

Unions and Political organizations including anarchist groups and socialist and communist parties have kept the International Workers' Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations. In 1919 especially large demonstrations took place, and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades in Boston, New York, and Cleveland and a number of people were killed.^[79][80] In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the killing of seven workers during an 8-hour march.^[22] Some of the largest examples of this occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands of workers marched in International Workers' Day parades in New York's Union Square, while cities like Chicago and Duluth saw large demonstrations organized by the Communist Party.

San Jose, California, Workers' Day March, 1 May 2006

In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostly Latino immigrant groups in the United States as the day for the Great American Boycott, a general strike of undocumented immigrant workers and supporters to protest H.R. 4437, immigration reform legislation that they felt was draconian. From 10 April to 1 May of that year, immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers' rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other leftist organizations on 1 May.^[81][82] On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration in Los Angeles in support of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televised dispersal by police officers. In March 2008, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union announced that dockworkers will move no cargo at any West Coast ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of the Iraq War and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.^[83]

On 1 May 2012, members of Occupy Wall Street and labor unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate International Workers' Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.^[84][85]

On 1 May 2017, immigrants' rights advocates, labor unions and leftists held protests against the immigration and economic policies of President Donald Trump in cities throughout the US, Chicago and Los Angeles having some of the largest marches.^[86][87]

On 1 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, "workers at Amazon, Whole Foods, Instacart, Walmart, FedEx, Target, and Shipt say they will walk off the job ... to protest their employers’ failure to provide basic protections for frontline workers who are risking and losing their lives at work."^[88] Additionally, on the same day, there will be a rent strike, the largest in nearly a century.^[89]

On 1 May 2021, black bloc protesters clashed with police in Oakland & Portland. Numerous other May Day activities occurred across the country.^[90]

Uruguay

[edit]

In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers' Day – is an official holiday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, almost all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, the main event takes place at the First of May Square in Montevideo.^{[citation needed]}

Venezuela

[edit]

In Venezuela, Workers' Day (El Día del Trabajador) is celebrated on 1 May since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an order of Eleazar López Contreras. However, Isaías Medina Angarita changed it back to 1 May in 1945.^[91]

East Asia

[edit]

Mainland China

[edit]

International Workers' Day celebration in Beijing on 1 May 1952

1 May is a statutory holiday in the People's Republic of China. It was a three-day holiday until 2008, but was only one day after 2008.^[92][93] During a Golden Week, surrounding weekends are rescheduled so that workers have seven continuous days off before 2009 and four to five continuous days after 2018.^[94]

Hong Kong

[edit]

In Hong Kong, 1 May is known as Labour Day and has been considered a public holiday since 1999.^[95][96]

Macau

[edit]

In Macau, it is a public holiday and is officially known as Dia do Trabalhador (Portuguese for "Workers' Day").^[97]

Taiwan

[edit]

1 May is known as Labor Day in Taiwan, an official holiday, though not everybody gets a day off. Students and teachers do not have this day off.^[98]

Japan

[edit]

2011 National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo) May Day march, Tokyo

See also: Labor Thanksgiving Day

International Workers' Day is not officially designated by the Japanese government as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast majority of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as "paid leave". 1 May occurs during "Golden Week", together with 29 April ("Shōwa Day"), 3 May ("Constitution Memorial Day"), 4 May ("Greenery Day") and 5 May ("Children's Day").^[99] Workers generally take the day off work not so much to join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal pleasure is widely frowned upon).

Some major labour unions organize rallies and demonstrations in Tokyo,^[100] Osaka, and Nagoya.^[101] Japan has a long history of labour activism and has had a communist and socialist party in the Diet since 1945. In 2008, the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenrōren) held a rally in Yoyogi Park attended by 44,000 participants, while the National Trade Unions Council (Zenrōkyō) held its May Day rally at Hibiya Park.^{[citation needed]} Rengō, the largest Japanese trade union, held its May Day rally on the following Saturday (3 May), allegedly to distance itself from the more radical labour unions.^{[citation needed]}

North Korea

[edit]

In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 1 May is known as International Workers' Day, and is a public holiday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held every year throughout the country to honor the holiday.^[102] The Rungnado May Day Stadium in the capital of Pyongyang is named in honor of the holiday.

South Korea

[edit]

In the Republic of Korea, 1 May is known simply as "Workers' Day". It is not a public holiday, but a paid holiday for workers by the Designation of Workers' Day Act.^{[nb 3]}

Europe

[edit]

Albania

[edit]

Labour Day (Albanian: Dita e punëtorëve) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May and thus schools and most businesses are closed.^[104]

Armenia

[edit]

Labour Day (Armenian: Աշխատանքի օր, ashxatanki or) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May.^[105]

Austria

[edit]

1st of May demonstration of the SPÖ at Rathausplatz in Vienna

Labour Day (Tag der Arbeit), officially called Staatsfeiertag (state's holiday), is a public holiday in Austria. Left parties, especially social democrats organize celebrations with marches and speeches in all major cities. In smaller towns and villages those marches are held the night before.^{[citation needed]}

Belgium

[edit]

In Belgium, Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid, Feest van de Arbeid, French: Journée des travailleurs, Fête du travail), is observed on 1 May and is an official holiday since 1948.^[106] Various socialist and communist organizations hold parades and other events in different cities.^[107]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 and 2 May (Bosnian and Serbian: Prvi Maj / Први Mај, Croatian: Prvi Svibanj) are an official holiday and day-off for public bodies and schools at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Additionally, in some places public events are organized. In its capital city, Sarajevo, 12 and 13 June are also celebrated as Labour day ^{[citation needed]} due to its many natural parks and springs.

Bulgaria

[edit]

Labour Day is one of the public holidays in Bulgaria, where it is known as Labour Day and International Workers' Solidarity Day (Bulgarian: Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност) and celebrated annually on 1 May.^[108] The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the People's Republic of Bulgaria began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the organization of mass events.^{[citation needed]}

Croatia

[edit]

In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday, Labour Day. Many public events are organized and held all over the country where bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers' dish. Red carnations are also handed out to symbolise the origin of the day. In Zagreb, the capital, a major gathering is in Maksimir Park, which is located in the east part of Zagreb. In Split, city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split peninsula.^[109]

Cyprus

[edit]

In Cyprus, 1 May (Greek: Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά) is considered as an official Public Holiday (Labour Day). In general, all stores remain closed in public and private sector. The Labor Union and Syndicates celebrate with various festivals and events across the country.^{[citation needed]}

Czech Republic

[edit]

In the Czech Republic, 1 May is an official and national holiday known as Labour Day (Czech: Svátek práce).^[110]

Denmark

[edit]

In Denmark, 1 May is not an official holiday, but a variety of individuals, mostly in the public sector, construction industry, and production industry, get a half or a whole day off. It was first celebrated in Copenhagen in 1890. The location of the first celebration, the Fælledparken, still plays an important part today with speeches by politicians and trade unionists to mark the occasion. Many other events are also held around the country to commemorate the day.^[111]

Estonia

[edit]

In Estonia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as part of May Day (Kevadpüha). It also coincides with Walpurgis Day (volbripäev).^{[citation needed]}

Finland

[edit]

A May Day rally in Helsinki, Finland

In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. It is mainly celebrated as a feast of students, and spring, called vappu or Walpurgis Night.^[112] Finland also celebrates Workers' Day (officially: suomalaisen työn päivä, "day of Finnish labour") on the same day.^{[citation needed]}

France

[edit]

Workers' Day demonstration in Lyon, France

In France, 1 May is a public holiday called Workers' Day (French: Fête du Travail). It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be interrupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).^[113] Demonstrations and marches are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions organize parades in major cities to defend workers' rights. It is also customary to offer a lily of the valley to friends or family. This custom dates back to 1561, when king Charles IX, aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal administration exempts individuals and workers' organizations from any tax or administrative duties related to the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gathered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.

Germany

[edit]

In April 1933, the recently installed Nazi government declared 1 May the "Day of National Work", an official state holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be organized by the government. Any separate celebrations by Communists, Social Democrats or labour unions were banned.^{[citation needed]} After World War II, 1 May remained a state holiday in both East and West Germany. In communist East Germany, workers were de facto required to participate in large state-organized parades on May Day.^{[citation needed]} Today in Germany it is simply called "Labour Day" (Tag der Arbeit), and there are numerous demonstrations and celebrations by independent workers' organizations. Today, Berlin witnesses yearly demonstrations on Labour Day, the largest organised by labour unions, political parties, the far left and the leftist Autonomen.

May Day rally in Hanover, Germany, 1 May 2013

Since 1987, Labour Day has also become known for riots in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against radical leftists in that year's annual demonstrations, the Autonomen scattered and sought cover at the ongoing annual street fair in Kreuzberg. Three years prior to the reunification of Germany, violent protests would only take place in the former West Berlin. The protesters began tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began building barricades after the police withdrew due to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops plundered and burned to the ground. The police eventually ended the riots the following night. These violent forms of protests by the radical left later increasingly involved participants without political motivation.^[114]

Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to prevent riots, and May Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 years. In recent years, neo-Nazis and other groups on the far right, such as the National Democratic Party of Germany, have used the day to schedule public demonstrations, often leading to clashes with left-wing protesters, which turned especially violent in Leipzig in 1998 and 2005.^{[citation needed]}

May Day violence flared up again in 2010. After an approved far-right demonstration was blocked by leftists, a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by the Berlin Police.^[115]

Greece

[edit]

In Greece, 1 May is an optional public holiday, but is treated by workers as a strike. The Ministry of Labour retains the right to classify it as an official public holiday on an annual basis, and it customarily does so.^[116] The day is called Ergatikí Proto-magiá (Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά, lit. "Workers' 1 May") and celebrations are marked by demonstrations in which left-wing political parties, anti-authority groups, and workers' unions participate. On Workers' Day in 2010, there were major protests all over Greece, most notably Athens and Thessaloniki, by many left, anarchist and communist supporters and some violent clashes with riot police who were sent out to contain the protesters. They opposed economic reforms, an end to job losses and wage cuts in the face of the government's proposals of massive public spending cuts. These reforms are to fall in line with the IMF-EU-ECB loan proposals, which demand that Greece liberalize its economy and cut its public spending and private sector wages, which many believe will decrease living standards.^[117]

Hungary

[edit]

Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, Workers' Day (Hungarian: A munka ünnepe), with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes are organized around the holiday. Left-wing parties and trade unions hold public rallies commemorating Labour Day.^[118]

Iceland

[edit]

In Iceland, Labour Day (Icelandic: Baráttudagur verkalýðsins) is a public holiday. The first demonstration for workers rights in Iceland occurred in 1923. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups marches through towns and cities across the country and speeches are delivered.^[119] However, some private businesses are open, mainly in the capital.^[120]

Ireland

[edit]

May Day parade in Belfast, 2011

The Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) marks International Workers' Day with rallies in Belfast and Dublin and other events such as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place around a wider May Day festival.^[121][122] The first Monday in May has been a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland since 1994^[123] and in Northern Ireland since 1978.^[124] In the Republic the public holiday was demanded by the ICTU^[125] and proposed by the Labour Party in negotiating its 1992–94 coalition government with Fianna Fáil, and marked the centenary of the ICTU's predecessor, the Irish Trades Union Congress.^[126] The public holiday has no official designation, as "Workers' Day" or otherwise.^[127] In 2005, Labour's Ruairi Quinn condemned an alleged Fianna Fáil proposal to replace the May holiday with one on 24 April commemorating the 1916 Rising as a slight to workers. The proposal was, in actuality, for an extra holiday – rather than a replacement.^[128]

Italy

[edit]

Traditional 1 May Concert in St. John Lateran square, Rome

The first International Workers' Day celebration in Italy took place in 1890. It started initially as an attempt to celebrate workers' achievements in their struggle for their rights and for better social and economic conditions.^{[citation needed]} It was abolished under the Fascist regime and immediately restored after the Second World War. (During the fascist period, a "Holiday of the Italian Labour" (Festa del lavoro italiano) was celebrated on 21 April, the date of Natale di Roma, when Rome was allegedly founded.^{[citation needed]}) In 1947, following an unexpected electoral victory of the Popular Democratic Front in Sicily, local secessionists and pro-USA mafia hitmen killed 14 and injured 27 firing machine guns at an International Workers' Day celebration in the Portella della Ginestra Massacre. International Workers' Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holiday regardless of what day of the week it falls. The Concerto del Primo Maggio ("1st of May Concert"), organized by Italian labour unions in Rome in Piazza di Porta San Giovanni has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves the participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 15:00 until midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live on Rai 3.^[129] A second big concert is organised in the city of Taranto and it is transmitted locally by TGR Apulia

Lithuania

[edit]

In Lithuania, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as International Work Day (Lithuanian: Tarptautinė darbo diena).^[130] Celebrations for workers' day were mandatory during the Soviet occupation, and carry a negative connotation as a result today. As Lithuania declared its independence in 1990, Work Day lost its public holiday status, but regained it in 2001.^[131][132]

Latvia

[edit]

In Latvia, Labour Day is an official public holiday celebrated as Convocation of the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of Latvia, Labour Day.^[133]

Luxembourg

[edit]

In Luxembourg, 1 May, called the Dag vun der Aarbecht ("Labour Day"), is a legal holiday traditionally associated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxembourg City and other cities.^[134]

Malta

[edit]

In Malta, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as "Workers' Day",^[135] together with the religious feast of Saint Joseph the Worker. (Saint Joseph's Day, 19 March, the saint's main feast, is also a public holiday in Malta).^[135] A Labour mass meeting takes place on 1 May. Nationalists celebrate accession to the European Union on 1 May 2004.

Montenegro

[edit]

In Montenegro, 1 May is an official public holiday and a day off work and a day out of school. It is the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated.^[136]

Netherlands

[edit]

In the Netherlands, 1 May or Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid) is not an official holiday. This is due in part to its proximity to the national holiday, Koningsdag, which was celebrated on the day before until 2013. Labour movements also didn't see the need to agitate for an extra day off during the Post–World War II recovery efforts. Liberals who joined the Labour Party in this same period also wanted to distance themselves from the Soviet Union because of Cold War sentiments.^[137]

North Macedonia

[edit]

First Workers' Day celebration of the Ottoman period in Skopje, 1909

In North Macedonia, 1 May (Macedonian: Ден на Трудот, Den na Trudot) is an official public holiday. Before 2007, 2 may was also a public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, accompanied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages. Left organizations and some trade unions organize protests on 1 May.^[138]

Norway

[edit]

Norway's then Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg gives his 1 May speech in 2009 in Oslo, Norway.

In Norway, Labour Day (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Dag) is celebrated 1 May and is an official public holiday. It was introduced in 1942 by Vidkun Quisling of the Nasjonal Samling party modelled after the German Nationaler Feiertag des deutschen Volkes.^[139]

Poland

[edit]

1 May Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland

In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is officially celebrated as Labour Day.^[140][141] it is currently celebrated without a specific connotation, and as such it is May Day. However, due to historical connotations, most of the large organized celebrations are focused around Labour Day festivities. It is customary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as "Labour Day" (Polish: Święto Pracy).^{[citation needed]}

In Poland, Labour Day is closely followed by May 3rd Constitution Day. These two dates combined often result in a long weekend called Majówka, which may last for up to 9 days from 28 April to 6 May, at the cost of taking only 3 days off. People often travel, and Majówka is unofficially considered the start of barbecuing season in Poland.^{[citation needed]}

Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of the Polish Flag (Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), introduced by a parliamentary act of 20 February 2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off.^{[citation needed]}

In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers' Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski.^{[citation needed]}

Portugal

[edit]

In Portugal, Workers' Day (Portuguese: Dia do Trabalhador) on 1 May was suppressed during the Estado Novo dictatorship. The first workers' day demonstration was held a week after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. It is still the largest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is used as an opportunity for workers and workers' groups to voice their discontent over working conditions in demonstrations across Portugal, the largest being held in Lisbon. It is an official public holiday.^[142]

Romania

[edit]

Delegates of the Romanian Communist Party on 1 May 1965

In Romania, 1 May, known as the "International Labour Day" (Romanian: Ziua internațională a muncii), the "International Workers' Day" (Ziua internațională a muncitorilor), or simply "1/First of May" (1/Întâi Mai), is an official public holiday. During the communist regime, like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organized parades in most towns and cities. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organized events or parades. Most people celebrate together with friends and family, organising picnics and barbecues. It is also the first day of the year when people, especially those from the southeastern part of the country including the capital Bucharest, go to spend the day in one of the Romanian Black Sea resorts.^{[citation needed]}

Russia

[edit]

Russian Communist Workers' Party demonstration on 1 May 2008 in Izhevsk

In Russia, the "Day of International Workers Solidarity, the 1st of May" (Russian: День международной солидарности трудящихся Первое ма́я) was celebrated illegally in the country until the February Revolution enabled the first legal celebration in 1917. The following year, after the Bolshevik seizure of power, the May Day celebrations were boycotted by Mensheviks, Left Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists. It became an important official holiday of the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest celebration was traditionally organized in Red Square, where the General Secretary of the CPSU and other party and government leaders stood atop Lenin's Mausoleum and waved to the crowds. Until 1969, the holiday was marked by military parades throughout the Russian SFSR and the union republics.^{[citation needed]} The following was the order of the march past:

· Parade commander holding the appointment of commanding officer of the Moscow Military District

· Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College

· Frunze Military Academy

· V.I. Lenin Military Political Academy

· Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy

· Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky

· Military Engineering Academy

· Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control

· Yuri Gagarin Air Force Academy

· Prof. Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy

· Delegation of naval officer cadets from the Soviet Navy^[143]

· 98th Guards Airborne Division

· Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB "Moscow City Council"

· Separate Operational Purpose Division

· 336th Marine Brigade of the Baltic Fleet

· Suvorov Military School and Nakhimov Naval Schools

· Moscow Military Combined Arms Command Training School "Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"

· Mobile Column

· 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division

· 4th Guards Tank Division

· Missile Troops and Artillery of the Moscow Military District

· 1st Aerospace Defense Army

· Northern Fleet and Baltic Fleet Coastal Defense, Surface and Submarine Forces (until 1974)

· Massed Bands of the Moscow Military District (parade finale)

The first of these parades were held 1918, when Vladimir Lenin presided over a ceremony at Khodynka Field.^[144] Notable parades included the parade of 1941 (which saw the presence of a Wehrmacht delegation led by Ernst August Köstring^[145]) and 1963 (where Cuban leader Fidel Castro was a guest). The only parades on 1 May to be cancelled were the parades scheduled during the years of the Second World War and the 1965 parade (this was cancelled to make way for the 1965 Moscow Victory Day Parade nine days later). In 1979, ten years after the last annual parade, a brief exhibition drill and military tattoo of the forces of the Moscow Garrison took place.^[146]

In 1991, which preceded the last year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, May Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as "a rally of communist-oriented organisations" was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the Red Flag and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition movement Working Moscow, Viktor Anpilov, "for early dismissal of President Boris Yeltsin, ousting Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov from power and putting the latter on trial". Since 1992, May Day is officially called "Spring and Labor Day", and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia.

May Day 2010 in Moscow: anarchist demonstrationMay Day 2009 in Severodvinsk: red flags and social slogans visibleColumn of "democratic left" at the 2011 Labor Day march in Moscow: LevSD, Committee for a Workers' International, LGBT, feminists

In 1993, a Moscow Labor Day rally followed by a procession organized by the National Salvation Front, Labor Moscow, and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation turned into clashes between demonstrators and riot police near houses 30 and 37 along Leninsky Avenue.^{[147][note 1]}

After the demonstrators broke through the cordon, OMON went on a counterattack near house 37 along Leninsky Avenue. "The demonstrators fought fiercely using banner poles." To overcome the barriers, the demonstrators used trucks as rams. One of the rams resulted in severe injuries to OMON Sergeant Vladimir Tolokneyev, who died four days later. Media reports on the number of victims varied: the initial figure of 150 people soon quadrupled.^[147]

1 May is celebrated annually by communists, anarchists, and other organizations as the Day of International Solidarity of Workers. These events are accompanied by the promotion of sharp social and political slogans ("Government of bankrupts - resign!", "WE do not want to pay for YOUR crisis!", "Self-organization! Self-government! Self-defense!" etc.).^[148][149]

The Spring and Labor Day, celebrated as a state holiday, is usually used for political actions under independent slogans by trade unions, parties, and movements of various orientations, from the left to the far right: United Russia (together with the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia and the Young Guard of United Russia), A Just Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Yabloko, Solidarnost, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, and Autonomous Action.^[150][151]

The slogans of official events organized by the authorities are far from the historical roots of the May Day demonstrations: "Putin's plan is a plan for Victory!", "Bonuses for pensioners", "Three kids in a family is the norm!".^[152]

A more radical attitude to the holiday in 2009 was expressed by the head of the metropolitan branch of the Right Cause party, Igor Trunov: "To be honest, I didn't really want to celebrate 1 May, because I don't stand in solidarity with the workers of Chicago, where this holiday came from".^[153]

On 1 May 2013, several hundred thousand workers took to the streets of Russian cities. More than 100,000 people took part in the May Day demonstration in Moscow.^[154]

Since 2014 a national civil parade has been held on 1 May on Red Square, with similar events held in major cities and regional capitals.

In 2016, the celebration of Easter and May Day overlapped,^[155] which led to the abandonment of May Day events in some regions.^[156]

Serbia

[edit]

In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. In Belgrade, the capital, most people go to Avala or Košutnjak, which are parks located in Rakovica and Čukarica. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday of Djurdjevdan is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population regardless of political views.

Slovakia

[edit]

In Slovakia, 1 May is an official holiday. Celebrations are held surrounding workers' day but are also connected with the commemoration of the entry of the Slovak Republic into the European Union (1 May 2004).^[157]

Slovenia

[edit]

In Slovenia, 1 May and 2 May are public holidays. There are many official events all over the country to celebrate workers' day. In Ljubljana, the capital, the main celebration is held on Rožnik Hill in the city. On the night of 30 April, bonfires are traditionally burned.^[158]

Spain

[edit]

Main article: Labor Day in Spain

May Day rally in Barcelona, Spain

In Spain, the first Workers' Day (Día del Trabajador) was celebrated in 1889 but only became a public holiday with the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. It was banned afterwards by the Franco regime in 1937.^[159] The year after it was decreed that the "Fiesta de la Exaltación del Trabajo," or Labor Festival, be held on 18 July, the anniversary of the Francoist military coup, instead.^[160] After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975 and the move towards democracy, the first large rallies on 1 May began again in 1977. It was re-introduced as a public holiday in 1978.^[161] Commonly, peaceful demonstrations and parades occur in major and minor cities.^[162][163]

Sweden

[edit]

Swedish Social Democratic Party at May Day demonstration in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2006. The party has dominated Swedish politics for nearly a century. The trade union palace in Stockholm is seen at the end of the picture.

1 May has been an important part of Swedish history since the late 19th century. The day was made a public holiday in 1938 but had been celebrated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party and the left since 1890. The first May Day celebration gathered more than 50,000 people in central Stockholm. The crowd went to hear speeches by the leading figures in the Swedish labour movement such as Hjalmar Branting (later prime minister), August Palm and Hinke Bergegren. During World War I the demonstrations mainly had a peace message and the Liberal Party also joined the demonstrations. The eight-hour working day and women's suffrage were the principal themes during the troubled times after World War I.

Recognizing the central contributions of workers and international worker solidarity in Swedish social, economic, political and cultural development, May Day demonstrations are an important part of Swedish politics and culture for social democrats, left parties, and unions. In Stockholm the Social Democratic Party always marches towards Norra Bantorget, the historical, physical centre of the Swedish labour movement, where they hold speeches in front of the headquarters of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation, while the smaller Left Party marches in larger numbers^[164] towards Kungsträdgården.

Since 1967, the Communist Party and its youth wing, Revolutionary Communist Youth, have held their own May Day march, known as Röd Front ('Red Front').^[165] In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 locations across the country.^[166] The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in the industrial and financial port town of Gothenburg, Sweden's second-largest city and one of the party's strongholds.^[167][168]

May Day in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1970s

Switzerland

[edit]

In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on the canton and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known as Tag der Arbeit in German-speaking cantons, as Fête du travail in the French-speaking cantons, and as Festa del lavoro in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

· In the cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Jura, Neuchâtel, and Zürich, Labour Day is an official public holiday equal to Sundays, based on federal law (Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel, article 20a).

· In the cantons of Schaffhausen, Thurgau, and Ticino, Labour Day is an official "day off" (Ruhetag). This is equal in practice to an official public holiday, but is not based on federal law and cantonal regulations may differ in details.

· In the canton of Solothurn it is an official half-day holiday (starting at 12 noon).

· In the canton of Fribourg, public servants get the afternoon off, many companies follow this practice.

· In the canton of Aargau it is not an official holiday, but most employees get the afternoon off.

· In the municipalities of Hildisrieden and Schüpfheim (both in the canton of Lucerne) as well as in Muotathal (canton of Schwyz), 1 May is an official public holiday, but as commemoration day of the local patron saint, not as Labour Day. In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz, 1 May is a regular work day.

· In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day.^[169]

The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are held in the city of Zürich. Each year, Zürich's 1 May committee, together with the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions, organizes a festival and 1 May rally. It is the largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland.^[170]

Turkey

[edit]

Istanbul May Day clashes in 2013Workers marching to Taksim Square, 1 May 2012

1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was a holiday as "Spring Day" until 1981 when it was canceled after the 1980 coup d'état. In 2009, the Turkish government restored the holiday after some casualties and demonstrations. Taksim Square is the centre of the celebrations due to the Taksim Square massacre.^{[citation needed]}

Workers' Day was first celebrated in 1912 in Istanbul and in 1899 in İzmir. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the celebrations continued. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree of the Kemalist government in both 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared 1 May as "Spring Day" to be a public holiday.^[171]

During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square massacre), in which unknown people (agents provocateurs) opened fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turkish workers' history with the number of people approximating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d'état. The 1 May holiday was cancelled after the coup d'état. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was revealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nationalist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers' movements.^[171]

In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim Square Massacre, leftist workers' unions wanted to commemorate the massacre in Taksim Square. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as "Work and Solidarity Day" but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.^[172] The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hospitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that in 2010, 140,000 people gathered in Taksim, and in 2011 there were more than half a million demonstrators.^{[citation needed]}

After three years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. Clashes occurred between police and workers; water cannon and tear gas have been widely used.^[173]

Ukraine

[edit]

International Workers' Day is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the Soviet era. The 1st May as a day of workers' solidarity in Kyiv began as early as 1894.^[174] Until 2018, 2 May was also a public holiday (as in the Soviet era), instead in 2017 Western Christianity's Christmas celebrated 25 December became a new Ukrainian public holiday.^[175][176] The 1 May International Workers' Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from "Day of International Solidarity of Workers" to "Labour Day".^[176]

In 2015, the Communist Party's Labor Day rallies were banned in Kyiv and Kharkiv.^[177]

Late May 2015 laws that ban communist symbols came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.^[178]

According to Interior Minister Arsen Avakov during the 2016 May Day rallies in some major cities the number of police officers far outnumbered the number of rally participants.^[179] With in Dnipro 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.^[179]

United Kingdom

[edit]

A public bank holiday in the United Kingdom was created in 1978.^[180] It is called the "Early May bank holiday" and is held on the first Monday in May each year.^{[181][better source needed][182]}

Oceania

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

See also: Labour Day § Australia

he Labour Day March in Brisbane, Queensland, is the largest rally in Australia.

While unofficial activities and commemorations associated with International Workers' Day occur on 1 May in Australia, Labour Day in the various states and territories generally falls on other days. In the Northern Territory and Queensland, Labour Day is a public holiday on the first Monday in May.^[183] Queensland holds the biggest rallies in Australia, with the rally in Brisbane averaging 30,000 people. ^{[citation needed]} In Australia, one of the first Labour Day marches occurred in Queensland on 1 May 1891.^[184] There are also rallies held in Cairns, Rockhampton, Townsville, Barcaldine, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Maryborough, Sunshine Coast, Gold Coast and other regional centres. ^{[citation needed]}

New Zealand

[edit]

New Zealand workers were among the first in the world to claim the right for an eight-hour working day when, in 1840, the carpenter Samuel Parnell^[185] won an eight-hour day in Wellington. Labour Day was first celebrated in New Zealand on 28 October 1890.^[186] Labour day falls every year on the fourth Monday of October.

South Asia

[edit]

Bangladesh

[edit]

In Bangladesh, 1 May is a public holiday and called May Day. A parade and other events are held on the day to commemorate the occasion.^[187]

India

[edit]

Triumph of Labour at the Marina Beach in Chennai

In India, Labour Day is a not a public holiday on 1 May.^[188] The May Day is tied to labour movements for communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as "Uzhaipalar dhinam" in Tamil and was first celebrated in Madras, "Kamgar Din" in Hindi, "Karmikara Dinacharane" in Kannada, "Karmika Dinotsavam" in Telugu, "Kamgar Divas" in Marathi, "Thozhilaali Dinam" in Malayalam and "Shromik Dibosh" in Bengali. Since Labour day is not a national holiday, Labour day is observed as public holiday at State Government's discretion. Many parts especially in North Indian States it is not a public holiday.^[189]

The first celebration in India was organized in Madras (now Chennai) by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan on 1 May 1923.^[190] This was also the first time the red flag was used in India.^[191] The party leader Singaravelu Chettiar made arrangements to celebrate May Day in two places in 1923. One meeting was held at the beach opposite to the Madras High Court; the other meeting was held at the Triplicane beach. The Hindu newspaper, published from Madras reported,^[192]

The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A resolution was passed stating that the government should declare May Day as a holiday. The president of the party explained the non-violent principles of the party. There was a request for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of the world must unite to achieve independence.

1 May is also celebrated as "Maharashtra Day"^[193] and "Gujarat Day" to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhile Bombay State was divided on linguistic lines. Maharashtra Day is held at Shivaji Park in central Mumbai. Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 May. A similar parade is held to celebrate Gujarat Day in Gandhinagar.

Vaiko (Vai Gopalsamy), General Secretary of Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, appealed to the then Prime Minister V. P. Singh to declare 1 May as a national holiday, to which the PM heeded and from then on it became a national holiday to celebrate International Labour Day.^{[194][non-primary source needed]}

Maldives

[edit]

Maldives first observed the holiday in 2011, after a declaration by President Mohamed Nasheed. He noted that this move highlighted the government's commitment as well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote workers' rights in the Maldives.^[195]

Nepal

[edit]

International Workers' Day has been celebrated in Nepal since 1963.^[196] The day became a public holiday in 2007.^[197]

Pakistan

[edit]

International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 May to commemorate the social and economic achievements of workers. It is a public and national holiday. Many organized street demonstrations take place on Labor Day, where workers and labor unions protest against labor repression and demand for more rights, better wages and benefits.^[198]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

In Sri Lanka, International Workers' Day was declared a public, bank, and mercantile holiday in 1956.^[199] The government has held official May Day celebrations in major towns and cities, with the largest being in the capital, Colombo. During celebrations, it is common to witness party leaders greeting the crowds. Workers frequently carry banners with political slogans and many parties decorate their vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

Southeast Asia

[edit]

Cambodia

[edit]

In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[200] No marches for labour day were permitted in Cambodia for several years after the 2013 Cambodian general election and surrounding mass protests. A tightly controlled march on a limited scale was first permitted again in 2019.^[201]

Indonesia

[edit]

Protest march in Jakarta, Indonesia, 1 May 2007

International Workers' Day, or Labour Day, in Indonesia was first observed as a public holiday from 2014. Every year on the day, labourers take over the streets in major cities across the country, voicing their demands for better income & a supportive policy by the ministries.^[202]

Malaysia

[edit]

Malaysia began observing the holiday in 1972 following an announcement by the late Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister, Ismail Abdul Rahman.^[203]

Myanmar

[edit]

In Myanmar, 1 May is known as Labour Day (Burmese: အလုပ်သမားနေ့) and is a public holiday.^[204]

Philippines

[edit]

1 May is known as "Labor Day" (Filipino: Araw ng Manggagawa, also known as Araw ng Paggawa) and is a public holiday in the Philippines. On this day, labour organizations and unions hold protests in major cities. On 1 May 1903, during the American colonial period the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a rally in front of the Malacañang Palace demanding workers' economic rights and Philippine independence. In 1908, the Philippine Assembly passed a bill officially recognizing 1 May as a national holiday. In 1913, the first official celebration was held on 1 May 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress in Manila.^[205]

During the Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a policy was adopted called holiday economics policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to create a long weekend of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo administration of belittling the holiday.^[206] By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the week it falls on.^[1]

Singapore

[edit]

In Singapore, it is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[207] The Prime Minister, who is the leader of the ruling People’s Action Party, gives a May Day Rally championing the tripartite relationship between government, employers, and employees.

Thailand

[edit]

In Thailand, the day is known in English as National Labour Day, and is one of 17 official public holidays in Thailand.^[208]

Vietnam

[edit]

In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day (Vietnamese: Ngày Quốc tế Lao động) and is a public holiday.^[209] It was first adopted by the Nguyễn dynasty on the 11th day of the 9th month of the 16th year of the Bảo Đại Emperor (30 October 1941) by imperial decree.^[209] Later on 29 April 1946 President Hồ Chí Minh issued Sắc lệnh số 56 (Decree No. 56) which adopted the holiday for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.^[209]

According to the decree "workers in public offices, private offices and factories throughout the country are entitled to a day off from work. International Labour 1.5 and still receive the same salary as a working day…".^[209] On 1 May 1946 the first International Labour Day of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was held.^[209]

West Asia

[edit]

Bahrain

[edit]

In Bahrain, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[210]

Iran

[edit]

In Iran, 1 May is known as the International Workers' Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 of Iranian labour law on top of the official public holidays observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day shall be considered an official holiday for workers.^[211]

Iraq

[edit]

In Iraq, it is known as the International Workers' Day and is a public holiday.^[212]

Israel

[edit]

Israel, 1 May 2007

After historically varying popularity of Labour Day, 1 May is not an official holiday in the State of Israel. In the 1980s there were several large marches in Tel Aviv, numbering as much as 350,000 in 1983 and perhaps even more in 1988, but a steady decline in numbers led to only 5,000 marchers in 2010. During the 1990s businesses began to treat it like a regular working day as the number of Labour Day-related activities decreased.^[213] 1 May is largely celebrated by the former Soviet Jews who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s.^{[citation needed]}

Jordan

[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[214]

Lebanon

[edit]

1 May known as the Workers' Day and is a public holiday. Left-wing parties and workers' unions organize marches on 1 May.^[215]

Palestine

[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^{[216][217][218]}

Yemen

[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[219]

Observation tables by countries and territories

[edit]

Country	International Workers' Day / Labour Day on 1 May
Afghanistan	No (no holiday)
Albania	Yes
Algeria	Yes
Andorra	Yes
Angola	Yes
Antigua and Barbuda	No (first Monday in May)
Argentina	Yes
Armenia	Yes
Australia	No (date varies by state/territory)
Austria	Yes
Azerbaijan	No (no holiday)
Bahamas	Yes
Bahrain	Yes
Bangladesh	Yes
Barbados	Yes
Belarus	Yes
Belgium	Yes
Belize	Yes
Benin	Yes
Bhutan	Yes
Bolivia	Yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Yes
Botswana	Yes
Brazil	Yes
Brunei	Yes
Bulgaria	Yes
Burkina Faso	Yes
Burundi	Yes
Cambodia	Yes
Cameroon	Yes
Canada	No (first Monday in September)
Cape Verde	Yes
Central African Republic	Yes
Chad	Yes
Chile	Yes
China	Yes
Colombia	Yes
Comoros	Yes
Republic of the Congo	Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Yes
Costa Rica	Yes
Croatia	Yes
Cuba	Yes
Cyprus	Yes
Czech Republic	Yes
Denmark	No (no holiday)
Djibouti	Yes
Dominica	No (first Monday in May)
Dominican Republic	Yes
East Timor	Yes
Ecuador	Yes
Egypt	Yes
El Salvador	Yes
Equatorial Guinea	Yes
Eritrea	Yes
Estonia	No (May Day celebrated instead)^[citation needed]
Eswatini	Yes
Ethiopia	Yes
Fiji	No (no holiday)
Finland	No (May Day celebrated instead)^[citation needed]
France	Yes
Gabon	Yes
Gambia	Yes
Georgia	Yes
Germany	Yes
Ghana	Yes
Greece	Yes
Grenada	Yes
Guatemala	Yes
Guinea	Yes
Guinea-Bissau	Yes
Guyana	Yes
Haiti	Yes
Honduras	Yes
Hungary	Yes
Iceland	Yes
India	Yes
Indonesia	Yes
Iran	Yes
Iraq	Yes
Ireland	No (first Monday in May)
Israel	No (no holiday)
Italy	Yes
Ivory Coast	Yes
Jamaica	No (23 May)
Japan	No (23 November)
Jordan	Yes
Kazakhstan	No (Kazakhstan People's Unity Day celebrated instead; Labour Day falls on last Sunday in September)
Kenya	Yes
Kiribati	Yes
Kuwait	Yes
Kyrgyzstan	Yes
Laos	Yes
Latvia	Yes
Lebanon	Yes
Lesotho	Yes
Liberia	No (no holiday)
Libya	Yes
Liechtenstein	Yes
Lithuania	Yes
Luxembourg	Yes
Madagascar	Yes
Malawi	Yes
Malaysia	Yes
Maldives	Yes
Mali	Yes
Malta	Yes
Marshall Islands	Yes
Mauritania	Yes
Mauritius	Yes
Mexico	Yes
Micronesia	Yes
Moldova	Yes
Monaco	Yes
Mongolia	No (no holiday)
Montenegro	Yes
Morocco	Yes
Mozambique	Yes
Myanmar	Yes
Namibia	Yes
Nauru	Yes
Nepal	Yes
Netherlands	No (no holiday)
New Zealand	No (fourth Monday in October)
Nicaragua	Yes
Niger	Yes
Nigeria	Yes
North Korea	Yes
North Macedonia	Yes
Norway	Yes
Oman	No (no holiday)
Pakistan	Yes
Palau	Yes
Panama	Yes
Papua New Guinea	No (no holiday)
Paraguay	Yes
Peru	Yes
Philippines	Yes
Poland	Yes
Portugal	Yes
Qatar	No (no holiday)
Romania	Yes
Russia	Yes
Rwanda	Yes
Saint Kitts and Nevis	No (first Monday in May)
Saint Lucia	Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Yes
Samoa	No (no holiday)
San Marino	Yes
São Tomé and Príncipe	Yes
Saudi Arabia	No (no holiday)
Senegal	Yes
Serbia	Yes
Seychelles	Yes
Sierra Leone	No (no holiday)
Singapore	Yes
Slovakia	Yes
Slovenia	Yes
Solomon Islands	No (no holiday)
Somalia	Yes
South Africa	Yes
South Korea	No (no holiday; per Labor Day Act, employers can stipulate that 1 May be made an official holiday within the company’s rules of employment)
South Sudan	Yes
Spain	Yes
Sri Lanka	Yes
Sudan	No (no holiday)
Suriname	Yes
Sweden	Yes
Switzerland	Yes
Syria	Yes
Taiwan	Yes
Tajikistan	Yes
Tanzania	Yes
Thailand	Yes
Togo	Yes
Tonga	No (no holiday)
Trinidad and Tobago	No (19 June)
Tunisia	Yes
Turkey	Yes
Turkmenistan	No (no holiday)
Tuvalu	Yes
Uganda	Yes
Ukraine	Yes
United Arab Emirates	No (no holiday)
United Kingdom	No (Early May bank holiday celebrated instead)^[182]
United States	No (first Monday in September)
Uruguay	Yes
Uzbekistan	No (no holiday)
Vanuatu	Yes
Vatican City	Yes
Venezuela	Yes
Vietnam	Yes
Yemen	Yes
Zambia	Yes
Zimbabwe	Yes

See also

[edit]

Portals:

· Organized labour

· Communism

· Socialism

· Holidays

· Workers' Memorial Day

· Pervomaysky (disambiguation)

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ I saw a man, whom I afterwards identified as Fielding [sic], standing on a truck wagon at the corner of what is known as Crane's Alley. I raised my baton and, in a loud voice, ordered them to disperse as peaceable citizens. I also called upon three persons in the crowd to assist in dispersing the mob. Fielding got down from the wagon, saying at the time, "We are peaceable," as he uttered the last word, I heard a terrible explosion behind where I was standing, followed almost instantly by an irregular volley of pistol shots in our front and from the sidewalk on the east side of the street, which was immediately followed by regular and well directed volleys from the police and which was kept up for several minutes. I then ordered the injured men brought to the stations and sent for surgeons to attend to their injuries. After receiving the necessary attention most of the injured officers were removed to the County Hospital and I highly appreciate the manner in which they were received by Warden McGarrigle who did all in his power to make them comfortable as possible.^[21]

2. ^ "In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed"^[26]

3. ^ 5월 1일을 근로자의 날로 하고 이 날을 "근로기준법"에 의한 유급휴일로 한다. ("The first day of May each year shall be designated as Workers' Day, which shall be a paid holiday under the 'Labor Standards Act'.)"^[103]

1. ^ The clashes were preceded by two circumstances: "the organizers deviated from the route allowed by the mayor's office," and the Moscow authorities decided to "obstruct the movement of the column along Leninsky Avenue." Subsequently, the authorities failed to rationally justify such a decision: the movement took place in the direction from the city center. The version that "the demonstrators are going to smash Gorbachev's dacha" remained unconfirmed.
The demonstrators, who were moving along Leninsky Avenue from Oktyabrskaya Square, noticing the truck barriers, as well as the cordon of police officers and OMON, reorganized, putting forward a vanguard of 500-600 people, the most organized part of which was the squad of the National Salvation Front. A few tens of meters before the cordon, the column stepped up and almost immediately broke through the cordon.
See the cited report by Memorial.

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[edit]

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192. ^ Report of May Day Celebrations 1923, and Formation of a New Party The Hindu quoted in Murugesan, K., Subramanyam, C.S. Singaravelu, First Communist in South India. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1975. p. 169

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196. ^ "113th May Day being observed today". Nepal news.com (April 2002).

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198. ^ "The Labour Day". thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

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209. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Nguyễn Thu Hoài (21 January 2018). "Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?" (in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam). Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

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ATTACHMENT FOUR – FROM THE BBC

ARGENTINA 'DIRTY WAR' ACCUSATIONS HAUNT POPE FRANCIS

Pope Francis served as Archbishop of Buenos Aires before his accession

By Vladimir Hernandez 15 March 2013

"I see a lot of joy and celebration for Pope Francis, but I'm living his election with a lot of pain."

These are the words of Graciela Yorio, the sister of Orlando Yorio - a priest who was kidnapped in May 1976 and tortured for five months during Argentina's last military government.

Ms Yorio accuses the then-Father Jorge Mario Bergoglio of effectively delivering her brother and fellow priest Francisco Jalics into the hands of the military authorities by declining to endorse publicly their social work in the slums of Buenos Aires, which infuriated the junta at the time.

Their kidnapping took place during a period of massive state repression of left-wing activists, union leaders and social activists which became known as the "Dirty War".

Orlando Yorio has since died. But, in a statement, Fr Jalics said on Friday he was "reconciled with the events and, for my part, consider them finished".

The Vatican has strenuously denied Pope Francis was guilty of any wrongdoing.

"There has never been a credible, concrete accusation against him," its spokesman, Fr Federico Lombardi, told reporters in Rome.

'Stolen babies'

For Estela de la Cuadra, the election of Cardinal Bergoglio as Pope, was "awful, a barbarity".

Tens of thousands of Argentines were kidnapped and killed by the military junta

Her sister Elena was "disappeared" by the military in 1978 when five-months pregnant. Their father asked Fr Bergoglio for help in finding her.

"He gave my dad a handwritten note with the name of a bishop who could give us information on our missing relatives," Ms de la Cuadra says.

"When my father met the bishop, he was informed that his granddaughter was 'now with a good family'," she adds.

In 2010, then-Cardinal Bergoglio was asked to testify in the trial over the "stolen babies" - children born to the regime's opponents who were taken and handed over to be raised in suitable military families after their mothers were killed.

The cardinal said he had only known about that practice after democracy returned to Argentina in 1983.

Ms de la Cuadra believes the handwritten note contradicts this account, and testified under oath on the subject in May 2011.

'Collaborationist'

Argentina's last military government left a deep scar on Argentine society that has still not healed.

Almost every day there is a judicial hearing where former officials are tried for human rights abuses. More than 600 have been convicted of charges including torture, the theft of babies, illegal arrests and murder.

Pope Francis has testified twice in two separate cases, but has never been formally investigated. There is no evidence that he was in collusion with the regime.

But the actions of the Roman Catholic Church during the Dirty War are still being called into question.

In February - for the first time - the Argentine judiciary issued a ruling which stated that the Church was complicit in the abuses, and added that the Church was still refusing to investigate those believed responsible.

Pope Francis was not part of the Catholic hierarchy at the time, but he was head of the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, in Argentina.

Two journalistic investigations - one in 1986, the other in 2005 - argued that the new Pope was a "collaborationist".

The first was published by a lawyer Emilio Mignone, who founded the Centre for Legal and Social Studies (CELS), an Argentine human rights NGO.

The second investigation was carried out by the current president of CELS, Horacio Verbitsky.

Both stated the view that Fr Bergoglio was close to the military.

'Tried to help'

The cardinal rarely gave interviews, but in a conversation with his biographers in 2010 he strongly rejected the allegations.

Cardinal Bergoglio told his biographers he had asked Navy chief Emilio Massera to release the priests

"On the contrary, I tried to help many people at the time," he insisted.

Alicia Oliveira, a former Argentine judge, says she has been friends with the man who became Pope Francis for 40 years.

"He was very critical of the dictatorship," she says, rejecting claims that he might have had links with the former military regime.

"He would come to my house twice a week and tell me about his concern for the priests who did social work in slums."

"When the priests were kidnapped, he met [the then head of the navy] Emilio Massera to ask for their release," Ms Oliveira adds.

Fr Yorio and Fr Jalics were eventually freed in October 1976 after suffering months of gruesome torture at the notorious Navy School of Mechanics, the main clandestine detention centre.

'No link'

The Argentine Nobel Peace prize winner, Adolfo Perez Esquivel, knows well this period of Argentine history.

He was a human rights activist at the time, and was arrested by the military in 1977. He suffered 14 months of clandestine detention and was tortured severely.

Families of Argentina's "disappeared" have long campaigned for justice

Mr Perez Esquivel told BBC Mundo: "There were some bishops who were in collusion with the military, but Bergoglio is not one of them."

A religious person himself, Mr Perez Esquivel strongly supports Pope Francis.

"He is being accused of not doing enough to get the two priests out of prison, but I know personally that there were many bishops who asked the military junta for the release of certain prisoners and were also refused."

"There is no link between [the Pope] and the dictatorship."

To be accused in Argentina of having had links with the military regime is something extremely sensitive. After all, almost 20,000 people are still listed in official documents as "disappeared", while human rights groups put the figure closer to 30,000.

Cardinal Bergoglio was never investigated as there has been no strong evidence that links him in any way to one of the darkest chapters of Argentine history.

He has certainly made no friends among members of liberal and social activist groups with his staunch rejection of issues such as gay marriage or the legalisation of abortions.

According to the Vatican's official spokesman, the accusations against Pope Francis "come from parts of the anti-clerical left".

Fr Lombardi pointed out that the Argentine justice system had "never charged him with anything".

ATTACHMENT FIVE – FROM GUK

WHAT DID POPE FRANCIS THINK OF JD VANCE? HIS VIEW WAS MORE THAN CLEAR

Francis was as outspoken as could be without naming names, when he criticized Vance in his February letter to US bishops

By Jan-Werner Müller Wed 23 Apr 2025 06.00 EDT

We might never quite know what Pope Francis said to the US vice-president during their very brief meeting on Sunday. In the widely shared video clip, it was hardly audible. The morning after, Francis died, and Vance jetted to visit India, finding time to tweet that his heart went out to the millions of Christians who loved Francis (implying, I suppose, that not all Catholics loved him) and patronizing the dead pontiff by calling one of his homilies “really quite beautiful”).

Francis had been as outspoken as could be without naming names, when he criticized Vance in his February letter to US bishops; but he was not just registering his rebuke of Trump and Vance’s cruel treatment of refugees and migrants; he was reacting to a broader trend of instrumentalizing religion for nationalist and authoritarian populism.

In February, Vance had an online “close-quarters street fight” with Rory Stewart, the former UK Conservative minister, diplomat and now professor in the practice of grand strategy at the very university from which Vance obtained his law degree. At issue was what to most of us wouldn’t seem an obvious source of social media outrage: the correct reading of St Augustine’s notion of ordo amoris, the right ordering of love.

Look to his stand on Gaza: Pope Francis gave us moral leadership in amoral times

In January, Vance had alluded to the concept in an interview with the Trump courtier Sean Hannity; according to the Catholic convert, it was a “Christian concept” that love and compassion start with family, then extend to neighbors, then nation, and, last and least, reach fellow human beings as such.

Stewart had registered skepticism, observing that Vance’s stance was “a bizarre take on John 15:12-13 – less Christian and more pagan tribal. We should start worrying when politicians become theologians, assume to speak for Jesus, and tell us in which order to love.” The infamously very online Vance hit back with: “Just google ‘ordo amoris’.” In typically snarky fashion, Vance then questioned Stewart’s IQ and added that “false arrogance” of the Stewart type “drives so much elite failure over the last 40 years” (never mind what would constitute appropriate or correct arrogance).

As plenty of learned observers remarked at the time, complex theological questions will not have bumper-sticker-size answers. But eventually a figure not entirely irrelevant for Catholics weighed in with a view that perhaps carries indeed more weight than those of others. Francis, in a letter to US bishops, instructed the flock that “Christian love is not a concentric expansion of interests that little by little extend to other persons and groups. In other words: the human person is not a mere individual, relatively expansive, with some philanthropic feelings!”

Vance is not the only far-right populist who has smuggled nationalism into what he touts as the correct notion of Christianity

He added, driving home the rebuke without naming names, that “the true ordo amoris that must be promoted is that which we discover by meditating constantly on the parable of the ‘Good Samaritan’ … that is, by meditating on the love that builds a fraternity open to all, without exception.” Apparently, Cardinal Pietro Parolin was dispatched on Saturday to explain all this to Vance again.

Vance is not the only far-right populist who has smuggled nationalism into what he touts as the correct notion of Christianity. Viktor Orbán, a great model for Vance and other self-declared US “post-liberals” (meaning: anti-liberals), has been declaring for years that a proper understanding of “Christian Democracy” is not only “illiberal”, but nationalist.

That would have been news to the many Catholics who experienced nation-building projects in Germany and Italy during the 19th century as outright oppressive. After all, Catholics were suspected of putting loyalty to Rome ahead of civic duties (a suspicion still very much alive in the US when JFK ran for office). Bismarck started the Kulturkampf (the original meaning of culture war) against Catholics in the 1870s; the Vatican forbade the faithful to participate in the political life of unified Italy.

Far-right populists claim that only they represent what they call “the real people”. Of course, they have to explain who “the real people” are (and, who by contrast, does not truly belong). Many have instrumentalized Christianity for that purpose. Giorgia Meloni, in her autobiography, states: “The Christian identity can be secular rather than religious.” What matters is not believing (let alone actual Christian conduct), but only belonging. It’s what the social scientist Rogers Brubaker has called “Christianism”, in contrast with actual Christianity.

Some far-right populists have tried to square their Catholicism with their populism by criticizing the hierarchy as a somehow illegitimate, or at least hypocritical, elite. Italy’s Matteo Salvini, who likes to flaunt the Bible and a rosary when riling up the masses of “real” Italians, pioneered this move; Vance copied it when he insinuated that there was something corrupt about church leadership; concretely he had accused US bishops of resettling “illegal immigrants” in order to obtain federal funds (an accusation deemed “very nasty” by Cardinal Timothy Dolan).

The point is not that the correct understanding of Catholicism (or Christian Democratic political parties, as they have existed in Europe and Chile) has always been liberal; that’s hardly plausible. The point is that Francis reaffirmed that Catholicism is not compatible with the “America first” (and humanity last) view of the Trumpists.

· Jan-Werner Müller is a Guardian US columnist and a professor of politics at Princeton University

ATTACHMENT SIX – FROM NEWSWEEK

NATIONAL DAY OF ACTION AGAINST DONALD TRUMP PLANNED FOR MAY 1: WHAT TO KNOW

'50501' Protests Sweep The Nation, Demanding Change From The Trump Administration

By Chloe Mayer Published Apr 21, 2025 at 10:44 AM EDTUpdated Apr 21, 2025 at 10:45 AM EDT

Activists are planning more nationwide protests across the U.S. to demonstrate against President Donald Trump and his administration's policies.

A "national day of action" is being organized for May Day—Thursday, May 1—and the weekends surrounding it, with a string of events slated to be held across the country. Nonviolence is a "core principle" behind the action, the group's website says, adding that participants will be expected "to de-escalate any potential confrontation with those who disagree with our values."

Why It Matters

The planned protests come as American politics remain strained and the U.S. economy is in turmoil amid cost-of-living concerns and Trump's tariff policies. Polling has shown a drop among Americans on their view of Trump and the economy.

The administration has also drawn the ire of critics opposed to his migrant deportations and the wide-ranging cuts across federal agencies instigated by Elon Musk at the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE).

The protests represent the loud pushback the administration is facing after sweeping into office in November. As strife continues over the economy and other policies, there could be political ramifications for the White House and Republicans heading into the 2026 midterm elections.

What To Know

Trump's second White House term has sparked a wave of protests, with millions of demonstrators hitting the streets nationwide last weekend under the "50501" banner, signifying 50 protests in 50 states for one cause.

Little information has been given about the organizers of the May Day protests on the group's website.

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The planners explicitly confirm their "commitment to nonviolence in all we do." They go on to add: "This is a war on working people—and we will not stand down. They're defunding our schools, privatizing public services, attacking unions, and targeting immigrant families with fear and violence. Working people built this nation and we know how to take care of each other. We won't back down—we will never stop fighting for our families and the rights and freedoms that propel opportunity and a better life for all Americans. Their time is up."

The group urges supporters to join May Day events near them, set up their own demonstrations, or sign a solidarity pledge, which it says is "supported by a large number of national immigrant rights and civil rights organizations."

A map on the group's website allows supporters to search for their nearest events, and shows a diverse range of actions have been planned at the local level.

For example, one evening event on May Day itself in Iowa City is called "Gran Marcha Aqui Estamos," which will be a march in support of immigrant workers. While a rally to "stop the billionaire takeover" is due to be held that same evening in New Orleans, and a "silent march" will make its way through the Hawaii State Capitol in Honolulu from 2 p.m. until 6 p.m. to protest against the government's "escalated attacks on unions and workers' rights."

While most of the events are due to take place on May Day itself, others will be held on the preceding or following weekend. For example, a May Day event is set to be held in Dallas on Sunday, April 27, with a rally and a march to "stand up for federal workers and immigrant rights." While another May Day event is due to take place on Saturday, May 3, in Palm Springs, California.

May 1 has represented a significant date for a number of groups, with pagan and spring festivals marking the date, although it later became associated with employees' rights, even becoming known as International Workers' Day, after a strike and bombing known as the Haymarket Affair in Chicago on May 1, 1886.

What People Are Saying

Organizers of the May Day "national day of action" say on their website: "Trump and his billionaire profiteers are trying to create a race to the bottom—on wages, on benefits, on dignity itself. This May Day we are fighting back. We are demanding a country that puts our families over their fortunes—public schools over private profits, healthcare over hedge funds, prosperity over free market politics."

What Happens Next

May Day organizers are due to host a "mass call" on communication platform Zoom on Wednesday, April 23, to further lay out their activities. As with all such protests, local police and city authorities will be planning their own response to monitor the situation.

ATTACHMENT SEVEN – FROM NEWSWEEK

ANTI-TRUMP PROTEST ORGANIZERS RAISE ALARM OVER POSSIBLE 'MILITARY FORCE'

Protests Demand Change From The Trump Administration

By Brendan Cole Published Apr 19, 2025 at 8:30 AM EDTUpdated Apr 19, 2025 at 2:54 PM EDT

The organizers of U.S. protests against President Donald Trump and his policies have warned that demonstrators could face a tough clampdown by the authorities.

Grassroots group 50501, which is promoting the nationwide demonstrations on Saturday, issued the warning on the Bluesky social media platform.

The group said that the Trump administration could misrepresent the aims of the actions "to justify the use of military force."

Newsweek has contacted the White House and 50501 for comment.

Why It Matters

The 50501 Movement is a grassroots initiative started on social media which is advocating for resistance against the Trump administration.

The protests aim to address concerns about the Trump administration, including cuts by the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), stock market impacts, immigration and the cost of living.

The protests signal the extent of public alarm over some of Trump's executive actions and cuts to federal government.

What to Know

The 50501 Movement, which emerged in early 2025 and is short for "50 protests, 50 states, one day," said the demonstrations will be against what it describes as a "hostile government takeover" overseen by the Trump administration.

Hundreds of protests are planned across the U.S. on Saturday and the group has said it wants 3.5 percent of the U.S. population, or more than 11 million people, to participate.

However, a post on Bluesky said the demonstrations and/or the 50501 Movement may be misrepresented by the Trump administration seeking to justify the use of military force.

It warned that participants should be prepared for an increased law enforcement presence and that in some locations, ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) agents may also be present. It added that its movement is pro-democracy and "firmly grounded in non-violence."

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Where the Protests Are Taking Place

The actions on Saturday are aimed to build on the momentum of protests during the Hands Off! movement on April 5 when millions took to the streets, state capitals, federal buildings, congressional offices and city centers.

Hundreds of events have been scheduled for Saturday across the country and the locations of these and other protests in 50 states between April 19 and April 27 have been added to a blog called We (the People) Dissent which can be found here.

What People Are Saying

50501 Movement on BlueSky: "We have reason to believe that events on 4/19 and/or the 50501 Movement may be misrepresented by the Trump admin in an attempt to justify the use of military force."

What Happens Next

Downtown areas and plazas will be the main gathering sites in major cities, such as Houston and Chicago. In other cities, demonstrators are gathering in shopping centers, local libraries and state capitols.

In Washington, D.C, protests are planned outside Vice President JD Vance's house on the grounds of the U.S. Naval Observatory and near Lafayette Square; and near the Washington Monument on Saturday, the Washington Post reported.

However, not every gathering will be a protest and events will include food drives, mutual aid events and potlucks, according 50501. Some locations will focus on particular issues, such as climate, LGBTQ+ rights, antifascism and federal funding cuts.

ATTACHMENT EIGHT – FROM THE WORLD FREEDOM INDEX AS MEASURED BY THE WORLD POPULATION REVIEW

COUNTRY INDEX

Albania	7.67
Algeria	4.82
Angola	5.76
Argentina	6.85
Armenia	7.99
Australia	8.52
Austria	8.24
Azerbaijan	5.65
Bahamas	7.82
Bahrain	5.47
Bangladesh	5.51
Barbados	7.72
Belarus	5.48
Belgium	8.33
Belize	6.82
Benin	6.86
Bhutan	6.69
Bolivia	6.83
Bosnia and Herzegovina	7.33
Botswana	7.31
Brazil	6.92
Brunei	5.65
Bulgaria	7.68
Burkina Faso	6.57
Burundi	4.85
Cambodia	6.08
Cameroon	5.3
Canada	8.55
Cape Verde	8
Central African Republic	5.34
Chad	4.99
Chile	8.16
China	5.15
Colombia	6.54
Comoros	5.45
Costa Rica	8.04
Croatia	7.96
Cyprus	8.15
Czech Republic	8.38
Denmark	8.83
Djibouti	5.32
Dominican Republic	7.56
DR Congo	5.48
Ecuador	7.03
Egypt	4.24
El Salvador	6.85
Estonia	8.75
Eswatini	5.07
Ethiopia	5.2
Fiji	7.16
Finland	8.7
France	7.86
Gabon	6.5
Gambia	6.64
Georgia	7.8
Germany	8.37
Ghana	7.19
Greece	7.49
Guatemala	7.09
Guinea	5.21
Guyana	6.74
Haiti	6.37
Honduras	6.72
Hong Kong	7.7
Hungary	7.24
Iceland	8.73
India	6.29
Indonesia	6.62
Iran	4.03
Iraq	4.73
Ireland	8.79
Israel	7.43
Italy	7.95
Ivory Coast	6.48
Jamaica	7.56
Japan	8.4
Jordan	6.32
Kazakhstan	6.4
Kenya	6.57
Kuwait	6.25
Kyrgyzstan	6.64
Laos	5.34
Latvia	8.45
Lebanon	5.74
Lesotho	6.49
Liberia	6.39
Libya	4.94
Lithuania	8.39
Luxembourg	8.71
Madagascar	6.36
Malawi	6.83
Malaysia	6.66
Mali	5.9
Malta	8.2
Mauritania	5.34
Mauritius	7.61
Mexico	6.55
Moldova	7.66
Mongolia	7.43
Montenegro	7.8
Morocco	5.48
Mozambique	6.51
Myanmar	3.88
Namibia	7.31
Nepal	6.71
Netherlands	8.57
New Zealand	8.88
Nicaragua	5.48
Niger	6.29
Nigeria	5.96
North Macedonia	7.64
Norway	8.58
Oman	5.56
Pakistan	5.49
Panama	7.57
Papua New Guinea	6.88
Paraguay	7.06
Peru	7.56
Philippines	6.46
Poland	7.69
Portugal	8.27
Qatar	5.39
Republic of the Congo	5.41
Romania	7.9
Russia	5.81
Rwanda	5.89
Saudi Arabia	4.53
Senegal	6.71
Serbia	7.14
Seychelles	7.85
Sierra Leone	6.51
Singapore	7.75
Slovakia	8.04
Slovenia	7.9
Somalia	4.49
South Africa	6.92
South Korea	8.12
Spain	8.03
Sri Lanka	6.13
Sudan	3.81
Suriname	7.07
Sweden	8.75
Switzerland	9.01
Syria	2.96
Taiwan	8.56
Tajikistan	5.44
Tanzania	6.16
Thailand	6.67
Togo	6.2
Trinidad and Tobago	7.45
Tunisia	6.22
Turkey	5.63
Uganda	5.75
Ukraine	6.72
United Arab Emirates	5.73
United Kingdom	8.39
United States	8.39
Uruguay	7.96
Venezuela	4.22
Vietnam	5.51
Yemen	3.43
Zambia	6.21
Zimbabwe	4.86
Total	6.7482822085889556

ATTACHMENT NINE – FROM THE TUTTLE TWINS

When I was a kid, I remember making little May Day baskets at school. We’d stuff them full of little paper flowers and give them to kids in other classes.

It was simple and fun—a small celebration of spring and kindness.

I still love the idea of surprising someone with a homemade bouquet. (And if your kids are looking for a wholesome way to make a friend’s day, I highly recommend the old May Day sneak-n-ring.) 

But here’s the thing most of us weren’t taught as kids:

May Day is actually a socialist holiday.

Yes. Actually.

It’s officially known as International Workers’ Day, and it commemorates the struggle of labor unions—particularly the violent protests in 1886 known as the Haymarket Affair. That’s when Chicago workers went on strike demanding an eight-hour workday. The rallies turned deadly after a bomb was thrown at police, and the event became a rallying cry for the international socialist movement.

Three years later, the International Socialist Conference declared May 1st an annual holiday to honor workers and promote leftist labor goals. And ever since, May Day has been used by socialist and communist groups around the world to signal solidarity and spread their ideology.

 In the former Soviet Union, massive parades filled Red Square every May 1st, with tanks and banners and speeches about the proletariat. 

 In the United States, we celebrate Labor Day in September instead—a deliberate choice made in the late 1800s to distance American workers from radical left-wing activism. But in many other countries, May Day is still very much a political holiday. One that lionizes the power of the state and diminishes the dignity of the individual.

 Again and again throughout history, what starts as a reasonable or even good idea gets co-opted by ideologies that glorify centralized power and demonize free enterprise.

That’s why it matters that our kids know the full story behind the symbols and holidays they encounter.

 At first glance, May Day might look like flowers and springtime cheer. But scratch the surface, and you find a global campaign for economic collectivism—one that’s still alive and well.

 If we don’t teach our kids to ask questions, to seek truth, and to understand the ideas behind the history of things, someone else will gladly step in and do it for us. 

 And chances are, that someone won’t have freedom at the top of their list of important things to teach.

 So by all means—drop off those baskets. Make someone smile.

 But then maybe take a few minutes to talk about the true history of May Day.

And if you need help having those kinds of conversations, that’s exactly why we created the Tuttle Twins America’s History books and curriculum. Because kids don’t just need to know facts—they need the framework to understand how the world works, and how ideas from the past shape the way we live today.

Happy May Day!

Enjoy the flowers—just don’t be a commie ;)

ATTACHMENT TEN – FROM REVCOM

A CALL FROM THE REVCOM CORPS FOR THE EMANCIPATION OF HUMANITY

May Day 2025: 

By Bob Avakian April 28, 2025

Take to the streets! Become part of a serious, organized, revolutionary force—THE REVCOM CORPS For The Emancipation Of Humanity!

Serious about defeating Trump/MAGA fascism.

Serious about fighting for a whole new system.

· May Day 2025 — A call from THE REVCOM CORPS For The Emancipation Of Humanity

This May Day, as tens of millions are being jolted awake and shaken to their core by the illegal, illegitimate, and depraved moves of the fascist Trump regime, and as thousands come into the streets to oppose that criminal regime, join THE REVCOM CORPS For The Emancipation Of Humanity in putting forward this powerful message:

TRUMP MUST GO—NOW! IN THE NAME OF HUMANITY, WE REFUSE TO ACCEPT A FASCIST AMERICA!

THIS WHOLE SYSTEM IS ROTTEN AND ILLEGITIMATE—WE NEED AND WE DEMAND: A WHOLE NEW WAY TO LIVE, A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT SYSTEM!

This May 1st and in the days that follow, we will join with and build protests called by RefuseFascism.org, and by others opposing Trump/MAGA fascism... or where there isn’t one locally, call for one!

We will manifest as a bold, disciplined, organized force that is serious about defeating fascism and serious about getting rid of the whole system that spawned it. We will act together in a unified way to have an impact that is greater than our numbers so that, around the country, people are inspired and challenged to become part of this. And we call on YOU to join with us in waging this monumental political fight, and lifting people’s sights to a whole new way humanity could be living.

May Day is a revolutionary holiday throughout the world. As Bob Avakian (BA), the revolutionary leader and author of the New Communism, said in his New Year’s Message:

There is no good reason why the world has to be the way it is, with all its very real horrors.

There is no good reason why, beyond the massive death and destruction of World War 2, in the time since that war ended (in 1945) more than 500 million children have needlessly died from starvation and preventable disease, fundamentally because of the way the world, and in particular the poorer countries in the world, have been dominated by capitalism-imperialism, with the USA the “number one” imperialist predator.

There is no good reason why anyone, anywhere in the world, should go hungry, or be without decent housing, health care, and other basic necessities—or live in constant fear of going without these necessities.

No good reason for the endless wars and accelerating destruction of the environment, for which this system is fundamentally responsible.

No good reason why the dominant culture and ways of thinking should serve to reinforce murderously oppressive relations, while drilling into people’s heads the ridiculous notion that there is no positive alternative to all this.

No good reason why the long night continues in which human society has been divided into masters and slaves, and the masses of humanity have been lashed, beaten, raped, slaughtered, shackled and shrouded in ignorance and misery.

There is no good reason for all this, but there is one basic reason: the fact that the world and the masses of humanity are still forced to exist under the domination of this system of capitalism-imperialism.

This system is completely absurd—criminally, monstrously absurd—and completely outmoded: long past its expiration date, past the time when it can lead to anything positive for humanity—and, on the contrary, it stands as the direct barrier to the emancipation of humanity from all this madness, atrocity, and unnecessary suffering. The rise of fascism, in many other countries as well as in the U.S. itself, is a glaring sign of the thoroughly outmoded nature of this system and the heightened danger it poses to humanity as a whole.

We are now at the point where it is more and more urgently necessary to move beyond this whole monstrous system—beyond a situation where people are forced to struggle just for individual survival, with everyone compelled to be in competition and conflict with others, and the masses of people everywhere are chained down by outmoded oppressive relations, while the future, and the very existence, of humanity is increasingly endangered.

And it is possible now to move beyond all this.

May Day 2025:

· Work with RefuseFascism.org to mobilize millions demanding The Fascist Trump Regime Must Go NOW! 

· Bring to people the inspiring vision in WE NEED AND WE DEMAND: A WHOLE NEW WAY TO LIVE, A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT SYSTEM. 

· Bring to people the crucial analysis and leadership they need by mass distributing the pamphlets from The Bob Avakian Institute: Trump/MAGA Fascism: What We're Really Facing, Why, and What Must Be Done to Defeat It Before It's Too Late. 

· Recruit people into THE REVCOM CORPS. Give them a sense of the difference they can make in this revolution, impacting society as an organized revolutionary force. 

“[J]oining with THE REVCOM CORPS For The Emancipation Of Humanity, working actively and urgently for this revolution—putting our lives on the line not for ourselves alone, or for a narrow circle or clique, but for the emancipation of humanity: that is something truly worth living for and dedicating your life to.” 

ATTACHMENT ELEVEN – FROM WIKI

"LIST OF REBELLIONS IN THE UNITED STATES"

Multiple rebellions and closely related events have occurred in the United States, beginning from the colonial era up to present day. Events that are not commonly named strictly a rebellion (or using synonymous terms such as "revolt" or "uprising"), but have been noted by some as equivalent or very similar to a rebellion (such as an insurrection), or at least as having a few important elements of rebellion (such as an armed occupation of government property), are also included in this list. Anti-government acts by individuals are not included.

Name	Date	Location	Participants, Events, Notes and Results
Bacon's Rebellion	1676	Colony of Virginia	Bacon's forces attacked many of the neighboring Native tribes before driving governor William Berkeley from the capitol of Jamestown, burning the city.[1] Virginian settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon Suppressed by the Virginian colonial authorities after receiving reinforcements from privateer Thomas Larimore. The rebel forces, being composed of a mix of classes and races – many slaves and indentured whites among them – inspired the passing of the Virginia Slave Codes of 1705.[2]
Boston colonists			Militia took control of Boston, reestablishing the Colony of Massachusetts Bay and ending the Dominion of New England. Massachusetts' charter was permanently revoked in 1691.
Leisler's Rebellion	1689–1691	Province of New York	German American merchant and militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of the southern portion of colonial New York and ruled it from 1689 to 1691.[4] Nine Years War militia members rebelled, took control of New York City and made merchant Jacob Leisler governor. The crown retook control two years later and executed Leisler.[5]
War of the Regulation	1765 – May 16, 1771	Colony of North Carolina	Result – Decisive government victory.[6] Royal governor of North Carolina, William Tryon and General Hugh Waddell (general) with 1,500 men; 2,300+ Regulators Led by Commanders and leaders Herman Husband, James Hunter, James Few (POW), Charles Harrington; Benjamin Merrill (POW) – Executed
American Revolution	1765–1783	North America	The Thirteen American Colonies rejected British colonial rule, overthrew the authority of the British Crown, and founded the United States of America.
Shays' Rebellion	August 1786 – June 1787	Western Massachusetts	Paper Money Riot Anti-austerity protesters and discontented Revolutionary War veterans led by Daniel Shays rising up against economic injustices and suspension of civil rights by Massachusetts.[7] Won economic reforms in a landslide election shortly after protestors were dispersed by a privately raised militia at the Springfield Armory.[8] Contributed to the convocation of the Constitutional Convention after the government established by the Articles of Confederation could not raise troops.
Whiskey Rebellion	1791–1794	Western Pennsylvania	Tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, over 175 distillers from Kentucky were convicted of violating the tax law.[9] Suppressed by an army personally led by President Washington

Fries's Rebellion 1799–1800 Rebel farmers Armed tax revolt among Pennsylvania Dutch farmers. Thirty men went on trial in Federal court.[10]

State of Muskogee 1799–1803 Florida William Augustus Bowles, various tribes of Southeastern Native Americans Bowles attempted to unite all the Native Americans to form a single country.[11] Andrew Jackson destroyed the capitol Miccosukee—the largest town in Florida at the time—in 1817.

1811 German Coast Uprising January 8–10, 1811 Territory of Orleans Rebel slaves Between 64 and 125 enslaved men marched from sugar plantations near present-day LaPlace on the German Coast toward the city of New Orleans.[12] Militia companies were used to hunt down and kill the insurgents.

Nat Turner's slave rebellion August 21–23, 1831 Southampton County, Virginia Rebel slaves Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55 to 65 people.[13] The rebellion was put down within a few days.[14] Local blacks were massacred. Led to discriminatory legislation against both free blacks and slaves

Dorr Rebellion 1841–1842 Rhode Island Attempt to force a new government of Rhode Island under a new constitution that allowed more men to vote[15] Dorrites Charterite victory, but later legal expansion of voting rights

1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation 1842 Indian Territory Rebel slaves Slaves escape and fight police, eventually captured.[16]

Anti-Rent War 1839–1845 Upstate New York Anti-Renters The tenants could not pay the amounts demanded, could not secure favorable terms, and could not obtain relief in the courts, so they revolted against the patroon system.[17] There were trials of leaders of the revolt.

Taos Revolt January 19 – July 9, 1847 New Mexico Cienega Affair

Las Vegas Affair

Red River Canyon Affair

Second Battle of Mora Mexico

Local rebels New Mexicans and Pueblo allies rebel against the United States' occupation of present-day northern New Mexico during the Mexican-American War.[18] The rebels fought but after being defeated they abandoned open warfare.

Cortina Troubles July 13, 1859 – May 22, 1861 Texas, Mexico-United States border First Cortina War

Second Cortina War

Mexico

Cortinista Militias Juan Cortina leads a large scale revolt among dissatisfied Hispanic ranchers along the Mexican border. Federal troops, local militias, Texan Rangers, and Confederate forces put down the rebels and expel the vaqueros. Juan Cortina escapes into Mexico.[19]

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry October 16–18, 1859 Harpers Ferry, Virginia Abolitionists John Brown, Shields Green, John Henry Kagi and 21 known followers Abolitionist John Brown initiates an armed slave revolt.[20] Eleven rebels killed and eight captured by U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee, Lt. J.E.B. Stuart, and Lt. Israel Greene.

American Civil War April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865 Southern United States Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

Western Theater of the American Civil War

Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War

Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War Confederate States of America Seven Southern slave states seceded from the United States of America in response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as president.[21] Four more Southern states seceded in response to Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion.[22] These states formed the Confederate States of America. After four years of bloody warfare and over one million total casualties, the Confederates were defeated and Union reestablished.[23] See Reconstruction for aftermath.

New York City draft riots July 13–16, 1863 Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York Riots expressing discontent with new draft law; white attack on blacks because of economic competition.[24] Residents of New York City New York Guard and Union Army troops restored order. Largest civil and racially-charged insurrection in American history.[25]

Battle of Liberty Place September 14, 1874 New Orleans, Louisiana White League Attempted insurrection by the Crescent City White League against the Reconstruction Louisiana state government.[26] Federal troops restored the elected government. Part of anti-Reconstruction violence against the Union.

Election Riot of 1874 November 3, 1874 Eufaula, Alabama White League White supremacists take Republicans out of office and declared the Democrats as winners[27] Part of anti-Reconstruction violence against the Union.

Mason County War February 18 – December 1875 Mason County, Texas German-American Vigilantes German settlers clash with Anglo-Saxon cattle rustlers and lynch several, forming mobs of vigilantes known as Hoodoos. Violence continues until Texas Rangers arrive and arrest criminals.[28]

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 July 14 – September 4, 1877 Many cities across the United States, violence especially strong in Appalachia Workingmen's Party, Railroad workers Railroad workers go on strike after multiple wage cuts. An estimated 100 people are killed in clashes between militias, National Guard troops, police, and strikers.[29] Unions become more organized. Strikers win some compensation. States re-organize their National Guards.

Greenwood, New York, insurrection of 1882 February 1882 New York governor Alonzo Cornell proclaimed a state of insurrection after local residents resisted the seizure of property to pay for railroad bonds from the Rochester, Hornellsville, and Pine Creek Railroad.[30] Residents of Greenwood refused with violence and threats of more violence in response to the governor's attempts to get the citizens to pay a tax levied to repay money that Greenwood had borrowed to help construction of a never-built railroad. Citizens of Greenwood Taxes paid, insurrection ended at threat of calling out militia. Molly Maguires said to be involved.

Johnson County War July 20, 1889 – May 24, 1893 Johnson County

Wyoming

Powder River Country Homesteaders Grazing and water right disputes between cattle corporations and settlers explodes into violence.[31] Buffalo Soldiers end lawlessness and restore order. Cattle Association loses monopolistic control over Wyoming beef.

Yaqui Uprising August 12–14, 1896 Sonora, Arizona Yaqui Yaqui launch a revolt against Porfirio Diaz's government in Nogales, just across the border with Arizona, in response to mistreatments of Natives.[32] Mexican infantry, American militia, Buffalo Soldiers and local police combine to crush the Yaqui.

Wilmington insurrection of 1898 November 10, 1898 Wilmington, North Carolina Waddell's Army

Segregationist rioters

Successful removal of local government, retaining segregationist policies.[33]

Green Corn Rebellion August 2–3, 1917 Seminole County, Oklahoma Rebel farmers The uprising was a reaction by radicalized European-Americans, tenant farmers, Seminoles, Muscogee Creeks and African-Americans to an attempt to enforce the Selective Draft Act of 1917 during World War I.[34] The country rebels met with a well-armed posse of townsmen, with whom shots were exchanged and three people killed.

Camp Logan Mutiny c. August 23 1917 Houston,Texas 24th Infantry Regiment The all-Black regiment of the 24th mutinies after Houston policemen arrest and pistol whip Private Edwards. Enraged, they march through the streets of Houston and kill eleven civilians and a captain of the Illinois National Guard. Martial law is declared by Governor James E. Ferguson. Thirteen are sentenced to death after the largest murder trial in American history.[35]

Mexican Border War c. November 20, 1910 – June 16, 1919 Texas,Mexican American border, Chihuahua Constitutionalistas,Pancho Villa, Many Mexican civil war factions The chaos from the Mexican Revolution spills over onto the Texas border. Several towns and military installations are raided by several Mexican groups with varying goals ranging from reclaiming lost territories in the USA to simply plundering. Federal troops pursue Pancho Villa into Chihuahua, but he escapes. American marines occupy Veracruz.[36] Part of Mexican American Wars

Coal Wars c. 1890–1930 Eastern United States and Colorado Coal Creek War

Colorado Coalfield War

Battle of Blair Mountain Miners and unions The Coal Wars, or the Coal Mine Wars, were a series of armed labor conflicts in the United States, they occurred mainly in the East, particularly in Appalachia.[37]

Battle of Athens (1946) August 1–2, 1946 McMinn County, Tennessee Angered citizens, including World War II veterans Citizens assaulted buildings in response to voter intimidation and election corruption.[38] This later resulted in reforms.

San Juan Nationalist revolt October 30, 1950 Puerto Rico Jayuya Uprising

Utuado Uprising Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Nationalist revolt that took place on October 30, 1950, in the town of Jayuya, Puerto Rico.[39] The top leaders of the Nationalist party were arrested, including Albizu Campos and Blanca Canales, and sent to jail to serve long prison terms.

Black Power movement 1960s – 1980s Nationwide Glenville shootout

1969 Greensboro uprising Black Guerilla Family

Black Liberation Army

Black Panther Party

Black Revolutionary Assault Team

George Jackson Brigade

M19CO

MOVE

Symbionese Liberation Army

Weather Underground

White Panther Party Radicalization of the Civil Rights Movement.

Red Power movement 1960s – 1970s Wounded Knee incident American Indian Movement Radicalization of a Native American movement.

Occupation of Alcatraz November 20, 1969 – June 11, 1971 Alcatraz Island, San Francisco Bay, California Native American activists, calling themselves as "Indians of All Tribes" seized the island of Alcatraz and lived there for two years. Though, probably related to the broader Red Power Movement, the main group of the movement, the American Indian Movement claimed that they were never involved in the occupation. Indians of All Tribes Occupation ended after several federal agencies swarmed the island and removed the remaining occupiers.

Attica Prison riot September 9–13, 1971 Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, New York Prison riot after the killing of George Jackson Inmates Prison is retaken by the New York State Police on orders from Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller.[40] No specific events

Occupation of Catalina Island August 30 – September 22, 1972 Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County, California Seizure of Santa Catalina Island by pro-Chicano militia. Brown Berets Los Angeles County Sheriff recaptured the island, the Brown Berets surrendered without resistance.

2014 Bundy Standoff April 5–14, 2014 Bunkerville, Nevada Armed confrontation between Cliven Bundy's militia allies and the Bureau of Land Management over Bundy's refusal to pay fees for grazing his cattle on federal land, as Bundy asserted the federal government had no right to own the land.[41] Bundy also alleged that the BLM attempted to "round up his cattle".[42] Oath Keepers

Three Percenters Other local militia groups tied to the American militia movement

Bureau of Land Management ends attempt to round up cattle but continues actions in court. Bundy's son and friends would later occupy a wildlife refuge in Oregon for similar goals. Related to the Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge January 2 – February 11, 2016 Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon Seizure and occupation of federal property by an armed group.[43] The participants were acting on their view that the federal government is constitutionally required to turn over most of the federal public land they manage through federal agencies, to the individual states.[44] Radical right militias led by Ammon Bundy Occupation ended by police followed by criminal proceedings and convictions. Most participants, including Ammon and Cliven Bundy, would be acquitted in federal court. Related to the Bundy standoff.

Capitol Hill Occupied Protest June 8 – July 1, 2020 Seattle, Washington Protesters take over The Seattle Police Department's East Precinct and the surrounding region, declaring an autonomous zone. The city government was both unwilling and unable to control agitation, with the Seattle mayor describing the atmosphere to be "more like a block party atmosphere" than an "armed takeover."[45] contrasting with other reports that said that there were "roving bands of masked protesters smashing windows and looting"[46] and the Seattle Police Chief saying that there are "Rapes, robberies and all sorts of violent acts have been occurring in the area"[47] George Floyd protesters The zone was cleared of occupants by police on July 1. Part of the Defund the Police movement

2021 United States Capitol attack January 6, 2021 United States Capitol, Washington, DC Supporters of President Donald Trump, some of whom were armed,[48] stormed the Capitol building after a rally held in Washington D.C by the President, his sons,[49] and his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani.[50] They broke through barriers, assaulting Capitol Police officers, and broke down doors, smashed through windows, and stole public property.[49] The supporters obtained access to the Senate Floor, balconies, and offices; and sat at the Senate President's desk.[49] Supporters of President Donald Trump

Far-Right groups: Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, Three Percenters, America First Movement and others

Failure to overturn the presidential election; delay of counting electoral votes by several hours;[51] resumption of presidential transition leading up to the inauguration of Joe Biden.

Second impeachment of Trump.[52]

Other political, legal, and social repercussions. Part of the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election

Most severe assault on the Capitol since the 1814 burning of Washington by the British Army.[53]

See also

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

Terrorism in the United States

List of invocations of the Insurrection Act

References

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Blake, Aaron. "Analysis | 'Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday". Washington Post.

Woodward, Alex (January 7, 2021). "What happened in Washington DC yesterday? A timeline of insurrection". The Independent. Retrieved 2021-01-08.

"Rep Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez: 'We came close to half of the House nearly dying' during riots". ABC7 New York. January 10, 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-11.

Multiple sources:

Holpuch, Amanda (January 6, 2021). "US Capitol's last breach was more than 200 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-24. For the first time on Wednesday, it was the site of an armed insurrection incited by the sitting president. ... Not since 1814 has the building been breached. Then, it was by British troops who set fire to the building during a broader attack on Washington in the war of 1812.

Puckett, Jason; Spry Jr., Terry (January 6, 2021). "Has the US Capitol ever been attacked before?". WXIA-TV. Tegna Inc. VERIFY. Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-01-24. While this is the first large-scale occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814, there have been several other instances of violence at the U.S. Capitol, particularly in the 20th century.

Fisher, Marc; Flynn, Meagan; Contrera, Jessica; Loennig, Carol D. (January 7, 2021). "The four-hour insurrection: How a Trump mob halted American democracy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-01-24. The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814

Category: Rebellions in the United States

This page was last edited on 23 February 2025, at 18:38 (UTC).

ATTACHMENT TWELVE – FROM THE DAILY KOS

MAY DAY, MAY DAY, MAY DAY!

by KirkLC Saturday, April 26, 2025 at 8:42:19a EDT

Community (This content is not subject to review by Daily Kos staff prior to publication.)

The term “Mayday” comes from the French phrase “m’aidez” or “venez m’aider”—meaning “help me” or “come help me.” It is a loanword adopted into English to serve as an international distress call. The term was coined in the 1920s by Frederick Stanley Mockford, a senior radio officer at Croydon Airport near London, who needed a word easily understood by both English and French-speaking aviators and mariners. “Mayday” was officially adopted as the standard spoken distress signal at the International Radiotelegraph Convention in Washington, D.C., in 1927. The signal must be spoken three times in succession to ensure clarity and avoid confusion with similar-sounding words. Visually, the equivalent would be flying the American flag upside down—arecognized symbol of dire distress.

But May 1st carries far more than an emergency signal.

It is also May Day, a centuries-old celebration of fertility, renewal, and the changing seasons. In this version of May Day, people mark it with joyful traditions like dancing around a maypole and crowning a May Queen. These festivities still thrive in towns across England and Britain, where Morris dancing—a ritual folk dance dating back to the 15th century—is performed with bells, sticks, and lively footwork. In Scotland, Ireland, and other parts of Europe, May 1st is also associated with Beltane, a pagan festival that marks the beginning of summer with bonfires. These celebrations offer a sense of ritual, joy, and escape from the chaos of modern life. This year, May Day provides an escape from the absurdity of what is happening in America.

There is, however, a third May Day—one rooted in labor struggle. On October 7, 1884, at a convention in Chicago, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU) declared that May 1,1886, would be a national strike day if Congress did not extend the eight-hour workday to all workers, as it had already done for federal employees in 1868. With 19 months’ notice, labor organizers had time to build a national movement. On May 1, 1886, hundreds of thousands of workers walked off the job in cities across the U.S. The epicenter was Chicago, where the strike continued for days.

On May 3, police killed two strikers at the McCormick Reaper Works. In response, a rally was held at Haymarket Square the next day. As the peaceful rally was winding down, someone threw a bomb. One police officer was killed instantly, and the ensuing gunfire left seven officers and at least four civilians dead, with many more injured. This tragedy, known as the Haymarket Affair, deeply shocked the labor movement but also galvanized international solidarity. In July 1889, labor leaders at a worker congress in Paris declared May 1 an annual day of protest in honor of the Haymarket martyrs. That is how International Workers’ Day—or May Day—was born. It is now observed as Labor Day in most countries around the world.

In contrast, the United States and Canada distanced themselves from the politically charged legacy of May 1st by moving Labor Day to September, a change made official in the U.S. in 1894. Most American workers didn’t gain a legal right to the eight-hour workday until the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed on June 25, 1938.

Now, this year, we face a fourth May Day. On May 1, 2025, a national day of protest against Trump is being organized by 50501—that is, 50 protests in 50 states on 1 day. This action will spill into the weekends before and after May 1^st—a lot of good trouble. The theme is: “May Day 2025: We Are the Many. They Are the Few.”

This new May Day will recognize federal workers who have lost their jobs, the value of immigrant labor, the essential role of unions, and the millions of American workers struggling under the weight of low wages, long hours, and limited protections. In reclaiming MayDay, we embrace the spirit of solidarity, resistance, and renewal that has always lived on this date—whether shouted in desperation, danced in joy, or marched in defiance.

In all its forms, May Day is a reminder: help is needed, history matters, and the people have power.

Remember, protests only reach a political tipping point when they reach 3.5% of the adult population. We need 9.1 million people in the streets to achieve that. Let’s keep building.

Day 96: days left to January 20, 2029: 1,365 days

ATTACHMENT THIRTEEN – FROM REUTERS

MAY DAY RALLIES ACROSS U.S. TARGET TRUMP IMMIGRATION POLICY

By Jonathan Allen and Peter Szekely May 1, 2017 3:23 PM EDT Updated 8 years ago

NEW YORK (Reuters) - Labour unions and civil rights groups held May Day rallies across the United States on Monday, challenging President Donald Trump's immigration policies and his vow to step up deportations of those who entered the country illegally.

Activists said they were seeking to amass the largest crowds to have yet turned out for U.S. immigrant rights demonstrations since Trump took office on Jan. 20.

A crowd reported by local media to number in the thousands gathered at MacArthur Park near downtown Los Angeles for what organizers called a show of "resistance, unity and defiance" before a planned march across town to City Hall.

Earlier in the day, 500 protesters marched through midtown Manhattan and rallied in front of offices of Wells Fargo and JPMorgan Chase & Co. Twelve were arrested, according to a spokesman for Make the Road New York, an immigrant advocacy group that claims 20,000 members.

The two banks were targeted because of their dealings with private companies that have built or manage some immigrant detention centres for the government, according to Jose Lopez, Make the Road New York's co-director of organising.

"The messaging for today was to stop to financing immigrant detention facilities," said Lopez. "This is going to be the first of many attacks against these corporations who, until they stop working with this administration, will continue to be on our target list."

May Day, also known as International Workers' Day, has typically been a quieter affair in the United States than in Europe, where it is a public holiday in many countries.

May Day unrest flared on Monday in France and Turkey, where demonstrators clashed with police.

At least three French officers were injured in Paris when protesters hurled Molotov cocktails and other projectiles at law enforcement. Meanwhile, police in Instanbul fired tear gas and rubber bullets to break up a rally there as authorities detained more than 150 people in protests around that city.

The Paris rally came days ahead of the final round of a presidential election pitting far-right politician Marine Le Pen against centrist candidate Emmanuel Macron. Tensions in Turkey have remained high since President Tayyip Edogan narrowly won a referendum last month giving him sweeping new powers.

The U.S. protests focussed on Trump's crackdown on illegal immigration as he presses police agencies around the country to assist federal efforts at rounding up individuals sought for deportation and threatens to withhold federal dollars for cities that do not cooperate, which have been dubbed "sanctuary cities."

Attorney General Jeff Sessions also stirred an outcry by saying last month that so-called "dreamers" - illegal immigrants who entered the United States as children and were granted protection under the Obama administration - were subject to deportation.

Sessions later walked back his statement, and Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly has said dreamers were not being targeted, though some have ended up detained in roundups of immigrants with criminal backgrounds.

New York City's biggest rally was planned for the early evening, when organizers expected thousands to gather in downtown Manhattan's Foley Square for musical performances and speeches by union leaders and immigrants living in the country illegally.

Precautions were in place in Seattle, where officials were on the lookout for incendiary devices and gun-carrying protesters after a January shooting outside a political event and an incident during May Day 2016 in which a protester tossed an unlit Molotov cocktail at police.

Some Trump supporters said they would also turn out on May Day. Activist Joey Gibson said he and other conservatives would travel to Seattle to defend against what he described as communist and anti-fascist groups who have in the past faced off with police in the evening, after the conclusion of the usually peaceful daytime marches.

Reporting by Jonathan Allen and Peter Szekely in New York; additional reporting by Tom James in Seattle; editing by Mary Milliken and Jonathan Oatis

ATTACHMENT FOURTEEN – FROM GUK

PROTESTERS FILL THE STREETS IN CITIES ACROSS THE US TO DENOUNCE TRUMP AGENDA

Organizers call for 11 million people to march and rally in this weekend’s effort to ‘protect democracy’

By Robert Tait and Edward Helmore Sat 19 Apr 2025 15.41 EDT

Protesters poured into the streets of cities and towns across the United States again on Saturday, in the second wave of protests this month, as organizers seek to turn discontent with Donald Trump’s presidency into a mass movement that will eventually translate into action at the ballot box.

By early afternoon, large protests were under way in Washington, New York and Chicago, with images of crowds cascading across social networks showing additional demonstrations in Rhode Island, Maryland, Wisconsin, Tennessee, South Carolina, Ohio, Kentucky, California and Pennsylvania, among others. Americans abroad also signaled their opposition to the Trump agenda in Dublin, Ireland, and other cities.

More than 400 rallies were planned, most loosely organized by the group 50501, which stands for 50 protests in 50 states, one movement.

Opponents of Donald Trump’s administration mobilized from the east coast to the west, including at rallies in Portland, Maine, and Portland, Oregon, decrying what they see as threats to the nation’s democratic ideals.

The events ranged from a massive march through midtown Manhattan to a rally in front of the White House, and a demonstration at a Massachusetts commemoration marking the start of the American revolutionary war 250 years ago.

In Massachusetts, 80-year-old retired mason Thomas Bassford told CBS News that he believed US citizens were under attack from their own government, saying: “This is a very perilous time in America for liberty. Sometimes we have to fight for freedom.”

Protesters identified a variety of concerns, each unified under a common theme: opposition to the second Trump presidency.

“We are losing our country,” demonstrator Sara Harvey told the New York Times in Jacksonville, Florida. “I’m worried for my grandchildren,” she said. “I do it for them.”

It is the fourth protest event to be staged by the group since Trump was inaugurated on 20 January. Previous events included a “No Kings Day” on President’s Day, 17 February, a theme adopted before Trump referred to himself as a king in a social media post days later.

A human banner at Ocean Beach in San Francisco, California, on Saturday. Photograph: Stephen Lam/AP

Organizers have called for 11 million people to participate in the latest rallies, representing 3.5% of the US population.

Such a figure would likely surpass the numbers who took part in the “Hands Off” rallies staged on 5 April, when 1,200 demonstrations were staged across the US to register opposition to Trump’s assault on government agencies and institutions, spearheaded by the president’s chief lieutenant, the tech billionaire Elon Musk, and his unofficial “department of government efficiency” (Doge) unit.

Indivisible, the progressive movement behind the “Hands Off” events, said it was seeking to send a message to opposition politicians and ordinary voters that vocal resistance to Trump’s policies was essential. It also said it was seeking to build momentum that would lead to further and larger protests.

Heather Dunn, a spokesperson for 50501, said the goal of Saturday’s protests was “to protect our democracy against the rise of authoritarianism under the Trump administration”.

She called the group a “pro-democracy, pro-constitution, anti-executive overreach, nonviolent grassroots movement” that was nonpartisan.

“We have registered Democrats, registered independents and registered Republicans all marching because they all believe in America, because they all believe in a fair government that puts people before profits,” she told the Washington Post.

Academics who have tracked the slide of democracy into authoritarianism say protests can be part of a wider of strategy to reverse the trend.

“Oppositions to authoritarian governments have to use multiple channels always,” said Steven Levitsky, a political scientist at Harvard University and co-author, with Daniel Ziblatt, of “How Democracies Die.” They “have to use the courts where those are available. They have to use the ballot box when that’s available, and they have to use the streets when necessary – that can shape media framing and media discourse, which is very, very important.”

In Washington DC on Saturday, a protest planned by the 50501 movement is scheduled to take place in Franklin Park, and a march will start near the George Washington monument and head towards the White House in support of Kilmar Ábrego García, a Salvadorian man with US protected status wrongly deported to El Salvador from Maryland.

KAROLINE LEAVITT RESPONDS TO 'HANDS OFF' PROTESTS: DEMOCRATS ARE OFFICIALLY 'THE PARTY OF CRAZY'

ATTACHMENT FIFTEEN – FROM FOX NEWS

PROTESTERS TARGET TRUMP ADMIN POLICIES WITH MARCH TO WHITE HOUSE, DEMONSTRATIONS THROUGHOUT COUNTRY

The protests were loud, sprawling and carefully choreographed

Anti-Trump protesters turn out to rallies in Washington DC, across the country

By Jasmine Baehr Fox News Published April 19, 2025 6:27pm EDT

As families gathered for Easter egg hunts Saturday, thousands of protesters took to the streets in what organizers called "A National Day of Action."

From Anchorage to Atlanta, demonstrators rallied in all 50 states and U.S. territories, targeting President Donald Trump's policies.

The protests by the "50501" movement — 50 states, one capital — were loud, sprawling and carefully choreographed, complete with Google Maps for local events and printable posters. 

More than 700 events were held nationwide, one of the largest single-day protest efforts since President Trump returned to office in January, The Washington Post reported.

In Washington, D.C., demonstrators marched and gathered just steps from the White House, waving handmade signs and chanting slogans under the watchful eyes of the Secret Service.

Some held placards that said "Hands Off Our Rights" and "Stop the Power Grab," echoing concerns over the administration’s recent use of executive orders and agency-level cuts. 

One group even distributed pocket-size copies of the Constitution, urging passersby to "read what we’re fighting for." Many participants pledged to keep returning "as long as it takes."

The protests were timed not just for impact, but for symbolism because April 19 also marked the 250th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the dawn of the American Revolution.

KAROLINE LEAVITT RESPONDS TO 'HANDS OFF' PROTESTS: DEMOCRATS ARE OFFICIALLY 'THE PARTY OF CRAZY'

Protesters in Massachusetts didn’t miss the parallel. 

"This is a very perilous time in America for liberty," 80-year-old Thomas Bassford, who attended a reenactment with his grandsons, told The Associated Press. "I wanted the boys to learn about the origins of this country and that sometimes we have to fight for freedom."

The goal? Push back on what organizers say are sweeping civil rights rollbacks, growing executive power and mass deportations, like the controversial removal of alleged MS-13 member and human trafficker Kilmar Abrego Garcia.

One recurring protest theme was "Hands Off!," referencing an earlier nationwide action April 5 and emphasizing opposition to the Trump administration.

Protesters say they’re responding to Trump’s expanded use of the Alien Enemies Act of 1798, agency budget cuts and attempts to curb protections for groups like immigrants and transgender people.

The movement has decentralized leadership and has intentionally focused on the long term. 

"We’re not here for just one march," an organizer told The Washington Post. "This is about building community infrastructure to withstand what’s happening in Washington."

Elon Musk didn’t escape criticism, either. Demonstrators organized a "Tesla Takedown," rallying outside Tesla showrooms to protest Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) making federal cuts and his influence as a Trump advisor.

In New York, marchers snaked their way past Trump Tower Saturday. 

Back in D.C., retired government worker Bob Fasick joined a crowd near the White House, concerned about cuts to Social Security and government health programs. 

"I cannot sit still," he told the AP. "We are leaving a world to our children that I don’t want to live in."

As of Saturday evening, the White House had not issued a formal response to the protests and did not immediately respond to Fox News Digital's request for comment.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

ATTACHMENT SIXTEEN – FROM MAYDAYSTRONG.ORG

MAY DAY 2025

Trump and his billionaire profiteers are trying to create a race to the bottom—on wages, on benefits, on dignity itself. This May Day we are fighting back. We are demanding a country that puts our families over their fortunes—public schools over private profits, healthcare over hedge funds, prosperity over free market politics.

Standing in Solidarity

A core principle behind our May Day actions is a commitment to nonviolence in all we do. We expect all participants to seek to de-escalate any potential confrontation with those who disagree with our values.

A future that works for working families

This is a war on working people—and we will not stand down. They’re defunding our schools, privatizing public services, attacking unions, and targeting immigrant families with fear and violence. Working people built this nation and we know how to take care of each other. We won’t back down—we will never stop fighting for our families and the rights and freedoms that propel opportunity and a better life for all Americans. Their time is up.

WE ARE THE MANY. THEY ARE THE FEW

Our Coalition

Debt Collective
Court Accountability Action
Progressive Democrats of America
Newtown Action Alliance
Fix Democracy First
MoveOn
Women’s March
Freedom Writers Collaborative
Sunrise Movement
Common Defense
Standing For Democracy (SFD)
People Power United
Indivisible
Field Team 6
RootsAction
UltraViolet Action
Chicago Women Take Action
Win Without War
People’s Action Institute
One Fair Wage
Refugee Council USA
ParentsTogether
National Education Association
One Fair Wage
Food & Water Watch
Greenpeace USA
Green New Deal Network
Alliance For Quality Education
350.org
Chicago Women in Trades
Pittsburgh Communist Party USA (CPUSA)
Fight For a Livning Wage
American Federation of Teachers
Rising Majority
State Labor Tech Alignment Table
Center for LGBTQ Economic Advancement & Research (CLEAR)
Cook County College Teachers Union
Indivisible/Swing Left South Bay LA
Peace Action
Network NOVA
Indivisible Portola Valley
Disability Culture Lab
Union of Southern Service Workers
Roanoke Indivisible
FL National Organization for Women
Greater Orlando National Organization for Women
UIC United Faculty, Local 6456
Volunteer Blue
United for Respect
Democratic Socialists of America
Westside Democratic HQ
Working Families Power
Atlanta Democratic Socialists of America
Public School Strong
50501 Hawai’i in Solidarity with Hawai’i Workers Center
5 Calls
Declaration for American Democracy Coalition
College Democrats of America
Physicians for a National Health Program – NY Metro
Fourth Branch Action
Rogan’s List
Side with Love at the UUA
MayDayMovementUSA.org Indivisible Las Vegas Pa pure patriots Necessary Behavior Dream Defenders
Third Act Upstate New York
Labor Today International
Grassroots Global Justice Alliance
Americans for Financial Reform
Indivisible Knoxville
Alliance to Reclaim Our Schools
League of Women Voters of Virginia
Sunrise Movement
Indivisible Frederick MD
Progressive Democrats of America – Arizona
Third Act Maryland
Federal Workers Against DOGE
New Haven Federation of Teachers
The Rising Phoenix
Labor Network for Sustainability
Pa pure patriots
United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers of America
Grassroots Collaborative
All In for Isabella County
BlueGreen Alliance
Upper West Side Action Group
Necessary Behavior
United University Professions
Jobs with Justice
Communications Workers of America
The Movement Cooperative
Showing up for Racial Justice
League of Women Voters Spokane Area
Women Employed

50501 Portland
Progress Kentucky
find a protest
The Association of Professional Flight Attendants (APFA)
White Rose Resistance
Color of Change
The Workers Circle
League of Women Voters of the Charlottesville Area
Alabama 50501
50501
Together We Will Palo Alto Mountain View
Showing Up for Racial Justice Springfield-Eugene Chapter
Indivisible Las Vegas
Solidarity Lancaster
Capital Indivisible
Teachers Association of Anne Arundel County
Office & Professional Employees International Union
The Labor Force
198 methods
Friends of Democracy
United Voices for Democracy
Americans for Tax Fairness
women’s march cleveland
Bellingham LWV chapter
MayDayMovementUSA.org
Progressive Change Campaign Committee
Indivisible Tri-Valley
Climate Hawks Vote
Stand Up America
Philadelphia Jobs with Justice
Seven Mountains AFL-CIO
Tucson Education Association
Common Cause
Move to Amend
National Treasury Employees Union, Chapter 279
T’ruah: The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights
People’s Promise
Rise Up for Justice
Families Over Billionaires
Fair Share America
Albuquerque Teachers Federation
Joyful Resistance
UA-Fayetteville Education Association/Local 965
Massachusetts Teachers Association
Persisterhood St. Joe
NC Blue Beacons
CFT – A Union of Educators and Classified Professionals
University Democrats
Indivisible North Pinellas (Florida)
Tuolumne County Indivisible
TakeAction Minnesota
Northern Regional Council on Independent Living
United Native Americans
Field Team 6
Peace, Justice, Sustainability, NOW!
Green New Deal Network
Project Moonshot
Campaign for America’s Future
NETWORK Lobby for Catholic Social Justice
Planned Parenthood Federation of America
Tech Workers Coalition
Progressive East End Reformers
New York Progressive Action Network
Labor Campaign for Single Payer
Change the Chamber
Progressive Lakeshore People
Sunrise Movement Denver hub
Frontline Catalysts
YDSA at VT
Minneapolis Federation of Teachers and ESPs, Local 59
United University Professions – SUNY Oneonta chapter
Third Act Virginia
50501 Quincy Illinois
NMU AAUP/AFT 6761
Step Up Louisiana

Also not listed but on the team, one might think... JewsOfConscience

ATTACHMENT SEVENTEEN – FROM REDDIT

MAYDAY 2025 - NATIONWIDE GENERAL STRIKE

By JewsOfConscience

MAYDAY 2025 - NATIONWIDE GENERAL STRIKE

Starting May 1st:

- Total work stoppage. You don't even have to protest if you don't want to, just stay home.

- General Boycott. Stop buying everything. Don't buy anything, at all.

- Mass-exodus from all Bezos/Zuck/Musk platforms. On May 1st, close any and all accounts on Amazon, FB, Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter/"X", etc.

Since the UH CEO assassination, the language of class struggle has become significantly more widespread. The difference between class struggle in our time and that of our ancestors during the Labor Wars, is that today the working majority is on the defensive; Forced to defend the freedoms and privileges won for us by generations past, to defend our wages and our cost and standard of living (including access to necessities like housing and medicine), and at this point to defend our democracy itself. There is little room for doubt that we live in ominous times.

The US Army chief of staff warned us in no uncertain terms that Donald Trump is a literal fascist. The framework for oligarchy is laid and the language thereof is appearing in places no less central than the former president's farewell speech, echoing Eisenhower's warning of the Military Industrial Complex decades ago. Many of us have seen the well-circulated "Project 2025" manifesto, outlining a veritable coup d'etat-from-within, the repression of resistance, and the establishment of a new, more centralized, pseudo-theocratic authoritarianism; now to be enacted under a government wherein all three branches are stacked in favor of the regime through machinations of statecraft conducted by the same while it held office against the vote of the people.

Moreover, with these threats comes the promise that the myriad crises facing the American people and those overseas who suffer unduly from our policies, will have no hope of mitigation. A palpable state of shock and fatigue seems to prevail. Fascists are taking over the machine of our society, forgetful that it is we the people who are that machine. If freedom, if democracy, if humanity demands that the machine stop, it is we the people who need only...stop.

There are three months between inauguration day and May Day. Start stocking up on groceries now in preparation to boycott, and get ready to do some gardening this spring! Set aside money for living expenses. Find alternative platforms to maintain contact with your social media people and start moving those connections over. Spread the word, tell your friends, family, co-workers, make stickers, fliers and social media posts everywhere for as long as you can.

I'm hoping that most on this sub are aware of the effectiveness of general strike. To any less certain, I urge you to look into the Labor Wars. This is not the first time that America has been threatened by oligarchy and fascism, and general strike is exactly how American freedom and democracy have been won, protected, and expanded upon in the past. Now in our time it can be once again.

ATTACHMENT EIGHTEEN – FROM THE WASHINGTON TIMES

ANTI-TRUMP PROTESTERS TURN OUT TO RALLIES IN NEW YORK, WASHINGTON AND OTHER CITIES ACROSS COUNTRY

By Philip Marcelo - Associated Press - Saturday, April 19, 2025

NEW YORK (AP) — Opponents of President Donald Trump’s administration took to the streets of communities large and small across the U.S. on Saturday, decrying what they see as threats to the nation’s democratic ideals.

The disparate events ranged from a march through midtown Manhattan and a rally in front of the White House to a demonstration at a Massachusetts commemoration marking the start of the American Revolutionary War 250 years ago.

Thomas Bassford drove from his home some three hours away in Maine to witness the reenactment of the Battles of Lexington and Concord and “the shot heard ’round the world” on April 19, 1775 that heralded the start of the nation’s war for independence from Britain.

The 80-year-old retired mason said he believed Americans today are under attack from their own government and need to stand up against it.

“This is a very perilous time in America for liberty,” said 80-year-old retired mason Thomas Bassord as he attended a reenactment of the Battles of Lexington and Concord and “the shot heard ’round the world” with his partner, (Moonie woke for “wife”?) daughter and two grandsons. “I wanted the boys to learn about the origins of this country and that sometimes we have to fight for freedom.”

Elsewhere, protests were planned outside Tesla car dealerships against billionaire Trump adviser Elon Musk and his role in downsizing the federal government while still others organized more community-service events, such as food drives, teach-ins and volunteering at local shelters.

The protests come just two weeks after similar nationwide protests against the Trump administration drew thousands to the streets across the country.

Organizers say they’re protesting against what they view as Trump’s civil rights and constitutional violations, including efforts to deport scores of immigrants and scale back the federal government by firing thousands of government workers and effectively shutter entire agencies.

Some of the events drew on the spirit of the American Revolutionary War, calling for “no kings” and resistance to tyranny.

Boston resident George Bryant, who was among protesting in Concord, a Boston suburb, said was concerned Trump was creating a “police state” in America as he held up a sign saying, “Trump fascist regime must go now!”

“He’s defying the courts. He’s kidnapping students. He’s eviscerating the checks and balances,” Bryant said. “This is fascism.”

In Washington, Bob Fasick said he came out to the rally by the White House out of concern about threats to constitutionally protected due process rights, as well as Social Security and other federal safety-net programs.

The Trump administration, among other things, has moved to shutter Social Security Administration field offices, cut funding for government health programs and scale back protections for transgender people.

“I cannot sit still knowing that if I don’t do anything and everybody doesn’t do something to change this, that the world that we collectively are leaving for the little children, for our neighbors is simply not one that I would want to live,” said the 76-year-old retired federal employee from Springfield, Virginia.

And in Manhattan, protesters rallied against continued deportations of immigrants as they marched from the New York Public Library north towards Central Park past Trump Tower.

“No fear, no hate, no ICE in our state,” they chanted to the steady beat of drums, referring to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

Marshall Green, who was among the protesters, said he was most concerned that Trump has invoked the wartime Alien Enemies Act of 1798 by claiming the country is at war with Venezuelan gangs linked to the South American nation’s government.

“Congress should be stepping up and saying no, we are not at war. You cannot use that,” the 61 year-old Morristown, New Jersey resident said. “You cannot deport people without due process, and everyone in this country has the right to due process no matter what.”

Meanwhile Melinda Charles, of Connecticut, said she worried about Trump’s “executive overreach,” citing clashes with the federal courts to Harvard University and other elite colleges.

“We’re supposed to have three equal branches of government and to have the executive branch become so strong,” she said. “I mean, it’s just unbelievable.”

PEANUT GALLERY

Raconteur

VIP

" decrying what they see as threats to the nation’s democratic ideals."

And the reason is, the idiots don't know we are a republic, with republican ideals. They have been indoctrinated into believing the leftist propaganda.

JerzyMichael

Hall of Famer

What, no fires, looting and building take-overs? Democrats are getting soft these days.

Reply

SteveDeery

Hall of Famer

Hey, Johnny, what are you rebelling against?” Replies Brando with a world-weary sigh, “What’ve you got?”

ATTACHMENT NINETEEN – FROM WISCONSIN DEPT. of NATURAL RESOURCES (DNR)

FISHING SEASONS

Opening day for Wisconsin fishing is traditionally the first Saturday in May. Season dates often vary by species and waterbody. Check The Guide To Hook And Line Fishing Season Dates, 2025-2026, for specifics of where you plan to fish.

Fishing season dates for the 2024-2025 season

2025-2026 Fishing Season Dates

(Effective Date: April 1, 2025; Dates Inclusive)

Early Inland Trout (catch and release)
January 4, 2025 (5 a.m.) - May 2, 2025

General Inland Trout
May 3, 2025 (5 a.m.) - Oct. 15, 2025

General Inland Fishing
May 3, 2025 - March 1, 2026

Largemouth Bass Northern Zone Harvest
May 3, 2025 - March 1, 2026

Smallmouth Bass Northern Zone Harvest
June 21, 2025 - March 1, 2026

Large And Smallmouth Bass Southern Zone Harvest 
May 3, 2025 - March 1, 2026

Large And Smallmouth Bass Catch And Release
At all other times of the year.

Musky Northern Zone Harvest
May 24, 2025 - Dec. 31, 2025

Musky Southern Zone Harvest
May 3, 2025 - Dec. 31, 2025

Northern Pike
May 3, 2025 - March 1, 2026

Walleye
May 3, 2025 - March 1, 2026

Lake Sturgeon
Feb. 8 - Feb. 23 (Winnebago System spearing)
Sept. 6 - Sept. 30 (hook-and-line)

Free Fishing Weekends
June 7-8, 2025
Jan. 17-18, 2026 

Not sure which zone you're fishing in? Have other questions? Refer to the Wisconsin Fishing Season Definitions for specifics.

Fish species list

Dig deeper into the specific seasons for each species.

· Bass, largemouth and smallmouth

· Bass, white

· Bass, yellow

· Bluegill (Panfish)

· Catfish (channel, flathead)

· Cisco (Lake herring)

· Crappie (Panfish)

· Gobies

· Muskellunge

· Northern pike

· Panfish (Bluegill, Crappie, Sunfish, Yellow perch)

· Pumpkinseed (Panfish)

· Perch, white

· Perch, yellow (Panfish)

· Rock bass

· Rough fish & bullheads

· Ruffe

· Sturgeon, lake

· Sturgeon, shovelnose

· Sunfish (Panfish)

· Trout and salmon (includes early inland trout season)

· Trout, extended Lake Superior streams

· Walleye and sauger (includes hybrids)

· Warmouth (Panfish)

· Whitefish

· Year-round fishing waters

While these tables may help plan fishing trips, always refer to the fishing regulations for specifics. Please note that temporary or emergency rules may be enacted, which could change the fishing season dates for a species or waterbody. If that happens, please look for signs posted at boat landings.

Exceptions

Exceptions do exist. Not all Wisconsin waters follow the general dates for the hook and line or trout season. You must still consult the current regulations' particular county or boundary waters tables to determine if any special season dates exist for the specific waters you plan to fish with hook and line.

Species Not Listed

Species not listed have no open season. For species that are listed, It is illegal to fish for those species during the closed season - this includes catch-and-release fishing. It is also unlawful to take, transport, possess or sell any wild animals specified by the DNR's endangered or threatened species list within the state. Be sure to be familiar with the fish on this list.

ATTACHMENT TWENTY – FROM US NEWS

4 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT TRUMP’S IMMIGRATION STRATEGY

It’s April 21, 2025.

President Donald Trump’s approach to immigration so far has delighted his core followers while putting him at odds with the judicial branch – he seems to be defying rulings all the way up to the Supreme Court – and sparking protests large and small all over the country.

It’s too early to know how this all shakes out politically, legally and, well, morally. But here are four things to think about as we close in on the end of his first 100 days in office.

1. He Can Never Admit an Error

Trump’s own Justice Department and solicitor general – a political appointee whose job is to argue on the administration’s behalf before the Supreme Court – have said shipping immigrant Kilmar Abrego Garcia to a Salvadoran prison infamous for human rights abuses was a mistake, the result of “administrative error.”

But the administration has thus far refused to fix it. And that’s a pattern of behavior you can see elsewhere.

Remember the (first) Signal leak? When Trump’s top national security officials shared details about timing and tactics of an upcoming American military operation in Yemen on an unsecured messaging app, in a chat to which they added a prominent Washington journalist? A mistake. No one has been seriously disciplined for it. (There appears to be a second Signal issue.)

How about the letter the administration sent to Harvard University demanding such sweeping and extensive changes to whom and how it teaches that the school felt it had no choice but defy the administration? An “unauthorized” mistake, which the administration is now blaming on “malpractice” by … Harvard?

The formula for calculating the sweeping tariffs on basically every U.S. trading partner? Economists the world over have called it absurd and not rooted in economics, resulting in far higher duties than a traditional approach would have. Trump stands by it.

“I don’t change my mind, but I’m flexible,” he said last week about his approach to auto tariffs.

2. We Don’t Know What His El Salvador Deal Entails

It appears that El Salvador is holding Abrego Garcia under an agreement in which the United States is paying, or has paid, at least $6 million to imprison about 300 people that the Trump administration contends are gang members.

We know next to nothing about the agreement, which the administration has not made public.

It’s not clear how long the prisoners will stay behind bars. The Salvadoran foreign ministry has said the Central American country agreed to detain them for one year. President Nayib Bukele has said the people shipped to his country will be held “for a period of one year (renewable),” meaning the term is open-ended.

It’s not clear where the money is coming from. Congress does not appear to have appropriated funds for that specific purpose.

Heck, we don’t even know whether this is a written agreement or something else.

3. How Long Will He Resist the Courts?

After Abrego Garcia’s shipment overseas – “deportation” does not accurately convey what’s happening here, which is closer to the widely condemned practice of extraordinary rendition – judges all the way up to the Supreme Court have held that the administration should “facilitate” his return.

The administration has taken no public steps to comply and indeed has mockingly declared “he’s not coming back.”

So, now what? There is yet much more legal action to come – Abrego Garcia’s lawyers aren’t done, for instance. But we seem to be in constitutional crisis territory.

4. Will He Target U.S. Citizens?

Trump has not been shy about his interest in shipping U.S. citizens to El Salvador. He even told Bukele in the Oval Office he was exploring sending “homegrown” detainees there. He has emphasized he means violent criminals.

The Associated Press says that would likely be illegal – even a violation of a provision Trump signed in his first term. Trump and senior aides say they are exploring exactly that question: Is it legal?

On another front, Trump faces the momentous question of invoking the Insurrection Act of 1807 to expand the role of active-duty military in enforcing immigration rules and his policies – and potentially to act as a domestic police force.

Trump signed a Jan. 20 executive order under which Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth and Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem are due to formally advise the president on whether to use the law.

The Washington Post explains: “The law allows the president to use active-duty forces trained for combat overseas or federalized National Guard troops to suppress a ‘rebellion,’ temporarily suspending the Posse Comitatus Act, which typically restricts the use of military involvement in domestic law enforcement.”

Just how far is Trump willing to take his hard line on immigration? We’ll soon see.

ATTACHMENT TWENTY ONE – FROM THE INDEPENDENT U.K.

PETE HEGSETH VS. THE NEOCONS? IT MIGHT NOT BE THAT SIMPLE.

The MAGA foreign policy world spent much of 2024 blaming Joe Biden for involving the US in a proxy war against Russia, being fought by Ukraine.

Now, those same conservatives are engaged in a much different kind of proxy fight.

Donald Trump is sticking by his embattled cabinet secretary, Pete Hegseth.

At least, for now. The president famously hates being embarrassed by his various deputies, though he dislikes acknowledging his critics or handing them a “win” nearly as much.

But in conservative circles, the discussion over Hegseth’s fate has evolved from palace intrigue and a simple discussion about the secretary’s professionalism to a deeper debate over the two main factions vying for control of the second Trump administration’s foreign policy agenda.  (ATTACHMENT TWENTY ONE)

Many believe outright that the criticism of Hegseth is tied to hawkish conservatives seeking to oust one of the administration’s key anti-interventionist voices at a time of upheaval for US-Iran relations.

Talks between Washington and Tehran began weeks ago in Oman and continued this past weekend in Rome. The talks will return to Oman in the days ahead.

Going further than Joe Biden ever tried, Trump is now openly pursuing his own agreement aimed at constraining Iran’s nuclear program and preventing the country from continuing on the path to a nuclear weapon.

At the same time, the voices calling for America to take military action against Iran's missile program are growing louder, too. And many see Hegseth, the top voice at the Pentagon, as an "America First" check on the more neoconservative leanings of Michael Waltz, Trump's national security adviser.

But not everyone on the anti-war right agrees with that assessment. And that could spell Hegseth's doom, as some Republicans in that faction see the secretary's bumblings as an obstacle to Trump's dealmaking agenda.

The MAGA foreign policy world spent much of 2024 blaming Joe Biden for involving the US in a proxy war against Russia, being fought by Ukraine.

Now, those same conservatives are engaged in a much different kind of proxy fight.

Donald Trump is sticking by his embattled cabinet secretary, Pete Hegseth.

At least, for now. The president famously hates being embarrassed by his various deputies, though he dislikes acknowledging his critics or handing them a “win” nearly as much.

But in conservative circles, the discussion over Hegseth’s fate has evolved from palace intrigue and a simple discussion about the secretary’s professionalism to a deeper debate over the two main factions vying for control of the second Trump administration’s foreign policy agenda.

Many believe outright that the criticism of Hegseth is tied to hawkish conservatives seeking to oust one of the administration’s key anti-interventionist voices at a time of upheaval for US-Iran relations.

Talks between Washington and Tehran began weeks ago in Oman and continued this past weekend in Rome. The talks will return to Oman in the days ahead.

Going further than Joe Biden ever tried, Trump is now openly pursuing his own agreement aimed at constraining Iran’s nuclear program and preventing the country from continuing on the path to a nuclear weapon.

At the same time, the voices calling for America to take military action against Iran's missile program are growing louder, too. And many see Hegseth, the top voice at the Pentagon, as an "America First" check on the more neoconservative leanings of Michael Waltz, Trump's national security adviser.

But not everyone on the anti-war right agrees with that assessment. And that could spell Hegseth's doom, as some Republicans in that faction see the secretary's bumblings as an obstacle to Trump's dealmaking agenda.